Kinesiology is the scientific study of human movement, encompassing the physiological, biomechanical, and psychological mechanisms underlying physical activity. This course explores the structure and function of the musculoskeletal, nervous, and cardiovascular systems as they relate to movement, exercise, and health. Students will learn about motor control, biomechanics, exercise physiology, and the role of physical activity in disease prevention and rehabilitation. Through theoretical study and practical application, the course prepares students for careers in fitness, sports science, physical therapy, and related health professions.
Recommended Textbook Fundamentals of Human Physiology 4th Edition by Lauralee Sherwood
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis
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Q1) Which of the following statements concerning negative feedback is incorrect?
A) negative feedback exists when a change in a regulated variable triggers a response that opposes the change.
B) negative feedback exists when the input to a system increases the output and the output limits its own production by inhibiting the input.
C) with negative feedback, a control system's input and output continue to enhance each other.
D) most of the body's homeostatic control mechanisms operate on the principle of negative feedback.
E) it is the only mode of extrinsic control.
Answer: C
Q2) Organs are composed of two or more kinds of primary tissues.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Blood is a type of connective tissue.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Cell Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Select the correct statement about peroxisomes
A) they may play a role in drug resistance.
B) their shape resembles hexagonal barrels.
C) they contain oxidative enzymes
D) they are not organelles.
E) they contain hydrolytic enzymes
Answer: C
Q2) Pinocytosis is a highly selective process that enables cells to import specific large molecules that it needs from its environment
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Found along with myosin in muscle.
A)dynamin
B)tubulin
C)kinesin
D)actin
Answer: D
Q4) The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores the substance ____________________.
Answer: calcium
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Chapter 3: The Plasma Membrane and Membrane
Potential
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Q1) concentration gradient for K<sup>+</sup> at resting potential
A)Ion tends to be moved into the cell by this force.
B)Ion tends to be moved out of the cell by this force.
Answer: B
Q2) Select the correct statement about diffusion.
A) it depends on the random motion
B) it involves active forces.
C) its rate increases as the temperature decreases.
D) molecules move from a lower concentration to a higher concentration.
E) the chemical gradient of a substance does not affect it.
Answer: A
Q3) Diffusion results from
A) ATP-driven processes.
B) use of ion gradients.
C) inherent kinetic energy of matter.
D) selective permeability.
E) loss of positive charge.
Answer: C
Q4) Connective tissue has a large ____________________ matrix outside the cells.
Answer: extracellular
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Chapter 4: Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication
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Q1) Which of the following hormone types does not require membrane receptors to invoke cell responses?
A) peptides
B) catecholamines
C) steroids
D) thyroid hormone
E) both (c) and (d) above.
Q2) Slow depolarization to threshold due to stimulus
Q3) During the rising phase of the action potential,
A) P<sub>K+</sub> is much greater than P<sub>Na+</sub>.
B) P<sub>Na+</sub>. is much greater than P<sub>K+</sub>.
C) P<sub>K+</sub> is the same as P<sub>Na+</sub>
D) Na<sup>+</sup> efflux occurs.
E) two of these answers.
Q4) The same chemical messenger may be either a hormone or a neurotransmitter, depending on its source and mode of delivery to the target tissue.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the currents associated with EPSPs and IPSPs.
Q6) ____________________ is the hindrance to electrical charge movement. Page 6
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Chapter 5: The Central Nervous System
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Q1) The region of the brain that is smallest and oldest in evolutionary development is the
A) cerebellum.
B) brain stem.
C) hypothalamus.
D) forebrain.
E) basal nuclei.
Q2) location of ascending and descending tracts
A)gray matter of spinal cord.
B)white matter of spinal cord
C)dorsal root ganglion
Q3) limited storage capacity
A)short-term memory
B)long-term memory
Q4) Which of the following can activate the arousal system?
A) motor activity.
B) afferent sensory input.
C) intense excitement.
D) two of these answers.
E) all of these answers.
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Chapter 6: The Peripheral Nervous System: Afferent Division and Special Senses
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Q1) receptors in semicircular canals
A)chemoreceptors
B)mechanoreceptors
C)photoreceptors
Q2) The semicircular canals
A) detect the position of the head relative to gravity.
B) detect rotational or angular acceleration of the head.
C) contain otoliths.
D) both (a) and (c) above.
E) both (b) and (c) above.
Q3) Is concerned with sense of equilibrium.
A)external ear
B)middle ear
C)cochlea in the inner ear
D)semicircular canal in the inner ear
E)utricle and saccule in the inner ear
Q4) The primary olfactory cortex is on the temporal lobe.
A)True
B)False
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Q5) Compare acute and chronic pain in regard to neural processing.
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Chapter 7: The Peripheral Nervous System: Efferent Division
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Q1) The motor end plate
A) contains receptor sites that are capable of binding curare.
B) contains acetylcholinesterase.
C) experiences an increase in permeability to cations when combined with acetylcholine.
D) both (b) and (c) above.
E) all of these answers.
Q2) Which of the following chemicals paralyzes skeletal muscle by binding to the acetylcholine receptor sites?
A) black widow spider venom.
B) curare.
C) organophosphates.
D) DDT.
E) local anesthetics.
Q3) Which is not characteristic of sympathetic pathways?
A) fibers issue from the thoracic and lumbar levels.
B) preganglionic fibers release norepinephrine.
C) postganglionic fibers release ACh.
D) short preganglionic fibers.
E) most preganglionic fibers synapse in the chain ganglia.
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Chapter 8: Muscle Physiology
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Q1) Found in higher concentration is smooth muscle compared to skeletal muscle.
A)actin only
B)myosin only
C)actin and myosin
D)troponin-tropomyosin complex
E)actin, troponin, and tropomyosin
F)actin, myosin, troponin, and tropomyosin
Q2) ATP expenditure is required for both contraction and relaxation of a muscle fiber.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Is self-excitable.
A)skeletal muscle only
B)single-unit smooth muscle only
C)cardiac muscle only
D)skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle
E)skeletal muscle and single-unit smooth muscle
F)single-unit smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
G)skeletal, single-unit smooth, and cardiac muscles
Q4) The ____________________ is a modified endoplasmic reticulum within muscle.
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Chapter 9: Cardiac Physiology
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Q1) An increase in cardiac sympathetic activity ____________________ the rate of depolarization of the SA node.
Q2) inferior vena cava
Q3) A pacemaker potential depends on the increased inward current of calcium ions.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe generation of pacemaker action potentials.
Q5) The function of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles is to hold the AV valves wide open during diastole to ensure complete ventricular filling.
A)True
B)False
Q6) The stroke volume is the total volume of blood ejected by both ventricles per minute.
A)True
B)False
Q7) The cardiac output is the same as the cardiac reserve of the heart.
A)True
B)False
Q8) right ventricle
Page 12
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Chapter 10: The Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure
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Q1) Increased blood flow
Q2) During exercise, blood flow to the digestive tract is increased by dilation of the arterioles of the digestive tract.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The pressure measured in the arteries just before the next ventricular ejection of blood is
A) systolic pressure.
B) diastolic pressure.
C) pulse pressure.
D) mean pressure.
E) none of these answers.
Q4) Select the correct statement about veins.
A) their walls are highly muscular.
B) their walls consist of one layer of cells.
C) there are only about forty large ones in the body.
D) those that work against gravity have valves to help promote blood flow
E) they transport blood away from the heart.
Q5) Describe how local chemical cues can control blood flow through an organ.
Q6) Describe how blood pressure is regulated.
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Chapter 11: The Blood and Body Defenses
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Q1) Vitamin K is necessary for normal clotting.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is a component of innate immunity?
A) inflammation.
B) antibody production.
C) T cell function
D) B cell function
E) all of the above
Q3) Fever results from neurological activity in the cerebellum.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is not true of red blood cell structure?
A) contains organelles that allow for new protein synthesis
B) contains proteins that promote flexibility
C) does not contain mitochondria
D) bi-concave shape
E) not able to reproduce on their own
Q5) increase in phagocytosis in tissue
Q6) local arterial dilation
Page 14
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Chapter 12: The Respiratory System
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Q1) When the diaphragm contracts
A) the volume of the thoracic cavity increases.
B) lung volume increases as the lungs are forced to expand.
C) the intra-alveolar pressure increases.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) all of these answers.
Q2) iron deficiency
A)anemic hypoxia
B)circulatory hypoxia
C)histotoxic hypoxia
D)hypoxic hypoxia
Q3) If the alveolar PO? is 100 mm Hg, the blood leaving the pulmonary capillaries in a normal person will have a PO? of
A) 40 mm Hg.
B) 46 mm Hg.
C) 100 mm Hg.
D) 760 mm Hg.
E) none of these answers.
Q4) How are respiratory events regulated?
Q5) inspiratory reserve volume
15
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Chapter 13: The Urinary System
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Q1) afferent arteriole
A)Collecting tubules empty into this structure.
B)Stores the urine.
C)Passage of substances from the peritubular into the tubular lumen.
D)When dilated leads to an increase in GFR.
E)Tuft of capillaries found in close approximation to the Bowman's capsule.
F)Function of the glomerulus.
G)Urine is forced through this structure by peristalsis.
H)Collects the glomerular filtrate.
I)Passage of substances from the tubular lumen into the peritubular capillaries.
J)Functional unit of the kidney.
K)Supplies the renal tissue with O<sub>2</sub> and nutrients.
L)Carries blood from glomerulus into peritubular capillaries.
M)Tube through which urine leaves the body.
N)Variable water and sodium reabsorption occur here under hormonal control.
O)Responsible for the vertical osmotic gradient in the medulla of the kidney.
P)Glucose and amino acid reabsorption occur here.
Q2) The ascending limb of Henle's loop is ______ to H<sub>2</sub>O.
A)permeable
B)impermeable
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Chapter 14: Fluid and Acid-Base Balance
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Q1) Increased urinary output occurs as a compensatory mechanism.
A)overhydration
B)dehydration
C)both overhydration and dehydration
D)neither overhydration or dehydration
Q2) Hypertonicity in the ECF is sensed by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A pH of 4 is ____ times as acidic as a pH of 7.
A) 10
B) 100
C) 1,000
D) 10,000
E) 100,000
Q4) This occurs as a consequence of excessive vasopressin secretion.
A)overhydration
B)dehydration
C)both overhydration and dehydration
D)neither overhydration or dehydration
Q5) Describe how sodium and blood pressure balance are interconnected.
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Chapter 15: The Digestive System
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Q1) The presence of ____________________ in the stomach is the main stimulus to enhance gastric secretion.
Q2) Which of the following enzymes is not secreted into the duodenal lumen?
A) aminopeptidase.
B) lipase.
C) trypsinogen.
D) procarboxypeptidase.
E) amylase.
Q3) Absorbs luminal contents.
A)serosa
B)circular smooth muscle layer
C)mucous membrane
D)lamina propria
E)submucosa
F)longitudinal smooth muscle layer
Q4) Enterogastrones are produced by the stomach.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The ____________________ is the longest segment of the small intestine.
Q6) Intrinsic factor is important in the absorption of _____________
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Chapter 16: Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation
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Q1) Endogenous ________ raises the set point of the hypothalamic thermostat during fever
Q2) Regulation of ____________________ is the most important factor in the long-term maintenance of energy balance and body weight.
Q3) ____________________ work constitutes all forms of biological energy expenditure that do not accomplish mechanical work outside of the body.
Q4) The inner core includes the abdominal and thoracic organs.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The most important factor determining the extent of evaporation of sweat is the ____________________ of the air.
Q6) The type of heat loss that occurs by sitting on a cold car seat is A) radiation.
B) convection.
C) conduction.
D) evaporation.
E) none of these answers.
Q7) The ____________________ serves as the body's thermostat.
Q8) Compare how the body responds to cold and heat exposure.
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Chapter 17: The Endocrine System
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Q1) Vitamin D can be produced by the ____________________ upon exposure to sunlight.
Q2) The inner portion of the adrenal gland is the ____________________, which secretes hormones belonging to the chemical class of ____________________.
Q3) Calcitonin
A) enhances the effect of parathyroid hormone on bone and kidneys.
B) is synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight.
C) deficiency produces diabetes insipidus.
D) is secreted by the thyroid follicular cells.
E) none of these answers.
Q4) Epinephrine _____ muscle protein.
A)increases
B)decreases
C)has no effect on
Q5) myxedema
A)Hyperthyroidism
B)Hypothyroidism
C)Both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism
D)Neither
Q6) Contrast the metabolic events of the absorptive versus the postabsorptive states.
Page 20
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Chapter 18: The Reproductive System
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Q1) The normal sequence of developmental stages is
A) blastocyst--morula--zygote--embryo--fetus.
B) blastocyst--zygote--embryo--morula--fetus.
C) morula--fetus--embryo--blastocyst--zygote.
D) morula--zygote--fetus--blastocyst--embryo.
E) zygote--morula--blastocyst--embryo--fetus.
Q2) There is a limited lifetime supply of primary oocytes, which are present at the birth of a baby girl.
A)True
B)False
Q3) phenotypic sex conception.
A)Refers to the apparent anatomic sex of the individual
B)Refers to the combination of sex at the time of
C)Refers to the development of testes or ovaries.
Q4) The fimbriae are the dilated portion of the uterus.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The ____________________ of the testes secrete testosterone under the hormonal influence of ____________________.
Q6) A tubal pregnancy occurs with prenatal development in the ____________________.
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