Leadership and Organizational Change
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
This course explores the theories, practices, and challenges of leadership in the context of organizational change. Students will examine the roles and responsibilities of leaders in guiding teams and organizations through periods of transition, addressing topics such as change management models, leadership styles, overcoming resistance to change, and the impact of organizational culture. Through case studies, group discussions, and practical exercises, the course aims to develop critical thinking and strategic decision-making skills, preparing students to effectively lead and manage change initiatives in dynamic business environments.
Recommended Textbook
Organizational Behavior 18th Edition by Stephen P. Robbins
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18 Chapters
1987 Verified Questions
1987 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Organizational Behavior?
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true regarding contingency variables?
A) They refer to situational factors that moderate the relationship between two or more variables.
B) They make simple, accurate, and sweeping generalizations about concepts in organizational behavior.
C) They indicate that everyone is motivated by money and financial perks.
D) They refer to scientific factors which are based on universal truths.
E) They remain constant irrespective of any change in the environment.
Answer: A
Q2) ________ seeks to measure, explain, and sometimes change the behavior of humans and other animals.
A) Meteorology
B) Anthropology
C) Sociology
D) Lexicology
E) Psychology
Answer: E
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Chapter 2: Diversity in Organizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe some ways by which management can attract, select, and recruit diverse employees in an organization.
Answer: A method of enhancing workforce diversity is to target recruiting messages to specific demographic groups underrepresented in the workforce. This means placing advertisements in publications geared toward specific demographic groups; recruiting at colleges, universities, and other institutions with significant numbers of underrepresented minorities; and forming partnerships with associations. Diversity advertisements that fail to show women and minorities in positions of organizational leadership send a negative message about the diversity climate at an organization. The selection process is one of the most important places to apply diversity efforts. Managers who hire need to value fairness and objectivity in selecting employees and focus on the productive potential of new recruits. When managers use a well-defined protocol for assessing applicant talent, and the organization clearly prioritizes nondiscrimination policies, qualifications become far more important in determining who gets hired than demographic characteristics.
Q2) Demographics mostly reflect deep-level rather than surface-level diversity.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Attitudes and Job Satisfaction
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120 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Is there a relationship between job satisfaction and turnover? Explain.
Answer: The relationship between job satisfaction and turnover is stronger than between satisfaction and absenteeism. The satisfaction-turnover relationship also is affected by alternative job prospects. For instance, if an employee is presented with an unsolicited job offer, job dissatisfaction is less predictive of turnover because the employee is more likely leaving in response to "pull" (the lure of the other job) than "push" (the unattractiveness of the current job). Similarly, job dissatisfaction is more likely to translate into turnover when employment opportunities are plentiful because employees perceive it is easy to move. Finally, when employees have high "human capital" (high education, high ability), job dissatisfaction is more likely to translate into turnover because they have, or perceive, many available alternatives.
Q2) The most important thing a manager can do to raise employee satisfaction is to focus on ________.
A) employee pay
B) benefits
C) work hours
D) intrinsic parts of the job
E) employee productivity
Answer: D
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Emotions and Moods
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Sample Questions
Q1) Carlos is upset because his boss gave him work to finish over the weekend. It is Friday. Which of the following is most likely to help Carlos lift his spirits?
A) watching TV with his friends
B) playing a video game at home
C) attending a meeting
D) going to a party with his friends
E) attending a training session
Q2) The practice of modifying one's true feelings based on display rules is known as ________.
A) surface acting
B) deep acting
C) social loafing
D) behavioral contagion
E) collective efficacy
Q3) Mindfulness can lead to improved job performance, work-life balance, and sleep quality as well as reduced turnover intentions, retaliatory behaviors, and counterproductive work behaviors.
A)True
B)False
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Personality and Values
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen Kate's chances of being selected?
A) Kate generally considers herself to be better than her colleagues.
B) Kate is a go-getter-she is prepared to go to any length to get ahead.
C) Kate has a conventional mindset and focuses on being efficient at her work.
D) Kate often conforms to others' ideas and opinions rather than come up with her own.
E) Kate is enterprising and adept at interacting with diverse groups of individuals.
Q2) John Holland's personality-job fit theory presents six personality types. Which of the following is one of these six types?
A) analytic
B) imaginative
C) practical
D) investigative
E) intuitive
Q3) What are the various classifications used in the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) framework?
Q4) Briefly describe the five key traits in the Big Five model.
Q5) Discuss John Holland's personality-job fit theory.
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Chapter 6: Perception and Individual Decision Making
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Sample Questions
Q1) Anne Warner, a climate campaigner at an environmental organization, is in charge of implementing a campaign activity where she needs to increase the use of renewable energy in the villages of Vietnam. For her project, she uses the rational decision-making model to implement activities. She has just completed identifying an appropriate criteria for decision making and has allocated weights to the criteria. Which of the following is Warner most likely to undertake next according to the model?
A) develop options of wind, solar, and hydro energy
B) analyze the problems of the project
C) determine goals of the project
D) select hydro energy as the best option
E) weigh advantages between solar and wind energy
Q2) Which of the following is an example of externally caused behavior?
A) An employee postpones a meeting because he overslept.
B) An employee is late to work because of a punctured tire.
C) An employee was fired because he violated a company policy.
D) An employee was promoted when he achieved more than the assigned objectives.
E) An employee closed a sale with an important corporate client because of his excellent negotiation skills.
Q3) Discuss attribution theory.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Motivation Concepts
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true regarding goal-setting theory?
A) Goal commitment is more likely when individuals have an external locus of control.
B) Externally generated feedback is more powerful than self-generated feedback.
C) Generalized goals produce a higher level of output than specific goals.
D) People do better when they get feedback on how well they are progressing toward their goals.
E) Assigned goals generate greater goal commitment in low rather than high power-distance cultures.
Q2) Assigned goals appear to generate greater goal commitment in low-power cultures than in high power-distance cultures.
A)True
B)False
Q3) MBO provides individual employees with ________.
A) personal performance objectives
B) greater work supervision
C) predefined targets
D) generalized feedback
E) clear-cut growth paths
Q4) Explain what self-determination theory suggests about providing rewards.
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Chapter 8: Motivation: From Concepts to Applications
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105 Verified Questions
105 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ is a participative process that uses employees' input to increase their commitment to the organization's success.
A) Job enrichment
B) Employee involvement
C) Vertical integration
D) Groupshifting
E) Job sharing
Q2) Which of the following statements is true regarding a merit-based pay plan?
A) It bases pay levels on how many skills employees have or how many jobs they can do.
B) It is also called competency-based pay plan.
C) High performers can get bigger raises.
D) It distributes compensation based on an established formula designed around a company's profitability.
E) A typical merit-based pay plan provides no base salary and pays the employee only for what he or she produces.
Q3) List and describe different variable-pay programs.
Q4) Describe telecommuting as an alternative work arrangement.
Q5) Describe the aspects of a company bonus plan.
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Chapter 9: Foundations of Group Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hubert Gray needs an instruction manual developed for his new product. This is the last step of the project and he has severe budget constraints. He needs a small team of technical writers to work together closely to write the manual on fairly short notice. He needs them to communicate ideas quickly, creatively, and affordably. Which of the following group techniques should Hubert consider?
A) nominal and electronic
B) brainstorming
C) brainstorming and electronic
D) electronic and interacting
E) interacting and brainstorming
Q2) Which of the following terms best represents voluntary actions that violate significant organizational norms and, in doing so, threaten the well-being of the organization or its members?
A) undue hardship
B) deviant workplace behavior
C) antidiscrimination and retaliation
D) progressive discipline
E) wrongful termination
Q3) Explain the relationship between role conflict and reference groups.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Understanding Work Teams
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Sample Questions
Q1) A team consists of employees from the same department who meet for a few hours each week to discuss ways of improving the work environment but they do not have the authority to unilaterally implement any of their suggestions. This is most likely to be a(n) ________ team.
A) cross-functional
B) virtual
C) self-managed work
D) problem-solving
E) independent
Q2) For creating good team players, an organization's reward system must be reworked to encourage competitive efforts rather than cooperative ones.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Virtual teams should be managed differently than face-to-face teams in an office, partially because virtual team members may not interact along traditional hierarchical patterns.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is meant by member preferences? How can it be altered?
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Chapter 11: Communication
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110 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) When the receiver of a communication translates the message, it is known as
A) encoding
B) conveying
C) transmitting
D) filtering
E) decoding
Q2) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of oral communication.
Q3) Shirley Shands is a hard worker, but Debra, her manager, is irritated with her. While Debra concedes that Shirley's work gives her no cause for complaint, Debra is tired of the interruptions in her work because of Shirley asking for repeated clarifications over what exactly she has to say in e-mails or phone calls. She often requests Debra to proofread her e-mails before sending them, and Debra feels she sends too many e-mails instead of just speaking to the person concerned. From the scenario, we can conclude that
A) Shirley processes her e-mails in an automatic and superficial manner
B) Shirley and Debra come from a high-context culture
C) Debra is engaging in social loafing
D) Shirley suffers from communication apprehension
E) Shirley uses filtering when communicating with Debra
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Chapter 12: Leadership
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following leadership behaviors is likely to differentiate between transactional and transformational leaders?
A) management by exception (active and passive)
B) contingent reward
C) individualized consideration
D) micromanagement
E) laissez-faire
Q2) According to the situational leadership theory, if employees are unwilling and unable, the appropriate leadership style in this situation would be ________.
A) participative
B) democratic
C) person-oriented
D) directive
E) supportive
Q3) Describe the path-goal theory of leadership.
Q4) According to the Big Five personality model, emotional stability is the most important trait of effective leaders.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Power and Politics
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Sample Questions
Q1) The more effort applicants put into highlighting their skills, motivation, and admiration for the organization, the more likely they are to be hired.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Politicking is less likely to surface when an organization's resources are declining.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When the production manager at CalTrack was asked to provide reasons for the delay in the last batch of stock to be produced for the month, he clearly stated that this was the result of one of his front-level managers taking two days off and that the fault was not his. The manager is using buffing as a defensive behavior here.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Ingratiation is positively related to performance ratings.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss the effectiveness of various influence tactics.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Conflict and Negotiation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Making sure negotiations are designed to focus on well-defined and work-related terms also has promise for reducing gender differences by minimizing the ambiguous space for stereotypes to operate.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Discuss the effects of moods and emotions on effectiveness of negotiations.
Q3) The ________ stage of the conflict process is important because it's where conflict issues tend to be defined.
A) potential opposition
B) cognition and personalization
C) intention
D) behavior
E) reaction and transference
Q4) Conflict that relates to the content and goals of work is called ________ conflict.
A) job
B) task
C) relationship
D) process
E) communication
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Chapter 15: Foundations of Organization Structure
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compare and contrast the three primary organizational strategies: innovation, cost-minimization, and imitation.
Q2) Describe the various ways in which the negative impact of downsizing can be minimized.
Q3) Which of the following statements is true regarding a virtual organization?
A) A virtual organization is sometimes called matrix organization.
B) A virtual organization is highly decentralized.
C) A virtual organization is characterized by a high degree of departmentalization.
D) A virtual organization tends to have unclear roles, goals, and responsibilities.
E) A virtual organization lacks flexibility.
Q4) What is a virtual organization and its advantages and disadvantages.
Q5) What are the three dimensions that characterize the environment of an organization?
Q6) Why is span of control important within an organization, and which common organizational design would most likely have the widest span of control? Explain your answer.
Q7) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a matrix structure.
Q8) Describe the simple structure. Discuss its advantages and disadvantages.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Organizational Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) A dominant culture expresses the core values a majority of members share and that give the organization its distinct personality.
A)True
B)False
Q2) During the ________ stage, a new employee compares his or her expectations with the realities in the organization.
A) prearrival
B) encounter
C) metamorphosis
D) post-arrival
E) post-encounter
Q3) Describe and explain the five most prevalent climate categories that comprise the ethical dimensions of organization cultures.
Q4) The market is a culture based on change.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are the characteristics of a spiritual organization?
Q6) What is workplace spirituality?
Q7) Explain the characteristics of a positive organizational culture.
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Chapter 17: Human Resource Policies and Practices
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements regarding downsizing is true?
A) Organizations that are able to demonstrate fairness are more likely to make the hoped-for gains from downsizing.
B) Employees who have been laid off almost always feel badly about their previous employer.
C) Employees who have been laid off are unlikely to return to the company if asked.
D) It is generally in the best interests of the employee to challenge the decision.
E) The initial screening process can be considered a failure.
Q2) Your organization is situated in an urban area where many students do not finish high school. You will probably first have to address the skill category termed ________ skills.
A) basic
B) technical
C) interpersonal
D) problem-solving
E) managerial
Q3) What purposes do performance evaluations serve in organizations?
Q4) Compare and contrast unstructured interview and behavioral structured interview.
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Page 19
Chapter 18: Organizational Change and Stress Management
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true regarding innovation in organizations?
A) Organic structures negatively influence innovation.
B) Interunit communication is low in innovative organizations.
C) Short tenure in management is associated with innovation.
D) Innovation is nurtured when there is an abundance of resources.
E) Innovative organizations reward both successes and failures.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT an OD technique or intervention for bringing about change?
A) sensitivity training
B) restraining forces
C) survey feedback
D) process consultation
E) team building
Q3) Family issues, economic problems, and personality characteristics are examples of the ________ factor of potential stress.
A) social
B) environmental
C) structural
D) psychological
E) personal
Page 20
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