Learning and Behavior Study Guide Questions - 699 Verified Questions

Learning and Behavior Study Guide Questions

Course Introduction

Learning and Behavior explores the fundamental principles and theories underlying how organisms acquire new behaviors and adapt to their environment. The course examines classical and operant conditioning, observational learning, cognitive influences on learning, and the application of learning principles to real-world situations. Students will develop a deep understanding of the mechanisms driving behavioral change, analyze experimental research and case studies, and discuss the biological, psychological, and environmental factors that shape learning processes across species, with a focus on both human and animal behavior.

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Learning and Behavior 7th Edition by Paul Chance

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Chapter 1: Introduction: Learning to Change

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Sample Questions

Q1) The cross-breeding of closely related species is called hybridization.

A)True

B)False

Answer: True

Q2) Learning always involves the acquisition of new behaviors.

A)True

B)False

Answer: False

Q3) Zing Yang Kuo found that 86% of kittens that saw their mothers kill rats later killed rats themselves. He found that _____ of kittens that never saw their mothers kill rats later killed rats themselves.

A) 87%

B) 73%

C) 65%

D) 45%

Answer: D

Q4) Learning is a biological mechanism.

A)True

B)False

Answer: True

Page 3

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Chapter 2: The Study of Learning and Behavior

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Sample Questions

Q1) Explain how a cumulative recorder works.

Answer: A cumulative recorder works by continuously adding up the frequency of a particular behavior over time. It consists of a pen or marker that moves up a sheet of paper in response to each occurrence of the behavior being measured. As the behavior happens more frequently, the pen moves higher up the paper, creating a visual record of the cumulative frequency of the behavior. This allows researchers to see at a glance how often the behavior has occurred over the course of the observation period. Cumulative recorders are commonly used in behavioral psychology and animal behavior research to track the frequency of specific behaviors in a simple and visual way.

Q2) A cumulative record shows the total number of responses that have occurred in a given period of time as well as the rate at which they occurred.

A)True

B)False

Answer: True

Q3) Speed and rate are different terms for the same measure of learning.

A)True

B)False

Answer: False

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Page 4

Chapter 3: Pavlovian Procedures

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Sample Questions

Q1) Pavlov is best described as ________.

A) the father of learning research

B) the father of modern psychology

C) an American from Russia

D) an experimenter from head to foot

Answer: D

Q2) Ivan Pavlov is best known for his research on the ________.

A) psychic reflex

B) partition complex

C) operant response

D) digestive process

Answer: A

Q3) The experiments of Staats and Staats with nonsense syllables are examples of ____________ conditioning.

A) second-tier

B) higher-order

C) signal

D) second-signal

Answer: B

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Chapter 4: Pavlovian Applications

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Q1) Prejudice is an example of a CER, or __________.

Q2) Blue jays acquire a taste aversion for _________.

Q3) Garcia's interest in the role of learning in taste aversions may have begun when he became sick after eating ____________.

A) chocolate

B) licorice

C) strawberries

D) a hot dog

Q4) Barbara Rothbaum and colleagues used virtual reality exposure therapy to treat a fear of __________.

A) snakes

B) dogs

C) spiders

D) flying

Q5) The CS and US in the Garcia et al. experiment were__________.

A) flavored water and radiation

B) a bell and food

C) food and bell

D) a light and loud buzzer

Q6) Describe how a person might learn to be embarrassed by the word strawberry.

Page 6

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Chapter 5: Reinforcement

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Sample Questions

Q1) According to ___________ theory, schoolchildren are eager to go to recess because they have been deprived of the opportunity to exercise.

A) drive-reduction

B) relative value

C) response deprivation

D) stimulus substitution

Q2) The one thing that all reinforcers have in common is that they _______.

A) strengthen behavior

B) are positive

C) feel good

D) provide feedback

Q3) Skinner describes some of his most important research in _______.

A) Verbal Behavior

B) The Behavior of Organisms

C) Particulars of My Life

D) Animal Intelligence

Q4) _______ theory assumes that a behavior becomes reinforcing when we are prevented from performing it as ofen as we normally would.

Q5) Positive reinforcement is sometimes called ______ learning.

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Chapter 6: Reinforcement: Beyond Habit

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Sample Questions

Q1) The banana experiment by Robert Epstein and colleagues, which paralleled Kohler's experiments with chimps, demonstrated that insight ______.

A) is a mysterious process that defies explanation

B) occurs in people but not in animals

C) accounts for the solution to problems

D) depends on an organism's learning history

Q2) Your text describes various tips for shaping effectively. Describe as many of these tips as you can.

Q3) One tip for successful shaping of behavior is to provide large reinforcers.

A)True

B)False

Q4) The first step in building a behavior chain is to do a ______.

A) response analysis

B) task analysis

C) elemental analysis

D) factor analysis

Q5) Meerkats train their young using procedures that resemble shaping.

A)True

B)False

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Chapter 7: Schedules of Reinforcement

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Sample Questions

Q1) The thinner of two schedules, VR 5 and VR 10, is VR 10.

A)True

B)False

Q2) Shirley trains a rat to press a lever and then reinforces lever presses on an FR 10 schedule when a red light is on, and an FI 10" schedule when a green light is on. In this case, lever pressing is on a _________.

A) multiple schedule

B) chain schedule

C) concurrent schedule

D) redundant schedule

Q3) The rate at which a response occurs, once the subject begins performing it, is called the _________.

A) clock rate

B) walk rate

C) run rate

D) performance rate

Q4) CRF stands for ________.

Q5) Extinction often increases the frequency of emotional behavior.

A)True

B)False

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Chapter 8: Operant Procedures: Punishment

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Sample Questions

Q1) The word positive in positive punishment refers to the fact that _______.

A) something is added

B) something positive is removed

C) the results are positive

D) the procedure is used with good intentions

Q2) How is the effectiveness of punishment affected by the availability of reinforcement?

Q3) One problem with extinction as a way of reducing the frequency of potentially harmful behavior is that _________.

A) the behavior on extinction sometimes increases at first

B) the results are not durable

C) it is not covered by medical insurance

D) ultimately, it makes the problem worse

Q4) Differential reinforcement is best used in combination with ______.

A) punishment

B) negative reinforcement

C) extinction

D) response prevention

Q5) The one process in the one-process theory of punishment is ________.

Q6) When aversive events occur independently of behavior they are called _______ .

Page 10

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Chapter 9: Operant Applications

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Sample Questions

Q1) Hal __________ pioneered the use of operant procedures to improve the quality of life of captive wild animals.

A) A. Burton

B) Hobbes

C) Rosenblatt

D) Markowitz

Q2) The author of your text suggests that the worst orphanages illustrate the importance of operant learning to normal child development.

A)True

B)False

Q3) A highly effective web-based instructional program designed to teach reading that makes use of reinforcement and shaping is called _______.

A) Head of the Class

B) RedHeadReading

C) HeadOverHeels Reading

D) Headsprout

Q4) Delusions are often thought of as the products of a disordered "inner world," but operant learning research suggests that they are the products of a disordered

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Chapter 10: Observational Learning

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Sample Questions

Q1) You hear on the radio that Smash, the most popular rock music performer in Germany, has killed himself. He left a note ("Goodbye, cruel world"). You predict that

A) Germans will riot in the streets

B) Germans will pass laws against rock music

C) the sale of rock music will decline markedly in Germany

D) there will be a rash of suicides or suicidal gestures among German rock music fans

Q2) If an observer looks on as a model's behavior is reinforced, we speak of _______.

A) vicarious reinforcement

B) model reinforcement

C) observer reinforcement

D) imitation

Q3) Ellen Levy and her colleagues found that children's liking for pictures was influenced by the consequences of the model's preferences.

A)True

B)False

Q4) What is the "down side" of observational learning?

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Page 12

Chapter 11: Generalization, Discrimination, and Stimulus Control

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Sample Questions

Q1) The kind of generalization your text focuses on is ______.

A) response generalization

B) stimulus generalization

C) reciprocal generalization

D) discriminated generalization

Q2) With discrimination training, pigeons have learned to discriminate between paintings by Monet and Picasso, even when the pictures were ones they had never seen before.

A)True

B)False

Q3) Discuss the DOE and its implications for discrimination training.

Q4) In stimulus generalization, a behavior "travels" from one situation to another.

A)True

B)False

Q5) Generalization is a by-product of learning that nearly always occurs spontaneously. A)True

B)False

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Q6) In the ________discrimination training procedure, the discriminative stimuli alternate.

Chapter 12: Forgetting

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Sample Questions

Q1) The first person to argue that the passage of time does not cause forgetting was probably __________.

A) Ebbinghaus

B) McGeoch

C) Steinmetz

D) Underwood

Q2) A study of immobilized cockroaches showed the importance of ________________ in forgetting.

A) sleep

B) state dependent learning

C) proactive interference

D) retroactive interference

Q3) Today, some psychologists argue that forgetting is learning. Explain this idea.

Q4) The term _______ memory refers to learned behavior that can be expressed, usually in words.

A) declarative

B) verbal

C) implicit

D) linguistic

Q5) Describe Krueger's study of overlearning and its findings.

Page 14

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Chapter 13: The Limits of Learning

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Sample Questions

Q1) An animal that can learn to perform one trick is sure to learn another trick of similar complexity.

A)True B)False

Q2) Joseph Wolpe raised doubts about the idea that people are prepared to acquire certain phobias.

A)True B)False

Q3) Learning does not always mean progress. Completion

A)True B)False

Q4) When a species is likely to learn a response, we say it is prepared to learn. When it is unlikely to learn a response, we say it is _______ to learn.

Q5) Robert Tryon demonstrated that heredity plays a role in maze learning in rats. A)True B)False

Q6) How might preparedness to learn be nonadaptive?

Q7) Does learning inevitably mean progresshy or why not?

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