Land Reclamation and Restoration Final Exam
Course Introduction
Land Reclamation and Restoration explores the principles, techniques, and processes involved in returning disturbed or degraded land to a stable, productive, and sustainable condition. The course covers the ecological, engineering, and environmental aspects of land reclamation, including soil amendment, revegetation, erosion control, and water management. Students will examine case studies from mining, agriculture, construction, and urban development, analyzing both the challenges and best practices for restoring ecosystem functions and land value. Emphasis is placed on regulatory frameworks, sustainability, habitat creation, and monitoring restoration success, preparing students to effectively contribute to land management and environmental rehabilitation projects.
Recommended Textbook
The Nature and Properties of Soils 14th Edition by Nyle C. Brady
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20 Chapters
838 Verified Questions
838 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/study-set/3989 Page 2
Chapter 1: The Soils Around US
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42 Verified Questions
42 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/80115
Sample Questions
Q1) Most of the water flowing in rivers passed through a soil profile or over soil surfaces before reaching the river.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Soil air usually has a higher carbon dioxide content than the air in the atmosphere.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The water in the soil typically differs from pure water because the soil water
A)contains organic compounds
B)contains mineral nutrients
C)is restrained in its flow by attraction to particle surfaces
D)all of the above
E)none of the above
Answer: D
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Formation of Soils From Parent Materials
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53 Verified Questions
53 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The presence of iron in a mineral generally increases its resistance to chemical breakdown.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Sandstones are good examples of metamorphic rocks.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Residual parent materials are best described as __________.
A)materials formed under organic residues.
B)materials formed by weathering of rocks and minerals in place.
C)materials transported from one location to another by water, ice or wind.
D)materials more dominant in Iowa than in the Southern United States.
E)upland materials formed with relatively little chemical weathering.
Answer: B
Q4) Marine sediments are typical parent materials in coastal plain areas.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Soil Classification
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47 Verified Questions
47 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/80117
Sample Questions
Q1) The broadest category of classification in Soil Taxonomy specifies 12 soil orders, 11 of which are for mineral soils.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Because soil development is just beginning in Entisols, these soils are generally less variable in properties than are those in the Andisol or Ultisol orders.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Which of the categories in the Soil Taxonomy system indicates properties that have implications for root growth as well as for the construction of building foundations?
A)suborder
B)family
C)series
D)great group
E)subgroup
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Soil Architecture and Physical Properties
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43 Verified Questions
43 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/80118
Sample Questions
Q1) Soil tilth refers to _____.
A)the bearing strength of a soil under a given downward force
B)the moisture content at which a soil is best suited for tillage
C)ratio of bulk density to particle density
D)the physical suitability of a soil for plant growth
E)micro-aggregates produced as a by-product of tillage
Q2) For any soil, the bulk density is always lower than the particle density.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Flocculation is the process by which certain chemicals in the soil stabilize large soil aggregates.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Using a textural triangle chart, it can be determined that a soil with 45% sand and 20% clay belongs to the ___textural class.
A)sandy loam
B)loamy sand
C)sandy clay loam
D)loam
E)sandy clay
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Chapter 5: Soil Water: Characteristics and Behavior
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39 Verified Questions
39 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/80119
Sample Questions
Q1) Capillarity in soils _____.
A)involves both adhesion and cohesion
B)is enhanced by the symmetrical nature of the water molecule
C)is independent of the matric potential in soils
D)is not involved in the process of water uptake from soils
E)does not account for unsaturated water movement in soils
Q2) Hysteresis is the phenomenon whereby a soil has the same water content/potential relationship when it is being dried as when it is being wetted.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The effect of soil organic matter on the amount of water available to plants is due to organic matter influence on total soil porosity as well as to the water-supplying power of the soil organic matter.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The property of cohesion in water stems from the attraction of water molecules for soil solids.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Soil and the Hydrologic Cycle
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44 Verified Questions
44 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/80120
Sample Questions
Q1) Eutrophication is enhanced by the presence of pesticides in the water draining from agricultural soils.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Of the various types of drain systems, open ditch systems are most practical and economical for use on __________.
A)Vertisols
B)soils which do not freeze during the winter
C)soils with a deep water Table
D)poorly drained soils with sandy profiles
E)clay soils with poor drainage
Q3) The transpiration ratio of a native meadow is 550 kg per kg of dry matter produced.If 4 Mg of dry matter is produced on a hectare of land, how many centimeters of water will be required (rounded to the nearest cm) ?
A)46
B)220
C)14
D)22
E)Not possible to calculate
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Soil Aeration and Temperature
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41 Verified Questions
41 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/80121
Sample Questions
Q1) If the CO<sub>2</sub> content of soil air is 3.5%, it is 100 times higher than that of the atmosphere.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Wildfires in forested areas result in the formation of organic compounds that enhance the percolation of water through the soil.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following actions would best assure good aeration in a soil?
A)increase the soil temperature
B)add organic residues
C)use a plastic mulch
D)use cover crops, especially legumes
E)remove excess water
Q4) The alternate freezing and thawing of soils results in the upward heaving of plants and building foundations.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Soil Colloids: Seat of Soil Chemical and Physical Activity
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40 Verified Questions
40 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/80122
Sample Questions
Q1) Humus has a much higher cation adsorption capacity at pH 5.5 than at pH 8.0.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Kaolinite is most prevalent in soils developed from volcanic ejecta (Andisols).
A)True
B)False
Q3) In most soils of the arid regions of Nevada, smectite is more prominent than in most soils in warm, humid Georgia.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The leaf-like structure of silicate clays involves two kinds of horizontal sheets, one dominated by a plane of silicon atoms, the other by a plane of aluminum and/or magnesium.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Even at pH values near 7.0 some colloids such as iron and aluminum oxides have negative surface charges less than 10 cmol<sub>c</sub>/kg.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Soil Acidity
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42 Verified Questions
42 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/80123
Sample Questions
Q1) Among the soils of which order would you most likely find the highest buffering capacities?
A)Alfisols
B)Vertisols
C)Oxisols
D)Spodosols
E)Ultisols
Q2) Assume you want to grow azaleas in a soil with a pH of 6.0.The application of which of the following would be most appropriate to make this soil suitable for this ornamental?
A)chicken manure
B)limestone
C)elemental sulfur
D)iron oxide
E)hydrated lime
Q3) The acidity of "acid rain" can be traced to the reaction of CO<sub>2</sub> in the atmosphere forming carbonic acid (H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>).
A)True
B)False
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Soils of Dry Regions: Alkalinity, Salinity, and Sodicity
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41 Verified Questions
41 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/80124
Sample Questions
Q1) A homeowner in New Mexico attempted to grow azaleas in a well drained soil (pH 7.5) but the plants were stunted and the leaves were yellow.What is the most likely cause of this constraint?
A)P deficiency
B)Mn toxicity
C)Fe deficiency
D)Ca toxicity
E)Na toxicity
Q2) Which of the following comparisons of the three different classes of salt-affected soils is correct?
A)Sodic soils generally have the lowest pH.
B)Saline soils are generally higher in soluble salts than saline-sodic soils.
C)Sodic soils generally have the highest EC levels.
D)The pH of saline soils is generally above 8.5.
E)Sodic soils are commonly formed by leaching saline-sodic soils.
Q3) Lack of adequate drainage in irrigation projects leads to the accumulation of CaCO<sub>3</sub> that is responsible for the high pH values above 8.5.
A)True
B)False
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Organisms and Ecology of the Soil
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41 Verified Questions
41 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/80125
Sample Questions
Q1) Compared to the rest of the soil, the rhizosphere is kept relatively sterile by the action of plant roots.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following groups of organisms are responsible for greatest amount of organic matter decomposition in soils?
A)macrofauna
B)microfauna
C)mesofauna
D)microflora
E)autotrophs
Q3) Fungi tend to be the dominant group of microorganisms in acid, sandy soils.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A significant portion of the global production of methane comes from the activity of termites.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Soil Organic Matter
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41 Verified Questions
41 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/80126
Sample Questions
Q1) Biomass consists of ______.
A)living organisms and cells
B)dead tissues and wastes
C)identifiable biomolecules
D)polymerized, non-identifiable molecules
E)all of the above
Q2) Non-humic substances consist of ____.
A)living organisms and cells
B)dead tissues and wastes
C)identifiable biomolecules
D)polymerized, non-identifiable molecules
E)all of the above
Q3) When native prairie soils are brought under cultivation, the fraction of soil organic matter which disappears most quickly is the passive fraction.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Poorly drained soils generally contain more organic matter than well drained soils.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Nitrogen and Sulfur Economy of Soils
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41 Verified Questions
41 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/80127
Sample Questions
Q1) On the average, agricultural soils in the US are currently being depleted of their nitrogen supply.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The opposite process from mineralization is _______.
A)immobilization
B)nitrification
C)denitrification
D)ammonification
E)none of the above
Q3) About half the nitrogen in the A horizon of most soils becomes available to plants over the course of a whole year in a warm, humid climate.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Applied to agricultural crops, the term lodging refers to ________.
A)pre-mature fruit drop as a result of N deficiency
B)infestation with a high number of insect larvae lodged in the fruits or seeds
C)short, stubby plants starving for N or S
D)plants falling over, often as a result of too much N
E)plants losing their leaves because of a N imbalance
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Soil Phosphorus and Potassium
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39 Verified Questions
39 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/80128
Sample Questions
Q1) Approximately what percentage of the P in surface soils is typically found in organic forms?
A)0.1 to 0.5%
B)1 to 5%
C)5 to 15%
D)25 to 75%
E)95 to 98%
Q2) Because of the complimentary ion effect, potassium is more readily leached from an acid soil than from a neutral soil.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In a soil at pH 5.0, most of the inorganic P is likely to be in the form of _______.
A)monocalcium phosphates
B)tricalcium phosphates
C)hydroxy apatites
D)hydrous iron and aluminum phosphates
E)phospholipids
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Chapter 15: Micronutrients and Other Trace Elements
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42 Verified Questions
42 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/80129
Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following micronutrients is least commonly found to be deficient in plants?
A)manganese
B)iron
C)copper
D)boron
E)chlorine
Q2) Which micronutrient is particularly critical for legume plants because of its place in the nitrogenase enzyme that allows Rhizobia-infected legumes to utilize atmospheric nitrogen?
A)B
B)Mo
C)Cu
D)Mn
E)Zn
Q3) Once a micronutrient ion is introduced into the soil as a chelate, it will remain in that form until taken up by a plant or a microorganism.
A)True
B)False
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Practical Nutrient Management
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40 Verified Questions
40 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Based on the data given in the Table, if the revegetation site were limed and fertilized with nitrogen, would you also recommend the addition of P fertilizer to improve tree growth?
A)no
B)yes
C)no basis to judge
Q2) Fertilization to supply the nutrient element potassium is often accomplished by which type of application?
A)injection of a gas into the soil
B)broadcast of a chloride salt
C)broadcast of the nearly pure element as a solid
D)incorporation of powdered limestone rock
E)application of a chelate to the soil
Q3) Fertilization to supply the nutrient element iron is often accomplished by which type of application?
A)injection of a gas into the soil
B)broadcast of a chloride salt
C)broadcast of the nearly pure element as a solid
D)incorporation of powdered limestone rock
E)application of a chelate to the soil
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Chapter 17: Soil Erosion and Its Control
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41 Verified Questions
41 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/80131
Sample Questions
Q1) The Revised Universal Soil-Loss Equation (RUSLE) is more site-specific, more accurate in predicting soil loss, and more quickly compares alternative procedures than does USLE.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Some 3/4 of the total soil loss from erosion in the United States is carried away by water.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The U.S.Department of Agriculture has developed soil-loss tolerance limits (T values) for different soils.Which of the following is the highest T value assigned for most soils in this country (Mg/ha)?
A)5.0
B)15
C)11
D)20
E)2
Q4) Conservation tillage has generally positive effects on soil physical properties. A)True B)False
Page 19
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Chapter 18: Soils and Chemical Pollution
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41 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/80132
Sample Questions
Q1) It has been found that continued, repeated application of an organic toxin to a particular soil will _____ the capacity of that soil's microflora to degrade the compound in question.
A)gradually inhibit
B)have no effect on
C)gradually enhance
Q2) The adsorption of many pesticides is greater in strongly acid soils than in neutral to alkaline soils.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A pesticide is more likely to contaminate groundwater if it has which of the following characteristics?
A)highly volatile (high vapor pressure)
B)highly soluble in water
C)strongly adsorbed to soil colloids
D)rapidly degraded by soil microorganisms
E)all of the above
Q4) Soil washing is a commonly used method of bioremediation.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 19: Geographic Soils Information
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Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/80133
Sample Questions
Q1) To be effective a geo positioning system receiver must be in contact with at least two different satellites at the same time.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Geographic information about soils addresses primarily changes in field soil properties in the vertical direction.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Precision fertilizer applications systems take into consideration the different fertility levels within an agricultural field and integrate the use of soil testing with _______.
A)geo-positioning systems
B)computer controlled variable rate spreaders
C)intensive soil sampling
D)computer mapping
E)all of the above
Q4) Soil Associations are usually used for large scale soils maps.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 20: Prospects for Global Soil Quality
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41 Verified Questions
41 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/80134
Sample Questions
Q1) Soils of the tropics will greatly affect future food supplies.Which of the following is correct in relation to these soils?
A)Oxisols and Ultisols dominate the semiarid areas.
B)Oxisols and Ultisols are highly leached and low in available nutrients.
C)Mollisols developed on alluvial parent materials are prized as productive rice soils.
D)Alfisols are widespread in the tropics, especially in humid areas.
E)Aridisols are scarce in the tropics, especially in Africa.
Q2) Significant amounts of nitrates are adsorbed in some Oxisols by clay layers below the depths that most crop root systems can reach.
A)True B)False
Q3) Alfisols are of greater importance in semi-arid tropics than in the humid tropics.
A)True B)False
Q4) There are more hungry people on Earth today than at any time in history
A)True B)False
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