Law and Society
Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
Law and Society explores the complex interplay between legal systems and the communities they govern. This course examines how laws are created, interpreted, and enforced within different cultural and social contexts, and considers the impact of legal institutions on concepts like justice, equality, and social order. Students will analyze real-world case studies to understand how social values, power dynamics, and historical developments shape legal rules and the experiences of individuals and groups within society. Major theories and methods in socio-legal studies are introduced, encouraging critical reflection on the role of law in shaping contemporary issues such as civil rights, access to justice, and social change.
Recommended Textbook
Criminology A Candian Perspective 8th Edition by Rick Linden
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Chapter 1: Crime, Criminals, and Criminology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Criminology is the scientific body of knowledge that examines crime (and its treatment)as a social phenomenon.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Which of the following labels do criminologists apply to crimes committed by upper-class people in the course of their legitimate business activities?
A)blue-collar crime
B)white-collar crime
C)pink-collar crime
D)"Society" crimes
Answer: B
Q3) The depiction of crime in the Canadian media is a fair and balanced representation of the scope and nature of crime in this country.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: The Social Context of Dispute Settlement and the Rise of Law
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Sample Questions
Q1) During a dispute settlement on an Ojibway reserve observed by Rupert Ross (1989),on which of the following did counselling Elders tend to focus on?
A)the past history and reputation of the disputants
B)the cleansing of the spirit for the future
C)reconstructing the details of the specific incident
D)fair compensation for the victim
Answer: B
Q2) When Karl Marx coined the term "bourgeois class" he was referring to which of the following social groups?
A)farmers
B)serfs
C)the capitalist ruling class
D)feudal lords
Answer: C
Q3) The consolidation of social and economic power in human societies has made it difficult to control the actions of those who have power.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Criminal Law
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not considered an inchoate offence?
A)An offender plans and undertakes a murder.
B)An offender plans a murder but does not follow through.
C)A crime boss orders one of his underlings to smuggle drugs into the country.
D)A crime group consisting of five people work together to smuggle drugs into the country.
Answer: D
Q2) What is the term for a body of legislation that specifies the steps to be followed in the prosecution of a criminal case?
A)the Charter of Rights and Freedoms
B)criminal procedure
C)crime
D)common law
Answer: B
Q3) Which of the following is true of the defence of intoxication?
A)It cannot reduce the severity of a charge such as murder to manslaughter.
B)It is primarily a "common law" defence.
C)It traditionally has applied to all offences.
D)It is based on the idea that alcohol acts as a disinhibition
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Counting Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compare and contrast the crime severity index with the violent crime rate.
Q2) Data elements refer to a consensus about what specific information should be collected.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Self-report studies complement UCR data because they help answer specific questions related to understanding the causes & correlates of crime. A)True
B)False
Q4) The homicide rate has been increasing at an alarming rate in Canada since 1961. A)True
B)False
Q5) The textbook notes that official crime data (UCR statistics)"may tell us more about police activities than about crime." What is meant by this statement? What are some examples of how official crime data may be more a reflection of a police agency than the actual level of crime?
Q6) Identify,compare and contrast the concepts of reliability and validity within the context of statistics and crime statistics specifically.
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Chapter 5: Correlates of Criminal Behaviour
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Sample Questions
Q1) The textbook examines six variables that correlate with crime.Which of the following is NOT one of these variables?
A)offender's age
B)offender's place of birth
C)offender's gender
D)offender's racial background
Q2) Which of the following statements does NOT represent a correlate of criminal behaviour?
A)Young men are overrepresented among criminal offenders.
B)Poverty and other social disadvantages are significant causes of criminal behaviour.
C)Poor neighbourhoods tend to have higher rates of crime.
D)There is a complex relationship between socio-economic status and criminal behaviour.
Q3) While blacks are highly discriminated against in the US criminal justice system,there is no evidence of that in Canada.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Feminism and Criminology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Women have largely been rendered invisible in much of criminology,except as victims of violence which has been the subject of considerable research by mainstream criminologists.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following terms refers to a perspective on a subject that is shaped by cultural assumptions rather than having a natural or objective basis?
A)patriarchy
B)conservative approach
C)cultural construction
D)liberal approach
Q3) Historically,which of the following groups have criminologists spent little time studying?
A)women as offenders,but not women as victims
B)women as both offenders and victims
C)neither women as offenders nor women as victims
D)women as victims,but not women as offenders
Q4) List the main arguments of the women's liberation thesis.What are some of the main critiques of this thesis?
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Chapter 7: Victimology, Victim Services, and Victim Rights in Canada
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Sample Questions
Q1) Identify and describe the origins of victims' rights policies and programs in Canada.
Q2) What are some of the criticisms levelled against police forces in Canada when dealing with victims of crime?
Q3) What year did the Canadian government introduce legislation to create the Victim Bill of Rights?
A)1967
B)1976
C)2007
D)2014
Q4) Which of the following is NOT one of the core rights of victims outlined in the textbook?
A)the right to publicize
B)the right to assistance
C)the right to information
D)the right to reparations
Q5) Financial loss is the only harm that is considered in relation to the victims of crime.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Early Theories of Criminology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Lombroso used the term "atavism" to characterize what type of criminals?
A)"morons" or people with very low intellectual functioning
B)overly greedy individuals who only seek personal gain
C)throwbacks to an earlier stage of human evolution
D)individuals with little or no self-control
Q2) Which of the following scientific theories had the greatest impact on Lombroso's theories of criminality?
A)Einstein's theory of relativity
B)the Bible's theory of creation
C)Darwin's theory of evolution
D)Beccaria's theory of crime and punishment
Q3) According to the Classical theory of crime the most effective and just deterrent was for the punishment to fit the crime.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to the Positive School,punishment should fit which of the following?
A)the criminal
B)the crime
C)the prison
D)the state
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Chapter 9: Psychological Perspectives on Criminality
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Q1) Which of the following dimensions of personality described by Eysenck was found to be associated with psychopathy?
A)psychoticism
B)introversion
C)neuroticism
D)extraversion
Q2) Individuals with an antisocial personality fail to learn from negative experiences because they do not become anxious in circumstances that should elicit anxiety.
A)True
B)False
Q3) One major focus of psychological theories of criminality is the personality of the offender.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In their book entitled Snakes in Suits: When Psychopaths go to Work,Babiuk and Hare argue that psychopaths fit well into the corporate world.What rationale do they have for saying this?
Q5) Describe and critically analyze Eysenck's theory of crime and personality.
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Chapter 10: Strain Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Based on the writings of Braithwaite,would an increase in class heterogeneity in neighbourhoods lead to an increase or decrease in crime? Explain your answer.
Q2) Which of the following terms refer to the patterned and relatively stable arrangement of roles and statuses found within societies and social institutions?
A)middle-class measuring rod
B)diffusion of responsibility
C)social structure
D)culturally prescribed aspirations
Q3) Anderson's "code of the street" highlights how the opportunity structure on Wall Street contributes to corporate crime.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Merton's strain theory is helpful for explaining the lower crime rates of women.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Contrast the different assumptions about society made by conflict and consensus perspectives of crime.Which do you think is most accurate when applied to Canada?
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Chapter 11: Conflict Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Marx himself did not develop a theory of crime.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In Vold's group conflict theory,which of the following would constitute a "minority group"?
A)the government
B)a youth gang
C)management in a corporation
D)the bourgeoisie
Q3) Based on the work of Sellin,which of the following describes a situation where culture conflict is unlikely to arise?
A)when the laws of one cultural group are extended to cover the territory of another
B)when conduct norms clash on border areas between distinct cultures
C)as a result of colonization,migration,or immigration
D)when a society is culturally homogeneous
Q4) Marxist research on corporate crime focuses on those who are outside the sphere of production.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 12: Contemporary Critical Criminology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The term governmentality is used to refer to the machinations of how the state wields power over civil society.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following best characterizes critical criminology?
A)takes the system to task
B)tinkers with parts
C)denies transformation through promises of justice
D)avoids judgment and critiques in an attempt to destabilize taken-for-granted assumptions
Q3) What is Michel Foucault's approach to the concept of power? Detail why it is important to critical criminology.
Q4) Which of the following is NOT a criticism of contemporary critical criminology?
A)It is an obscure and abstract nature of critical criminological theorizing.
B)It has been used too frequently to rationalize tough-on-crime agendas.
C)It lacks implications for the real world of crime,crime control,and social justice.
D)Some find it difficult to discern a call to action in the theoretical language of contemporary critical criminology.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Interactionist Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Interactionist theories of deviance focus overwhelmingly on how the techniques of how crimes are committed in a particular time and place.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is NOT an implication stemming from interactionist theories of crime?
A)It highlights the damaging effects of the deviant label.
B)It exposes the moral enterprise involved in determining what constitutes deviance.
C)It highlights how the capitalist mode of production eventually leads to the application of deviance only to those involved in street-level crime.
D)It calls attention to the deviant career as a process that helps explain deviance beyond its initial causes.
Q3) A neo-Marxist critique of interactionist theories of crime is that they fail to relate crime and other forms of deviance to the larger society
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the implications of a master status for secondary deviation.
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Chapter 14: Social Control Theory
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Q1) Which of the following is true of the correlation between school failure and delinquency?
A)The correlation between school failure and delinquency is negative and strong.
B)The correlation between school failure and delinquency is positive and strong.
C)The correlation between school failure and delinquency is positive and weak.
D)The correlation between school failure and delinquency is negative and weak.
Q2) Theories and research presented in Chapter 14 suggest that the school is of primary importance in socializing young people and is an important determinant of delinquency.Within this context,which of the following statements is false?
A)For many students who achieve academic success and who enjoy their educational experience,school provides a stake in conformity,which reduces delinquent behaviour.
B)The effect of school failure on one's eventual career is more significant in determining delinquency than the daily problems of coping with school failure.
C)The school has taken over many of the occupational socialization functions that in earlier times were filled by the family.
D)The school is related to delinquency through its effects on the daily life of the child.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Deterrence, Routine Activity, and Rational
Choice Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) Citing research findings,explain why minimum mandatory sentences such as those handed out under California's "three strikes" legislation do not have significant deterrent effects on crime.
Q2) Which of the following statements is true with respect to the deterrence effect of increasing?the certainty of punishment?
A)A large body of research does not support the deterrent effect of increasing the certainty of punishment.
B)A large body of research supports the deterrent effect of increasing the certainty of punishment.
C)Little research has been conducted into techniques that increase the certainty of punishment.
D)There are few techniques available to increase the certainty of punishment.
Q3) What is meant by increasing the certainty of punishment? Provide on example of these strategies.To what extent does this strategy deter crime?
Q4) Describe the Perry Preschool Project and how it satisfies the dictates of crime prevention through social development.What were the results of the project according to the most recent follow-up?
Q5) Discuss the routine activities approach to crime,including its assumptions.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Organized Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) identifies numerous characteristics of organized crime,all of which are grouped into four categories.Which category do the characteristics of "continuing enterprise" and "career criminals" fall under?
A)structural/organizational
B)institutional
C)commercial
D)behavioural
Q2) Governments help create underground markets and organized crime through their policies.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Cigarettes and liquor only find their way to underground (black)markets when they are prohibited by the state.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Illustrate three ways in which the Lupollo family studied by Ianni and Reuss-Ianni acted more like a kinship group than a bureaucracy.
Q5) Apply ethnic succession theory to better understand the history of organized crime in Canada.
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Chapter 17: Corporate and White-Collar Crime
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Q1) What is the term for crimes committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation?
A)white-collar crime
B)environmental crime
C)high status crime
D)fraud
Q2) Explore the contention that Conrad Black's behaviour was motivated by a sense of entitlement and make sure to cite some examples from Black's life that support this contention.
Q3) Which of the following contradicts the textbook's account for the causes behind the financial collapse of 2008?
A)Bundles of mortgages were combined into collateralized debt obligations and sold as if they were sound investments.
B)The greed of mortgage holders and individual investors led to the catastrophe.
C)Several high ranking officials from banks and mortgage companies have been imprisoned for their role in the collapse.
D)NINJA mortgages were issued by some mortgage companies.
Q4) Why is white-collar crime positively related to class position?
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Page 19
Chapter 18: Cybercrime and Cyberdeviance
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Q1) Describe the cybercrimes of phishing,ripping,and skimming.Identify at least two characteristics they share and two characteristics that make each distinct from one another.
Q2) Skimming is an attempt to remotely circumvent the security or privacy measures of a website for the purposes of either stealing information or other malicious actions against the owner of the website.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Hayward (2012)has noted that the Internet-and by extension digital culture generally-has broken down traditional barriers between life stages and has led to generational and demographic confusion,thus bringing about unforeseen online collisions between groups of people with different value systems.Which of the following scenarios best reflects this statement?
A)an adult pedophile posing as a 10-year-old girl looking to meet new friends in a Jason Bieber fan club chat room
B)e-mail spam attempting to sell shares in a non-existent company
C)the hacking of an online bank to steal the passwords of customers
D)the hacking of a website of a nuclear facility
Q4) Compare and contrast cybercrime with cyber terrorism.
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