Juvenile Delinquency Final Exam
Course Introduction
This course provides a comprehensive exploration of juvenile delinquency, examining its definitions, theories, and realities within contemporary society. Students will analyze the social, economic, and psychological factors that contribute to youth offending, as well as the impact of family, peers, schools, and communities. The course covers the juvenile justice systems structure and processes, including law enforcement, courts, and correctional responses, while also discussing prevention, intervention, and rehabilitation strategies. Emphasis is placed on current trends, ethical considerations, and policies aimed at reducing delinquency and supporting at-risk youth.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Criminology 3rd Edition by Anthony Walsh
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Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview of Crime and Criminology
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Q1) A hypothesis is best described as a set of interconnected propositions that explain how phenomena are related.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) ______ are specific statements about the relationships that we expect to find between and among factors.
A) Theories
B) Hypotheses
C) Educated guesses
D) Formulations
Answer: B
Q3) In assessing the merits of a theory,the most important criterion is _____ .
A) Predictive accuracy
B) Predictive scope
C) Simplicity
D) Falsifiability
Answer: A
Q4) Provide two examples of acts that would be considered mala in se.
Answer: Examples: Murder,rape,robbery.
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Chapter 2: Measuring Crime and Criminal Behavior
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Q1) What does "N.I.B.R.S." stand for?
Answer: "National Incident-Based Reporting System"
Q2) Females tend to be more honest than males in their responses to self-report surveys.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) What are the three major categories of sources for crime data?
Answer: Official statistics,victimization survey data,and self-report data.
Q4) What does it mean when we say "cleared by arrest?"
Answer: A person has been arrested and charged for a Part I crime.
Q5) A strength of NIBRS is that it provides:
A) A good source of information on rates of drug use.
B) Access to information on crimes that have not been reported to the police.
C) Data from a large number of police agencies nationwide.
D) Detailed information on each criminal incident.
Answer: D
Q6) How are crime rates calculated?
Answer: A crime rate is the actual number of reported crimes standardized by some unit of the population.
Page 4
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Chapter 3: The Early Schools of Criminology and Modern Counterparts
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Q1) The philosophy that emphasizes "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" is known as:
A) Hedonism.
B) The principle of utility.
C) The cartographic approach.
D) The contrast effect.
Answer: B
Q2) Criminologist Raffael Garofalo categorized alcoholics and the insane as _____ criminals.
A) Endemic
B) Extreme
C) Impulsive
D) Professional
Answer: C
Q3) Which two theorists are most often associated with the classical school?
Answer: Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham.
Q4) What is choice structuring?
Answer: The process that individual offenders go through in making the choice to offend.
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Social Structural Theories
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Q1) Identify the theorist(s)known for positing that just as there are barriers to achieving legitimate success,there are also barriers to achieving illegitimate success.
A) Shaw and McKay
B) Durkheim
C) Merton
D) Cloward and Ohlin
Q2) The first criminological theory to be developed in the United States was the human ecology theory,which came out of what was known as the _____ school.
A) Chicago
B) Las Vegas
C) New York
D) San Francisco
Q3) Which mode of adaptation is characterized by the rejection of legitimate cultural goals and the institutionalized means of attaining them?
A) Conformity
B) Innovation
C) Retreatism
D) Ritualism
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Chapter 5: Social Process Theories
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Q1) An offender arrested for shoplifting states: "The store is owned by a huge company; they wouldn't have even noticed this loss." This is reflective of:
A) Appeal to higher loyalties.
B) Condemnation of the condemners.
C) Denial of injury.
D) Denial of responsibility.
Q2) Identify and explain the five techniques of neutralization according to Sykes and Matza's work.Provide one example of each.
Q3) According to Gottfredson and Hirschi,levels of self-control fluctuate substantially throughout the life course.
A)True
B)False
Q4) _____ shifts the focus from the actor (the criminal)to the reactor (i.e.,the criminal justice system)in exploring the causes of crime.
A) Social control theory
B) Social bond theory
C) Neutralization theory
D) Labeling theory
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Chapter 6: Critical Theories: Marxist, Conflict, and Feminist
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Q1) Marx and Engels' statement that crime was simply the product of unjust and alienating social conditions came to be known as the _____ hypothesis.
A) Primitive rebellion
B) Proletariat rebellion
C) Primitive revolution
D) Proletariat revolution
Q2) Willem Bonger is a well-known _____ criminologist.
A) Feminist
B) Left Realist
C) Marxist
D) Peacemaking
Q3) The name most closely associated with peacemaking criminology is _____.
A) Karl Marx
B) George Vold
C) Richard Quinney
D) Willem Bonger
Q4) Identify the main tenets of conflict theory.Do you think that this theory has any practical policy implications in our efforts to reduce crime? Support your answer with information that you have learned in this class.
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Chapter 7: Psychosocial Theories: Individual Traits and Criminal Behavior
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Q1) Which of the following is associated with increased risk of criminality?
A) A high level of empathy.
B) A high rate of serotonin.
C) A relatively unresponsive ANS.
D) A low level of performance intellect.
Q2) _____ refers to people's varying tendencies to act on matters without giving much thought to the consequences.
A) Negative emotionality
B) Conscientiousness
C) Sensation seeking
D) Impulsiveness
Q3) The National Academy of Sciences and the American Psychological Association's Task Force have concluded that _____ are not biased against any group.
A) Mental tests
B) IQ tests
C) Learning tests
D) Age tests
Q4) Identify two personality traits that have been found to have a strong relationship to criminality.
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Chapter 8: Biosocial Approaches
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Q1) An intelligent married couple enjoys engaging in academically-oriented activities.When this couple has children,if those children go on to be academically successful,it might best be described to be the result of a(n)_____ G/E correlation.
A) Active
B) Evocative
C) Immediate
D) Passive
Q2) The reward dominance theory comes from which school of thought?
A) Behavior Genetics
B) Evolutionary Psychology
C) Neuroscience
D) Psychology
Q3) On the scale used by behavior geneticists to quantify the relative impact of genes versus environment,the closer the score to 1.0,the less variance there is for that trait in the population.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Briefly explain prefrontal dysfunction theory.
Q5) According to reward dominance theory,what causes crime?
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Chapter 9: Developmental Theories: From Delinquency to
Crime to Desistance
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Q1) _____ is defined as "the persistent display of serious antisocial actions that are extreme given the child's developmental level and have a significant impact on the rights of others."
A) Attention deficit disorder
B) Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder
C) Conduct disorder
D) Antisocial potential
Q2) ADHD is more prevalent among males than females.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Agnew states that _____ factors have a direct affect on irritability/low self-control and an indirect affect on the other life domains through irritability/low self-control.
A) Psychological
B) Social
C) Environmental
D) Biological
Q4) What is meant by "the maturity gap"?
Q5) Describe the main concepts and arguments from age-graded theory.What makes this theory unique?
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Chapter 10: Violent Crimes
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Q1) According to the most recent statistics,where are robberies most likely to take place?
A) Banks
B) Convenience stores
C) Private residences
D) Streets or highways
Q2) The United States maintained a relatively low,stable murder rate throughout its history,until a sharp rise in violence that took place during the mid- to late-1990s.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Women who have been victimized by rape sometimes suffer from "rape trauma syndrome," which is similar to post traumatic stress syndrome.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The vast majority of forcible rapes are committed by a stranger to the victim.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is an "honor subculture"?
Q6) What makes robbery a particularly high-risk crime for those committing it?
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Chapter 11: Property Crimes
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Q1) Proximity is the most important consideration for low- and mid-level burglars.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is carjacking?
Q3) Compare and contrast burglary to identity theft.How are these crimes similar? How are they different?
Q4) Illegally copying and distributing software is known as:
A) Hacking.
B) Phishing.
C) Piracy.
D) Virtual kidnapping.
Q5) What is uttering?
Q6) Which of the following is included in the present definition of "larceny"?
A) Embezzlement
B) Forgery
C) Motor Vehicle Theft
D) Shoplifting
Q7) Shoplifting is the most commonly studied sub-category of larceny/theft.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: A: Multiple Murder and Terrorism
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Q1) The sniper team of Lee Malvo and John Muhammad serve as an example of _____ murderers.
A) Mass
B) Sadistic
C) Serial
D) Spree
Q2) Compare and contrast spree murder and serial murder.
Q3) A mass murder is defined as the killing of several victims in three or more separate incidents over weeks,months,or even years.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Briefly describe the relationship between sexual dysfunction and serial murders.
Q5) The majority of individuals who join terrorist groups are _____,who see the world in terms of "them" and "us" and have a deep need for acceptance.
A) Antisocial personalities
B) Charismatic leaders
C) Followers
D) Hedonists
Q6) Define "serial murder."
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Chapter 13: Public Order Crime
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Q1) The only legal brothels operating in the United States are in:
A) Alabama
B) California
C) Georgia
D) Nevada
Q2) Studies have shown that very few criminal offenders suffer from addiction to drugs or alcohol.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Briefly describe the relationship that has been found between drug use and other forms of criminality.
Q4) _____ are drugs that keep the body in an extended state of arousal.
A) Hallucinogenics
B) Narcotics
C) Stimulants
D) Type II Substances
Q5) The passage of the Harrison Act led to an increase in drug addictions in the United States.
A)True
B)False
Page 15
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Chapter 14: White-Collar and Organized Crime
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Q1) The financial impact of the savings and loan scandal pales in comparison to the impact of bank robberies.
A)True
B)False
Q2) _____ refers to the unprincipled manipulation of others for personal gain.
A) Caveat emptor
B) Laissez-faire
C) Machiavellianism
D) Sarbanes-Oxley Act
Q3) What is Machiavellianism?
Q4) What was the Castellammarese War?
Q5) The U.S.Congress has identified _____ as "an illegal act or series of illegal acts committed by non-physical means and by concealment or guile,to obtain money or property,or to obtain business or personal advantage."
A) Corporate crime
B) Occupational crime
C) Organized crime
D) White-Collar crime
Q6) What is the Sarbanes-Oxley Act?
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Victimology: Exploring the Experience of Victimization
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Q1) The best readily available predictor of future victimization is _____.
A) Age
B) Past victimization
C) Race
D) Socioeconomic status
Q2) The Crime Victims' Bill of Rights passed by the Senate applies to all state and federal violent crimes.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Many criminologists have disparaged victim precipitation theory as victim-blaming.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Those who work _____ are at a higher risk for on-the-job victimization.
A) Alone
B) At night
C) With money
D) All of the above
Q5) What is victimology?
Q6) Identify one right provided by the Crime Victim's Bill of Rights.
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