Learning and Behavior Question Bank
Course Introduction
This course explores the fundamental principles of learning and behavior, focusing on how organisms acquire, retain, and modify knowledge and skills. Topics include classical and operant conditioning, observational learning, reinforcement, punishment, and the biological basis of learning. Through theoretical frameworks and empirical research, students will examine how behavioral principles apply to both human and animal behavior, and consider the implications for education, therapy, and everyday life.
Recommended Textbook
The Principles of Learning and Behavior 7th Edition by Michael Domjan
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12 Chapters
859 Verified Questions
859 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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62 Verified Questions
62 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why would one use an animal model of human behavior? What contributes to the validity of such studies? What precautions must be heeded while interpreting the data?
Answer: Answer not provided
Q2) How might learning be studied at each of the major levels of analysis: behavioral, neural system, and molecular/cellular?
Answer: Answer not provided
Q3) Describe Descartes' conception of the reflex and how the concept of the reflex has changed since his time.
Answer: Answer not provided
Q4) Describe why learning can only be studied by using experimental methods.
Answer: Answer not provided
Q5) John Locke believed that
A)the human mind was unpredictable and governed by free will.
B)the ideas humans had were acquired directly or indirectly after birth.
C)nativism best described human cognition.
D)rules of association did not explain human behavior.
Answer: B
Q6) Describe the rationale for using animal models to study human behavior.
Answer: Answer not provided
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Chapter 2: Elicited Behavior, Habituation, and Sensitization
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83 Verified Questions
83 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is most likely to be characterized as an appetitive behavior?
A)a sparrow manipulating a seed in its beak
B)a woman drinking a glass of milk
C)a woodchuck chewing on a blade of grass
D)a chef preparing a cream pie
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following is true regarding the respiratory occlusion reflex?
A)It causes humans to hold their breath underwater.
B)It is a multistage response to a reduction of airflow.
C)It allows nursing to proceed when the nose is covered.
D)It causes an infant to orient towards the nipple.
Answer: B
Q3) Explain how two different reflexes can promote the well being of an organism.
Answer: Answer not provided
Q4) Compare and contrast habituation and sensitization effects.Include descriptions of the stimulus specificity of each.
Answer: Answer not provided
Q5) What factors influence the elicitation of a modal action pattern?
Answer: Answer not provided
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Chapter 3: Classical Conditioning
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59 Verified Questions
59 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Pairing repeated presentations of a photograph of a water can with subsequent presentations of a photograph of a flower on a computer screen is likely to
A)have little effect on the conscious judgment of causality in normal human adults.
B)affect informal judgments of causality in human adults, and will likely share features common to Pavlovian conditioning.
C)affect informal judgments of causality in human adults, but in spite of surface similarities, does not have the features common to Pavlovian conditioning.
D)impact judgments of causality in only well trained human subjects with experience in the experimental setting.
Answer: B
Q2) The is necessary for delay eyeblink conditioning; the is necessary if there is a trace.
A)hippocampus; cerebellum
B)frontal cortex; cerebellum
C)cerebellum; hippocampus
D)cerebellum; frontal cortex
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Classical Conditioning
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75 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the blocking effect? Provide two theoretical mechanisms for the blocking effect.
Q2) How might a researcher determine whether conditioned responding is due to S-S or S-R learning?
A)run test trials with a novel CS
B)run test trials with a novel US
C)change the value of the CS
D)change the value of the US
Q3) Provide two examples of belongingness in classical conditioning.
Q4) Your friend plans to autoshape her goldfish to swim up to a hoop (the CS).You recommend using a US that
A)is very familiar to the fish.
B)that is slightly aversive to the fish.
C)that is relatively novel to the fish.
D)that is very aversive to the fish.
Q5) Describe several examples of how Pavlovian conditioning can modify how one responds to the unconditioned stimulus.What is the adaptive significance of this type of learning?
Q6) How do current approaches to stimulus substitution differ from Pavlov's approach?
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Instrumental Conditioning
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82 Verified Questions
82 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Behavioral systems theory assumes which of the following?
A)Because of behavioral variability, the types of responses that develop in a conditioning procedure are unpredictable.
B)Because of stereotypy, the types of responses that develop in a conditioning procedure are predictable.
C)Because we know the system activated, the types of responses that develop in a conditioning procedure are predictable.
D)Because of instrumental constraints, the types of responses that develop in a conditioning procedure are unpredictable.
Q2) Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
A)receiving a time-out instead of a spanking
B)turning off the radio when the DJ plays a song you dislike
C)going out to dinner after winning an award
D)faking illness to avoid school in the morning
Q3) Which of the following is true of an operant response?
A)Response speed determines outcome.
B)Pushing a lever with a paw and pushing a lever with the snout are equivalent.
C)Licking a water spout and pushing a response lever are equivalent.
D)Licking a water spout and chewing a food pellet are equivalent.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Schedules of Reinforcement and Choice Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a ratio requirement is increased from an FR 100 schedule to an FR 500 schedule, the subject will often pause periodically before completion of the ratio requirement.These pauses are due to
A)the post-reinforcement pause.
B)the ratio strain.
C)the ratio run.
D)the interval scallop.
Q2) If you want to increase the self control of your little sibling you might
A)give a large reward initially, then gradually increase the delay to reward delivery.
B)distract your sibling with an intervening task during a delay to a large reward.
C)distract your sibling from the attending to a large reward during the delay period.
D)any or all of the above.
Q3) Concurrent-chain schedules of reinforcement are used to measure
A)continuous choice behavior over time.
B)choice behavior with commitment.
C)partial reinforcement extinction effects.
D)mechanisms of partial reinforcement extinction effects.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Instrumental Conditioning
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78 Verified Questions
78 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Berridge and Robinson
A)liking is related to the unconscious motivation to obtain a reward.
B)liking is related to the hedonic state elicited by a reward.
C)liking encodes the subject's drive to consume a reward.
D)liking encodes the subjects's drive to obtain a reward.
Q2) Describe similarities and differences between the Premack principle and subsequent response allocation models.
Q3) A child would normally eat candy for 20 minutes of each hour and play pinball for 40 minutes.According to the minimum deviation model, if the child is required on average to play pinball for 50 minutes in order to eat candy for 20 minutes, the child will most likely distribute its behavior to
A)play pinball for 50 minutes to gain access to 20 minutes of candy.
B)play pinball for only 40 minutes for less than 20 minutes of candy.
C)play pinball for between 40 and 50 minutes for less than 20 minutes of candy.
D)play pinball for more than 50 minutes to get as much candy as possible.
Q4) Provide evidence that supports the hypothesis that animals can develop specific reward expectancies during conditioning procedures.
Q5) Describe what is an S-R association and what provides the best evidence for it.
Q6) Describe implications of modern concepts of reinforcement for behavior therapy.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Stimulus Control of Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) A hamster is trained to push a lever to earn a food pellet each time it hears a bell.When a buzzer sounds, pushing the lever does not result in food delivery.The hamster quickly learns to respond to the bell and does not respond to the buzzer.We can conclude
A)the hamster has learned to respond only when the S+ is present.
B)the hamster has learned to suppress responding only when the S- is present.
C)the hamster has learned to respond only when the S+ is present and to suppress responding only when the S- is present.
D)that more information is needed to determine what the hamster has learned.
Q2) Describe Spence's theory of discrimination learning.What evidence supports this theory? How does this theory account for the peak-shift effect?
Q3) Stimulus control of instrumental behavior is demonstrated by which of the following?
A)similar responding in the presence of similar stimuli
B)similar responding in the presence of different stimuli
C)differential responding in the presence of different stimuli
D)differential responding in the presence of similar stimuli
Q4) Describe the role of contextual cues in the control of a common human behavior.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Extinction of Conditioned Behavior
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67 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The theory that assumes that during intermittent reinforcement training, the memory of nonreward becomes a cue for performing the instrumental response is
A)the discrimination hypothesis.
B)sequential theory.
C)modern two-process theory.
D)frustration theory.
Q2) According to the concept of renewal,
A)frustration has only minor effects on extinction.
B)contextual cues are important only for excitatory associations.
C)a change in context after extinction will recover acquisition performance.
D)S-S associations are developed in acquisition and disrupted by extinction.
Q3) Describe evidence that identifies the development of inhibitory S-R associations in extinction.
Q4) Which of the following leaves a subject most susceptible to spontaneous recovery from extinction?
A)massed extinction trials
B)spaced extinction trials
C)extinction trials conducted after a delay
D)all of the above help prevent spontaneous recovery
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Chapter 10: Averse Control
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67 Verified Questions
67 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a time out procedure, behavior modification is achieved by
A)the careful administration of a mildly aversive stimulus.
B)reducing contact with appetitive stimuli.
C)the administration of a relatively strong aversive stimulus.
D)reducing contact with an annoying stimulus.
Q2) What is the fundamental problem in the analysis of avoidance behavior, and how is this problem resolved by two- process theory?
Q3) Your friend has decided to use punishment as a means of training her new puppy.What are three things she must do to ensure that the aversive stimuli she administers will quickly alter the pup's behavior?
Q4) In a flooding procedure, the subject is
A)exposed to the US but unable to make the UR.
B)exposed to the UR but unable to make the avoidance response.
C)exposed to the CS but unable to make the avoidance response.
D)exposed to the US without exposure to the CS.
Q5) Your new client has a fear of exams and to avoid them has been skipping class altogether.What can you do to eliminate this disruptive avoidance behavior?
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Comparative Cognition I
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73 Verified Questions
73 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Animal cognition is most correctly defined as
A)the application of stimulus-response learning to explain complex chains of behavior.
B)the use of voluntary or conscious reflection to direct behavior.
C)the use of an internal representation, or model, of some past experience as a basis for behavior.
D)the use of overt classically or instrumentally conditioned responses to direct behavior.
Q2) Steve is taught to work a difficult maze.The time it takes for him to work the maze is tested one day, three days, and ten days after training.This is likely a study of A)retrieval.
B)retention.
C)acquisition.
D)extinction.
Q3) Describe the delayed matching-to-sample procedure and alternative strategies that can be used to respond accurately in such a procedure.How can these response strategies be distinguished experimentally?
Q4) Compare retrospective coding to prospective coding.When is each used?
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Chapter 12: Comparative Cognition Ii
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63 Verified Questions
63 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe instances of tool use in avian species and discuss how tool use may be acquired.
Q2) A rat is used in a modified matching-to-sample experiment.If the rat is presented with a 4-second-long sample, it must push the left lever.If the sample is 10 seconds long, the rat must depress the right lever.This type of experiment tests the rat's ability to A)form concepts.
B)produce durations.
C)estimate durations.
D)chunk information.
Q3) Compare and contrast the scalar expectancy model of timing and the behavioral theory of timing.
Q4) Explain why tests with subsets of items from a simultaneous array are useful in assessing the mechanisms of serial pattern learning.
Q5) Describe food caching behavior and what factors experimenters have to rule out before concluding that the behavior is mediated by working memory.
Q6) What does learning a perceptual concept involve?
Q7) Describe two techniques for measuring an animal's ability for timing behavior.
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