Justice Studies
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Course Introduction
Justice Studies explores the concepts of justice, fairness, and equality from interdisciplinary perspectives, including law, sociology, political science, and philosophy. The course examines the institutions, policies, and practices that shape systems of justice, focusing on legal processes, human rights, and social justice issues both domestically and globally. Students analyze case studies, engage with contemporary debates about crime and punishment, and critically assess the impact of systemic inequalities related to race, class, gender, and other identities on access to justice. Through theoretical frameworks and practical applications, the course prepares students to understand and address the complex challenges facing modern justice systems.
Recommended Textbook
Criminal Justice A Brief Introduction 12th Edition by Frank Schmalleger
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Chapter 1: What Is Criminal Justice
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Sample Questions
Q1) ___________ occurs when there is conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state,the federal government,or a local jurisdiction for which there is no legally acceptable justification or excuse.
Answer: Crime
Q2) The _________ model of criminal justice assumes that the system's components function primarily serve their own interests.
Answer: The Conflict Model
Q3) Who returns an indictment?
A) the prosecutor
B) the judge
C) the arresting police officer
D) the grand jury
Answer: D
Q4) What does justice mean to you? Discuss the three types of justice and their effect on individual rights to support your answer.
Answer: Civil,Social,and Criminal Justice.Discussion of individual rights and how they conflict with the rights of society when seeking justice is part of this answer.
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Chapter 2: The Crime Picture
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Sample Questions
Q1) The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony.
A)Assault
B)Burglary
C)Robbery
D)Larceny
Answer: B
Q2) Describe Identity Theft and the steps taken to combat it.
Answer: The passage of different laws,making it a federal crime in 1998.The 2004 Penalty enhancement act,etc.
Q3) ________ is the repeated harassing and threatening behavior by one individual against another.
Answer: Stalking
Q4) The PERF organization relies on FBI statistics to define strategies to fight crime nationwide.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q5) An unlawful attack by one person upon another is the crime of ________. Answer: Assault
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Chapter 3: The Search for Causes
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Sample Questions
Q1) A perspective on criminological thought that views offensive and deviant behavior as the product of dysfunctional personality.
A) Classical School
B) Feminist criminology
C) Social Learning Theory
D) Psychological School
Answer: D
Q2) Which of Merton's categories would a law-abiding citizen fall into?
A) Ritualist
B) Conformist.
C) Innovator
D) Retreatist,
Answer: B
Q3) A theory of human behavior based on psychoanalysis is most closely related with ___________.
Answer: Sigmund Freud
Q4) ________ criminology is a developing intellectual approach that emphasizes gender issues in criminology.
Answer: Feminist
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Chapter 4: Criminal Law
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Sample Questions
Q1) The U.S.Constitution prohibits the enactment of ________________ laws which makes acts committed before the laws in question were passed punishable as crimes.
A) Stare decisis
B) Corpus delicti
C) Ex Post Facto
D) Mens Rea
Q2) Procedural defenses make the claim that the defendant was in some manner discriminated against in the justice process or that some important aspect of official procedure was not properly followed.List and define four of these defenses while commenting on their good and bad points.
Q3) ______________ is an improper or illegal inducement to crime by agents of law enforcement.
Q4) A legal defense in which the defendant admits to committing the act in question but claims it was necessary in order to avoid some greater evil.
A)Excuse
B)Justification
C)Alibi
D)Defense
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Chapter 5: Policing: History and Structure
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Sample Questions
Q1) ___________ International is the preeminent international organization for private security professionals.
Q2) FBI,DEA,US Marshals Service
A)Department of Homeland Security
B)Department of the Interior
C)Department of Justice
D)Department of Health and Human Services
Q3) __________________constitute a fourth level of enforcement activity in the U.S.today.
Q4) Which commission,started in 1931,recognized prohibition as unenforceable as well as a catalyst to police corruption?
A) Wickersham
B) Bean
C)Price
D) McWhorter
Q5) In 1844 New York combined their day and night forces into the New York City Police Department.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Policing: Purpose and Organization
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Sample Questions
Q1) In today's post-9/11 world,local police departments play an especially important role in responding to the challenges of terrorism.What are some of the responses police departments can offer in their assistance in the war on terrorism.Discuss the survey that was conducted of 250 police chiefs and their response.
Q2) This chapter states there five purposes for policing in a democratic society.List and define each of these purposes and give examples where appropriate.
Q3) Annetta Nunn was a former police chief of which major American city?
A) Atlanta
B) Birmingham
C) New York City
D) Philadelphia
Q4) According to the 2001 Status of Women in Policing Survey,about what percentage of U.S.law enforcement officers is female?
A) 12..7%
B) 60.3%
C) 52%
D) 3%
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8
Chapter 7: Policing: Legal Aspects
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Sample Questions
Q1) _______________ is a search that occurs in the suspect's absence and without his or her prior knowledge.
Q2) Unreasonable searches and seizures are prohibited by the:
A) Fifth Amendment.
B) protection clause.
C) Fourth Amendment.
D) equality statute.
Q3) Discuss the three points that must be made to show that a defendant waived his or her rights to answer questions.
Q4) The U.S.Supreme Court ruled that informant information can establish probable cause if two criteria are met.Define the two criteria and cite the U.S.Supreme Court case that developed the two pronged test.
Q5) The U.S.Supreme Court decided in Illinois v.Perkins that:
A) defendants have the right to an attorney at a lineup.
B) the exclusionary rule does not apply to interrogation cases.
C) inmates freely talking about their crimes to an undercover officer posing as an inmate are not protected by Miranda.
D) the police must obtain a warrant to secure a wiretap.
Q6) Compare and contrast the issues relative to electronic gathering evidence.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Policing: Issues and Challenges
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Sample Questions
Q1) The U.S.Supreme Court case,Tennessee v.Garner involves Civil Suits against police departments and not individual police officers.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Police ________ is the abuse of police authority for personal or organizational gain.
Q3) Investigating crime in multicultural setting can be very difficult both for the victims and for the police.The National Crime Prevention Council,(NCPC),published a guide for American Law Enforcement officers who work with multicultural groups,especially when language problems exist.List and discuss three recommendations made by the NCPC to help communicate more efficiently.
Q4) In a normal year most police officers who die in the line of duty die as a result of:
A) Motor vehicle accidents
B) Heart attacks
C) Gunfire
D) Suicides
Q5) Honorable,hostile,loyal,efficient,are some of the areas that make up the police __________.
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Chapter 9: The Courts: Structure and Participants
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Sample Questions
Q1) A subpoena:
A) orders the sheriff to make an arrest.
B) is issued by a bailiff.
C) results in a trial de novo.
D) may require an individual to appear in court.
Q2) Trial de novo literally means a ________ trial.
Q3) Who is responsible for swearing in witnesses?
A) bailiff
B) clerk of court
C) judge
D) court recorder
Q4) List and define three members of the nonprofessional courtroom participants and their roles in the day to day process in the court room.
Q5) Describe the history,purpose and rationale for the Dispute Resolution Center.What are the benefits and drawbacks to this program.
Q6) Prosecutorial discretion is the decision-making power of prosecutors,which is based on the wide range of choices available to them.List and describe three of these areas.Include the benefits and pitfalls of each area.
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Chapter 10: Pretrial Activities and the Criminal Trial
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Sample Questions
Q1) McNabb v.U.S.formally established that a defendant being held in custody has a right to appear in court before a magistrate:
A) within 30 days.
B) within 24 hours.
C) within 48 hours.
D) immediately.
Q2) Define and discuss the first appearance and the pre-trial release.What occurs at each stage of these pretrial activities? Why are they important?
Q3) An " oral or written request made to a court at any time before,during,or after court proceedings,asking the court to make a specified finding,decision,or order." is also known as:
A) Motion
B) Hearsay Evidence
C) Direct Evidence
D) trial de novo
Q4) A defendant is usually present during a grand jury inquiry and the defense cross examines witnesses.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Sentencing
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which one of the following is not a traditional sentencing option?
A) Fines
B) Probation
C) Death
D) Parole
Q2) The act of taking revenge on a criminal perpetrator is known as ______________ in criminal sentencing.
Q3) ___________ directs the person detaining a prisoner to bring him or her before a judicial officer to determine the lawfulness of the imprisonment.
A) restorative justice
B) diversion
C) victim impact statement
D) Writ of Habeas Corpus
Q4) The examination of a convicted offender's background prior to sentencing that is generally conducted by probation or parole officials is called the:
A) Presentence Investigation
B) Victim's rights Investigation
C) Presumptive sentencing Investigation
D) General Deterrence Investigation
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Chapter 12: Probation,parole,and Community Corrections
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which intermediate sanction resembles a military-style boot camp?
A) shock incarceration
B) shock probation
C) shock parole
D) intensive supervision
Q2) Revocation of probation or parole:
A) is not governed by any particular due process requirement.
B) can be enacted merely on a decision to revoke made by the probationer's or parolee's probation or parole officer.
C) requires the concurrence of an appellate court judge.
D) requires procedural safeguards including a hearing.
Q3) Probation,parole,home confinement,and electronic monitoring are examples of:
A) lenient sentences.
B) imprisonment.
C) community-based corrections.
D) restitution.
Q4) What are intermediate sanctions? Define the three distinct advantages that are found with intermediate sanctions.
Q5) Define and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of probation and parole.
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Chapter 13: Prisons and Jails
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Sample Questions
Q1) Design Capacity
A)The number of inmates a prison can handle according to the judgment of experts.
B)The number of inmates a prison can effectively accommodate based upon management considerations.
C)The number of inmates a prison was intended to hold when it was built or modified.
D)The size of the correctional population an institution can effectively hold.
Q2) ___________ is most noted as the originator of what we know as today's early release program.
A) Sir Walter Crofton
B) Captain Alexander Maconochie
C) Zebulon Brockway
D) Robert Martinson
Q3) How many security levels are there in the federal prison system?
A) four
B) two
C) five
D) three
Q4) ________ is the movement toward the wider use of private prisons.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Prison Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) The number of inmates who die from AIDS related illnesses is much lower than years past.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which Supreme Court case signals a return to the hands-off doctrine of earlier times?
A) Cruz v. Beto
B) Hudson v. Palmer
C) Estelle v. Gamble
D) Wilson v. Seiter
Q3) Prison staffers are concerned with two main issues:
A) custody and rehabilitation
B) rehabilitation and control
C) custody and training
D) custody and control
Q4) The ten years between 1970 and 1980 have been called ________ of prison riots.
A) the "explosive decade"
B) the "historic era"
C) the "death knell"
D) the "mainstay"
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Drugs and Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 forms the basis of federal enforcement against illegal use of drugs.Define and describe the Act and list its major contribution that organized drugs into specific categories.
Q2) The use of anthropological principles and techniques in criminal investigation.
A)forensic anthropology
B)ballistics
C)forensic entomology
D)biometrics
Q3) A chemical,biological,or nuclear weapon that has the potential to cause severe casualties is referred to as:
A) Bioterrorism
B) Biometrics
C) forensic terrorism
D) weapon of mass destruction
Q4) ________________ is the interception of drug traffic at the nation's borders.It is one of the many strategies used to stem the flow of illegal drugs into the United States.
Q5) Define and compare and contrast Human Smuggling and Human Trafficking.
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