Law and Society Final
Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Law and Society examines the dynamic relationship between legal systems and the social contexts in which they operate. The course explores how laws are shaped by societal values, political institutions, and cultural norms, while also analyzing the ways in which legal rules and judicial decisions influence individual behavior and collective practices. Through interdisciplinary perspectives, students will investigate issues such as the impact of law on social change, the roles of various legal actors, and the ways social inequalities are reflected and perpetuated within legal structures. The course encourages critical thinking about the nature of law and its role in addressing pressing societal challenges.
Recommended Textbook
Criminology A Candian Perspective 8th Edition by Rick Linden
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Chapter 1: Crime, Criminals, and Criminology
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Q1) In Hagan's typology of crime and deviance,which of the following is the most serious category?
A)consensus crimes
B)social diversions
C)conflict crimes
D)social deviations
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following was NOT indicated by the textbook as an important reason for us to know more about crime?
A)Surveys have shown that crime is the most important social problem facing Canada today.
B)It is intrinsically worthwhile to learn about all aspects of social behaviour,including crime.
C)Crime affects us all,directly or indirectly.
D)Knowledge about crime can tell us a great deal about our society.
Answer: A
Q3) The main reason the media misrepresents crime is to attract viewers for profit.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: The Social Context of Dispute Settlement and the Rise of Law
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Q1) Analyses of the history of rape legislation indicate that rape laws were first enacted to protect the interests of which of the following?
A)the father and husband of the raped female
B)the raped female and her children
C)other females in the community where the rape occurred
D)the husband and children of the raped female
Answer: A
Q2) What is the principal instrument used by the state to regulate human activity,ensure social order,and prevent,control,and resolve disputes in modern societies?
A)laws and legislation
B)the restorative justice system
C)the army
D)Crown prosecutors
Answer: A
Q3) In hunting and gathering societies,influence was based on access to material resources.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Criminal Law
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT something the accused must show in order to claim self-defence?
A)that he or she used no more force than necessary
B)that he or she was did not the spouse of the accused
C)that he or she did not provoke the assault
D)that he or she was unlawfully assaulted
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a source of Canadian criminal law?
A)federal legislation
B)judicial decisions interpreting the common law
C)judicial decisions interpreting legislation
D)provincial legislation
Answer: D
Q3) A person suffering from a mental disorder who is capable of understanding what he or she did but who succumbed to an irresistible impulse would be found not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Counting Crime
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Q1) The term "gross counts of crime" refers to which of the following?
A)Criminal Code violations only
B)Criminal Code violations and violations of other federal statutes
C)Criminal Code violations,violations of other federal and provincial statues,and violations of some municipal bylaws
D)Criminal Code violations and violations of other federal and provincial statues
Q2) The dark figure of crime refers to violent personal crime such as murder and sexual assault.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is NOT one of the limitations of a victimization survey?
A)Consensual crimes are not captured by victimization surveys.
B)Crimes designed to keep victims unaware they have been victimized cannot be captured accurately in victimization surveys.
C)Survey data may lack reliability;they depend on people's memory,truthfulness,etc.
D)Victimization surveys are influenced by how police collect,maintain,and report the data.
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Chapter 5: Correlates of Criminal Behaviour
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Q1) Wright and colleagues (1999)made three fundamental findings concerning the link between socio-economic status and crime or delinquency.Briefly summarize each of these findings.
Q2) In general,crime rates in Canada tend to adhere to which of the following patterns?
A)Crime rates increase as one travels from east to west.
B)Crime rates increase as one travels from west to east.
C)Crime is highest on the east and west coasts.
D)Crime rates are highest in central Canada.
Q3) Which of the following best describes female offenders in Canada?
A)young,well off,well-educated
B)young,poor,undereducated
C)young,poor,well educated
D)older,poor,undereducated
Q4) Based on 2012 statistics,which age category correlates most strongly with homicides in Canada?
A)10 to 17
B)12 to 24
C)36 to 49
D)50 and above
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Chapter 6: Feminism and Criminology
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Q1) Criminologists have noted that the Conflict Tactics Scale is an incomplete measure of intimate violence because it does not capture the outcome of the violence.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following was a consequence of the 1993 zero tolerance policy of the Winnipeg Police Service regarding domestic violence?
A)a decrease in the overall number of women charged
B)a decrease in the number of charges that were dismissed or were stayed
C)a decrease in the overall number of men charged
D)an increase in "double charging," or charging of both spouses
Q3) According to the 1993 Violence Against Women Survey,about what percentage of Canadian women have experienced at least one incident of physical or sexual violence since age 16?
A)one quarter
B)one half
C)one in ten
D)one third
Q4) Describe the role of the law in condoning violence against women.
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Chapter 7: Victimology, Victim Services, and Victim Rights in Canada
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Q1) Which of the following best represents the trend as far as the proportion of Canadian victims who report their victimization to police is concerned?
A)It has been declining.
B)It has been increasing.
C)It has stayed the same.
D)There is insufficient data to determine a trend.
Q2) According to a 2011 report by the Department of Justice,which of the following figures is closest to the total annual cost of harm to crime victims in Canada in 2008?
A)$100 million
B)$1 billion
C)$10 billion
D)$100 billion
Q3) According to victimization surveys in Canada,what percentage of adults report more than one victimization in the past year?
A)10%
B)20%
C)30%
D)40%
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Chapter 8: Early Theories of Criminology
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Q1) What is a common criticism that has been levelled at theories of criminality that emerged following the Enlightment period?
A)They were based on highly dubious research methods.
B)They were not influenced by broader intellectual movements.
C)They did nothing to advance our understanding of criminal behaviour.
D)They were too complicated to be understood by the courts or the general public.
Q2) Which of the following can be considered a limitation of the Classical School?
A)Due process safeguards were never built into the legal system.
B)Although punishments could be rationally determined in theory,their actual application often led to gross injustices.
C)Judicial and legislative functions could not be separated,with the result that politicians often decided who should be executed.
D)Fixed penalties could be set for only minor offences.
Q3) Which of the following ideas do NOT reflect the Classical School's theory?
A)Society is based on a social contract.
B)The state can provide protection but cannot violate the rights of citizens.
C)Crime is an irrational and non-utilitarian activity.
D)There should be equal punishment for equal crime.
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Chapter 9: Psychological Perspectives on Criminality
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Q1) According to Jennings and colleagues,which statement best expresses the relationship between moral development and delinquency?
A)Advanced levels of moral development cause delinquency.
B)Advanced levels of moral development insulate against delinquency.
C)Low levels of moral development are not associated with delinquency.
D)Low levels of moral development insulate against delinquency.
Q2) Which of the following groups has been the primary focus of research on Antisocial Personality Disorder?
A)mass murderers
B)university students
C)the mentally ill
D)incarcerated populations
Q3) Which of the following factors is a principal focus of psychological theories of criminality?
A)the offender's social environment
B)the offender's personality
C)the offender's biological and genetic make-up
D)the offender's physical health
Q4) Describe and critically analyze Eysenck's theory of crime and personality.
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Chapter 10: Strain Theories
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Q1) According to Cloward and Ohlin,what did Merton's theory fail to take into account?
A)cultural perceptions of goals
B)cultural perceptions of means
C)differential legitimate goals
D)differential opportunities
Q2) Anderson's "code of the street" highlights how the opportunity structure on Wall Street contributes to corporate crime.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to Merton,which of the following best describes the accumulation of money and the status that results from it in America?
A)an illegitimate means
B)a culturally prescribed aspiration
C)a culturally approved means
D)a conventional means
Q4) Explain Bernard's thesis that strain or anomie are properties of social structures.
Q5) Describe Messner and Rosenfeld's theory of institutional anomie.
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Chapter 11: Conflict Theories
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Q1) Left idealism is an amalgamation of both instrumentalist and structuralist Marxist accounts of the State,law,and crime.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to Sellin's cultural conflict theory,criminal norms refer to the norms that predominate among criminal offenders
A)True
B)False
Q3) Canada's anti-combines legislation is an example of which of the following?
A)relative autonomy
B)pure capitalist interest
C)surplus population
D)collective bargaining
Q4) Left realism was developed because Marxist theories were deficient at which of the following?
A)taking a global perspective
B)addressing the harm caused by street crime
C)providing testable hypotheses
D)bringing about revolutionary change
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Chapter 12: Contemporary Critical Criminology
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Q1) Which of the following schools of thought expressly attempts to draw attention to the hidden and overlooked injustices in society?
A)left realism
B)environmental criminology
C)structural Marxism
D)critical criminology
Q2) Briefly describe what happened to suspected terrorist and Canadian citizen Maher Arar,and indicate the implications of his treatment for the relationship between Canada and its citizens.
Q3) What term is used by Derrida to denote the silent or absent element of language that provides words with an essential part of their meaning?
A)a state of exception
B)a habit
C)a field
D)a trace
Q4) Describe Derrida's notion of deconstruction and explain how it helps us understand a criminal justice term of your choosing.
Q5) Is restorative justice a form of governmentality? Defend your answer.
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Chapter 13: Interactionist Theories
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Q1) Conceptually,the stages of personal involvement in criminal activity are nothing like the like stages in a legitimate occupational career.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In which category of deviant behaviour does Lemert place alcoholism and drug addiction?
A)self-defeating and self-perpetuating deviance
B)self-enhancing and self-perpetuating deviance
C)adjusted pathological deviance
D)unadjusted pathological deviance
Q3) Describe the concept of drift in relation to juvenile delinquents and provide some hypothetical illustrative examples.
Q4) Interactionist theories of deviance focus overwhelmingly on how the techniques of how crimes are committed in a particular time and place.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Define the concept of a criminal career and describe some of the typical characteristics of a deviant career.
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Chapter 14: Social Control Theory
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Q1) Which of the following is true of the correlation between school failure and delinquency?
A)The correlation between school failure and delinquency is negative and strong.
B)The correlation between school failure and delinquency is positive and strong.
C)The correlation between school failure and delinquency is positive and weak.
D)The correlation between school failure and delinquency is negative and weak.
Q2) According to Gottfredson and Hirschi,the most important factor in determining criminality is a lack of self-control.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to Gottfredson and Hirschi,children with low self-control are frequently raised in families with poor parenting skills.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain and assess the criticism that control theory is a conservative theory of crime.
Q5) According to control theory,conformity,not deviance,needs to be explained.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Deterrence, Routine Activity, and Rational
Choice Theories
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Q1) In terms of Ronald Clarke's categories of situational crime prevention techniques,which of the following is an example of "reducing provocations"?
A)breathalyzers in pubs
B)neighbourhood watch
C)entry phones
D)separate enclosures for rival soccer fans at sports stadiums
Q2) Describe the Perry Preschool Project and how it satisfies the dictates of crime prevention through social development.What were the results of the project according to the most recent follow-up?
Q3) According to routine activities theory,which of the following is likely to affect the attractiveness of consumer items as objects of theft?
A)size and ease of concealing only
B)size and value only
C)size,value,and colour
D)size,ease of concealing,and value
Q4) The high frequency of repeat victimization supports lifestyle/exposure theory.
A)True
B)False
Q5) To what extent does imprisonment deter crime?
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Chapter 16: Organized Crime
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Q1) In what ways is the definition of organized crime of the Commission of European Communities different from,and superior to,the Criminal Code of Canada definition?
Q2) The bureaucratic/hierarchical model views organized crime as a fluid and loosely knit network of like-minded criminal entrepreneurs,none of whom has any long-term authority over the others.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What role does the government play in creating underground markets in marijuana and cigarettes in Canada? What are the main differences between the creation of these two underground markets as far as public policies are concerned?
Q4) Which of the following models describes organized crime as involving a loose system of power and "business" relationships with the mafiosi serving as a middleman or a broker?
A)the patron-client model
B)the kinship model
C)the bureaucratic/hierarchical model
D)the network model
Q5) How can organized crime be differentiated from unorganized crimes?
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Chapter 17: Corporate and White-Collar Crime
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Q1) Explain how the financial collapse of 2008 occurred in the United States,focusing on the role played by private sector financial institutions.
Q2) Table 17.1 of the textbook identifies numerous types of corporate and business crime.Which of the following is NOT considered a corporate crime against the public?
A)price-fixing
B)manipulation of stocks and securities
C)violation of labour laws
D)commercial and political bribery
Q3) Which of the following contradicts the textbook's account for the causes behind the financial collapse of 2008?
A)Bundles of mortgages were combined into collateralized debt obligations and sold as if they were sound investments.
B)The greed of mortgage holders and individual investors led to the catastrophe.
C)Several high ranking officials from banks and mortgage companies have been imprisoned for their role in the collapse.
D)NINJA mortgages were issued by some mortgage companies.
Q4) Why is white-collar crime positively related to class position?
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Chapter 18: Cybercrime and Cyberdeviance
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Q1) Cyberterrorism refers to the use a computer to orchestrate large-scale "attacks on information," including government or critical infrastructure servers or any database of interest to national security.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Phishing is when a fraudster sends an email purportedly from a bank requesting information on the target's bank account,including the password,with the intention of stealing money from that account.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Chapter 18 argues that to better understand cybercrime and cyberdeviance one requires a broader understanding of computer technologies as being inherently criminogenic. What is mean by this statement? Describe some ways that computer technologies can be inherently criminogenic.
Q4) Compare and contrast cyberdeviance with cybercrime.Provide at least one example of each.
Q5) Describe some ways that technologies have changed the landscape of criminality.Provide some examples of new forms of crime that have been created by the advent of the Internet.
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