Leadership in Organizations Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
Leadership in Organizations explores the theories, principles, and practical applications of leadership within various organizational contexts. The course examines the roles, styles, and strategies of effective leaders, analyzing how they influence organizational culture, decision-making, motivation, and change. Students will investigate both traditional and contemporary leadership models, understand the challenges leaders face in diverse and dynamic workplaces, and develop skills in communication, team-building, conflict resolution, and ethical decision-making. Through case studies and experiential learning, participants will learn to assess and enhance their leadership abilities to meet the needs of modern organizations.
Recommended Textbook
Industrial Organizational Psychology 5th Edition by Paul Levy
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14 Chapters
1668 Verified Questions
1668 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Io Psychology: Then and Now
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98 Verified Questions
98 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The five areas that account for the largest portion of work conducted by I/O psychologists are training and development, performance appraisal, selection, quality of work life, and:
A)organizational development.
B)compensation.
C)human factors.
D)consumer behavior.
Answer: A
Q2) Which of these is an important area for an I/O psychologist to be competent in?
A)marketing strategies
B)research methods
C)counseling distressed individuals
D)graphic design
Answer: B
Q3) A scientist/practitioner is someone who:
A)industrial and organizational psychology.
B)theory and application.
C)leaders and followers.
D)SIOP and APA.
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Research Methods in Io Psychology
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120 Verified Questions
120 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Identify and describe two observational methods of research. For each method, discuss an advantage of its use.
Answer: Naturalistic observation, which allows us to see people in their natural environment. Case studies, which provide lots of details. Archival research, which receive rich data that have already been collected. Surveys, which are common and are cheap and quick to administer.
Q2) When considering whether to begin scientific research with data or with theory, it is important to know that the approach taken by most distinguished scientists is one that: A)combines both inductive and deductive processes.
B)uses the deductive process only.
C)uses the inductive process only
D)uses the reductive process only.
Answer: A
Q3) Explain the difference between an experiment and a quasi-experiment. Which approach has higher internal validity? Why?
Answer: Experiments have random assignment to conditions, while quasi-experiments do not. Experiments have better internal validity because they have more control over extraneous variables.
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Chapter 3: Job Analysis
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121 Verified Questions
121 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of these is NOT a compensable factor?
A)effort
B)skill
C)working conditions
D)work design
Answer: D
Q2) Astrid writes a list of statements that describe the KSAOs necessary to perform the job of a chef, such as "Understands how to follow a recipe" and "Communicates effectively with wait staff." In this case, Astrid is MOST LIKELY creating a:
A)job specification
B)job competency
C)job description
D)job evaluation
Answer: A
Q3) Job classification involves categorizing jobs into:
A)families.
B)groups.
C)classes.
D)clusters.
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Criterion Measurement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Organizational citizenship behaviors and counterproductive work behaviors share a _____ correlation.
A)strong positive
B)moderate positive
C)strong negative
D)moderate negative
Q2) What exactly is meant by the "criterion problem"?
Q3) Which of these is NOT an example of a counterproductive behavior?
A)theft
B)abuse of others
C)anger
D)withdrawal behaviors
Q4) Spending extra time helping a coworker is an example of _____; stealing paper from a company is an example of _____.
A)a counterproductive work behavior; an organizational citizenship behavior
B)an organizational citizenship behavior; a counterproductive work behavior
C)contextual performance; task performance
D)task performance; contextual performance
Q5) What are dynamic criteria? Provide an example of dynamic criteria.
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Chapter 5: Performance Appraisal
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121 Verified Questions
121 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Kaia is often very busy at work. When she sees her employees engaging in good performance behaviors, she becomes distracted before she can commit this information into her long-term memory. Kaia has had difficulty in the cognitive processing stage known as:
A)observation.
B)encoding.
C)integration.
D)retrieval.
Q2) Which of these is an example of using performance appraisal to make a personnel decision?
A)choosing which employees to demote
B)providing an employee with feedback on her performance
C)providing an employee with a list of skills she needs to develop to earn her next promotion
D)providing an employee with a list of his strengths
Q3) Explain the five steps to develop a behaviorally anchored rating scale (BARS).
Q4) What recommendations would be appropriate for an organization that wants to implement a 360-degree feedback system?
Q5) Draw a graphic rating scale for the dimension of class participation.
Q6) What are the benefits and disadvantages of telework?
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Predictors
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Sample Questions
Q1) Melody is applying to work as a firefighter. During the selection process, she must successfully put out a small, controlled flame using a fire extinguisher. This fire extinguisher test is best described as a:
A)speed test.
B)performance test.
C)power test.
D)psychometric test.
Q2) Jerika has to choose among four different ability tests. Of these options, which one represents the BEST choice?
A)a test with a validity coefficient of .15
B)a test with a validity coefficient of .30
C)a test with a coefficient of determination of .01
D)a test with a coefficient of determination of .00
Q3) Asking applicants about future behavior occurs in a _____ interview; asking applicants about past behavior occurs in a _____ interview.
A)retrospective; prospective
B)prospective; retrospective
C)situational; behavior description
D)behavior description; situational
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Selection Decisions and Personnel Law
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120 Verified Questions
120 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____ is the match between an individual's KSAOs and an organization's characteristics and values.
A)Recruitment
B)Person-environment fit
C)Affirmative action
D)Organizational image
Q2) One consequence of increased cybervetting is that:
A)applicants should carefully consider what they share on social media.
B)organizations are spending a great deal of money on companies that can scrub any negative comments about them from websites.
C)younger generations face intense discrimination because of their overreliance on technology.
D)organizations have poorer selection ratios.
Q3) How are essential functions defined under the Americans with Disabilities Act?
Q4) Using multiple tests in a selection battery will likely:
A)decrease the coefficient of determination.
B)decrease the validity coefficient.
C)decrease the need for conducting a job analysis.
D)increase the proportion of criterion variance accounted for.
Q5) Describe two aspects of recruitment that are known from recent research.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Training and Development
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119 Verified Questions
119 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are two issues that might prevent transfer of training, and what might an organization do to combat these issues?
Q2) The extent to which the behavioral processes needed for success on a job are also necessary for success on a training simulation is known as:
A)physical fidelity.
B)psychological fidelity.
C)criterion fidelity.
D)utility.
Q3) Organizational analysis, task analysis, and person analysis are all examples of:
A)training needs analysis.
B)instructional design.
C)training transfer.
D)training delivery.
Q4) Define distributed practice and massed practice. Provide an example of a task that would be well-suited to each type of practice.
Q5) Explain what it means to engage in overlearning in the context of training. What might be one example of a skill you have overlearned?
Q6) Describe three of the five principles of learning.
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Chapter 9: Motivation
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120 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to goal-setting theory, motivation is enhanced when employees accept and are committed to specific, difficult goals as well as when they:
A)are given feedback regarding progress toward those goals.
B)are rewarded for reaching those goals.
C)can see the effort-to-performance link.
D)can see the performance-to-outcome link.
Q2) Interactional justice can be divided into two subtypes: interpersonal justice and:
A)intellectual justice.
B)informational justice
C)individual justice.
D)collective justice.
Q3) Eliseo, who is taking a biology course, is not particularly interested in learning and developing as a researcher. What he is focused on is earning an A in the course. Eliseo has adopted a:
A)learning goal orientation.
B)efficacy goal orientation.
C)social cognitive orientation.
D)performance goal orientation.
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Chapter 10: Job Attitudes: Antecedents and Consequences
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ziva stays with her company because if she were to leave, she would lose $65,000 in retirement earnings and also lose free season tickets to see her favorite football team. Ziva's feelings toward her organization are best characterized as:
A)affective commitment.
B)continuance commitment.
C)normative commitment.
D)moral commitment.
Q2) There are three general consequences of job commitment: performance, counterproductive behaviors, and:
A)withdrawal behaviors.
B)social factors.
C)organizational mechanisms.
D)individual characteristics.
Q3) A 2010 meta-analysis suggested that pay level was _____ job satisfaction.
A)unrelated to
B)weakly correlated with C)moderately correlated with D)strongly correlated with
Q4) Describe two models that explain employee turnover. How do these models differ?
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Chapter 11: Stress and Worker Well-Being
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120 Verified Questions
120 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The conservation of resources (COR) model suggests that employees will feel stressed when:
A)they perceive that they are losing resources.
B)they have higher levels of responsibility.
C)they are prevented from hoarding resources.
D)they have close but intense work relationships.
Q2) Zelda works from home much of the time. In order to keep her work and home life separate, she tells her children that when she is in her office, she is not to be disturbed. This type of boundary-setting is _____ in nature.
A)temporal
B)communicative
C)interpersonal
D)behavioral
Q3) Environmental determinants such as variety, environmental clarity, and opportunity for personal control are closely linked to:
A)intrinsic motivation theories.
B)Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
C)ERG.
D)job characteristics theory.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Group Processes and Work Teams
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118 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A newly developed test improves upon the Team Role Test by examining past behaviors and behavioral predispositions, rather than just assessing team knowledge. This test is known as the:
A)Team Role Experience and Orientation (TREO) test.
B)Team Role and Inexperience Metric (TRIM) test.
C)Team Role and Activity Exam (TRAX).
D)Team Role and Activity Check (TRACK).
Q2) A clothing store is experiencing a problem with low customer satisfaction. The store manager has asked a team of employees to work together to come up with a possible solution to the problem. Describe the steps the team should take to ensure that they make a good decision, and what behaviors they should avoid.
Q3) In the 1980s, about _____ of organizations used work teams; in 1999, _____ of organizations used work teams.
A)5%; 72%
B)25%; 57%
C)10%; 91%
D)50%; 99%
Q4) Compare and contrast the stage model from the punctuated equilibrium model of group development.
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Chapter 13: Leadership
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124 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____ is a social process through which an individual intentionally exerts influence over others to structure their behaviors and relationships.
A)Requisition
B)Power
C)Leadership
D)Confabulation
Q2) In the 1950s, research on leadership was:
A)mostly based on theory and previous research.
B)largely based on commonsense notions of leadership and social interactions.
C)focused on the situation in which leadership takes place.
D)focused on behaviors that leaders actually perform.
Q3) Harold is the only employee in his restaurant who knows the secret recipe for its famous prize-winning apple pie. Harold has likely gained:
A)referent power.
B)legitimate power.
C)reward power.
D)expert power.
Q4) Define what leadership means. What is effective leadership?
Q5) What is the glass ceiling?
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Chapter 14: Organizational Theory and Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are four important characteristics shared by organizational development programs?
Q2) The four features of a bureaucratic organization are: division of labor, span of control, delegation of authority, and:
A)sensemaking.
B)appreciative inquiry.
C)knowledge management.
D)top-down pyramid hierarchy.
Q3) The four features of a bureaucratic organization are: span of control, top-down pyramid hierarchy, delegation of authority, and:
A)culture change.
B)delegation of authority.
C)reengineering.
D)sensemaking.
Q4) Which of these is characteristic of learning organizations?
A)gainsharing
B)transactional leadership
C)HR system that rewards continuous learning
D)appreciative inquiry
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