Justice Studies
Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Justice Studies explores the foundations, philosophies, and practical applications of justice within societies. This interdisciplinary course examines the ethical, legal, social, and political aspects of justice, focusing on topics such as human rights, inequality, restorative justice, criminal law, and the roles of institutions in upholding or challenging justice. Students will analyze contemporary issues and case studies to understand how justice is conceptualized, administered, and pursued both locally and globally, fostering critical thinking and a deeper awareness of the challenges and complexities related to justice in the modern world.
Recommended Textbook
Criminology Today An Integrative Introduction 8th Edition by Frank J. Schmalleger
Available Study Resources on Quizplus
16 Chapters
1159 Verified Questions
1159 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/study-set/393 Page 2
Chapter 1: What is Criminology?
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
69 Verified Questions
69 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/6836
Sample Questions
Q1) The primacy of sociology should not prevent criminologists from recognizing contributions from other perspectives.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) ___________ criminology proposes explanations for criminal behavior.
Answer: Theoretical
Q3) Social _______ means that social events are interpreted differently according to an individual's cultural experiences and personal interests.
Answer: relativity
Q4) The abolition of federal parole and the creation of the federal three-strikes law were influenced by the social problems perspective.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q5) An innocent victim killed outside his/her home by random gunfire from a drive-by shooting is a __________ participant in the crime.
Answer: passive
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 3
Chapter 2: Where Do Theories Come From
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
72 Verified Questions
72 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/6837
Sample Questions
Q1) journals use peer reviewers to determine the quality of manuscripts submitted to them
Answer: Refereed
Q2) ________ such as researcher preconceptions and biases enter into all stages of the research process.
Answer: Values
Q3) You are interested in studying how prison inmates and correctional officers interact on a daily basis. To do this, you get a job as a correctional officer in a state prison and work there for several months. What data-gathering strategy are you employing here?
A) Participant observation
B) Survey research
C) Secondary analysis
D) Self-reporting
Answer: A
Q4) The Golden Age of __________ was a time when data on crime were gathered and evaluated independent of any particular ideational framework
Answer: Research
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
4
Chapter 3: Classical and Neoclassical Thought
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
72 Verified Questions
72 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/6838
Sample Questions
Q1) Bentham's approach to punishment has been described as utilitarianism because of its emphasis on the worth an action holds for the individual undertaking it.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) According to the Classical School of Criminology, the two key determining factors of human behavior are right and wrong.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The concept of natural law influenced the U.S. Constitution.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) According to Classical School principles, law violators are deterred by ________
Answer: punishment
Q5) _________ is the likelihood that a given individual will later harm other individuals or society.
Answer: Dangerousness
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 5
Chapter 4: Early Biological Perspectives on Criminal Behavior
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
75 Verified Questions
75 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/6839
Sample Questions
Q1) Constitutional Theories
A)Genetic determism,
B)Atavism, born criminals, criminaloids
C)Altruism, tribalism, survival of the gene pool
D)Phrenology
E)Somatotyping, mesomorph, endomorph, ectomorph
Q2) Early biological theorists considered a variety of influences on behavior, such as diet, hormones, and environmental contaminants.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to William Sheldon, _______ have the greatest likelihood of becoming criminal offenders.
A) ectomorphs
B) mesomorphs
C) endomorphs
D) balanced types
Q4) Early biological theories were important because they determined a person's personality stemmed from the ______.
Q5) Positivism rejects free will and emphasizes social ________.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 6
Chapter 5: Biosocial and Other Contemporary Perspectives
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
58 Verified Questions
58 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/6840
Sample Questions
Q1) The relationship between testosterone and aggressive behavior in young males appears to be moderated by A) age.
B) the social environment.
C) genetics.
D) prenatal substance abuse.
Q2) Which of the following foods has not been implicated in the production of criminal violence or antisocial behavior?
A) Food additives
B) Coffee
C) Processed foods
D) All of the above may possibly trigger antisocial behavior or criminal violence
Q3) The variable most likely to be related to violent crime is A) temperature.
B) barometric pressure.
C) rainfall.
D) humidity
Q4) __________ is the study of the chemical reactions occurring within a genome.
Q5) The relationship between _________ and assault is strongest at night.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 7
Chapter 6: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
71 Verified Questions
71 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/6841
Sample Questions
Q1) Insanity is
A) a legal defense in the criminal courts.
B) a clinical determination of mental status.
C) a psychological conception of mental illness.
D) All of the above
Q2) The insanity defense is very rarely used in court.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The ___________ is a standard for judging legal insanity that requires that offenders did not know what they were doing, or if they did, that they did not know it was wrong.
Q4) Taking away an offender's freedom by incarcerating him is an example of a A) positive reward.
B) negative reward.
C) positive punishment.
D) negative punishment.
Q5) Many criminals have a secret need to be __________.
B)False Page 8
Q6) All psychotic people commit crimes at some point in their lives. A)True
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Page 9
Chapter 7: Social Structure Theories
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
67 Verified Questions
67 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/6842
Sample Questions
Q1) Participants in a violent subculture use techniques of neutralization to deal with feelings of guilt about their aggression.
A)True
B)False
Q2) One criticism of strain theory is that
A) it overfocuses on the idea that spatial location determines crime and delinquency.
B) it is racist
C) it lacks explanatory power.
D) participation in delinquency appears to shield delinquents from sources of despair.
Q3) According to Elijah Anderson, contemporary street code emphasizes the issue of
Q4) Social __________ refers to institutional arrangements within society's institutions
A) structure
B) life
C) process
D) pathology
Q5) One criticism of __________ theories is that they are tautological.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 10
Chapter 8: Theories of Social Process and Social Development
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
73 Verified Questions
73 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/6843
Sample Questions
Q1) According to labeling theory, a negative self-image precede delinquency.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following factors would probably not enhance your social capital?
A) Graduating from college
B) Getting married
C) Losing a job
D) Having a "clean" record
Q3) Which of the following is not an example of a total institution?
A) A convent
B) A university
C) A prison
D) A mental hospital
Q4) The concept of reintegrative shaming emphasizes stigmatization and amplification of deviance.
A)True
B)False
Q5) __________ refers to the efforts made by an interest group to have its ethnical views enacted into law.
Q6) Social process theories are also known as __________ perspectives. Page 11
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 12
Chapter 9: Social Conflict Theories
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
71 Verified Questions
71 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/6844
Sample Questions
Q1) According to Karl Marx, the __________ are the exploited working class who are without power.
A) proletariat
B) bourgeoisie
C) petit bourgeoisie
D) materialists
Q2) According to the pluralist perspective, law violators suffer from some lapse that makes them unable to participate in the widespread agreement on values and behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The primary method used by convict criminologist is based in
A) social survey research.
B) ethnography.
C) archeology.
D) medical research.
Q4) Recommendations stemming from convict criminology mainly stem from traditional forms of social scientific research.
A)True
B)False
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 13
Chapter 10: Criminal Victimization
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
66 Verified Questions
66 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/6845
Sample Questions
Q1) According to the text, which is likely to be the most seriously underreported crime?
A) Murder
B) Assault
C) Larceny
D) Burglary
Q2) According to the text, what should we expect to see in the near future when we examine crime statistics?
A) The decline in crime observed since the mid-1990s is expected to continue until at least 2020
B) The decline in crime observed since the mid-1990s is expected to end and criminal activity will increase
C) The crime rate will continue to decline until it reaches the low crime rates characteristic of the 1950s
D) Crime rates will level off and remain stable for the foreseeable future
Q3) Identify the three major shifts in victimization patterns that have been identified since crime statistics were first gathered. Explain the causes of each. What is expected to occur in the near future and why?
Q4) _________ describe the statistical qualities of a given population.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Page 14
Chapter 11: Crimes Against Persons
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
71 Verified Questions
71 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/6846
Sample Questions
Q1) The term __________ assault has been adopted to avoid the bias inherent in terms such as woman battering and wife assault.
Q2) __________ homicides are generally motivated by interpersonal hostility.
Q3) Serial murder involves killing several victims in at least __________ separate events.
Q4) __________ involves the use of electronic communication to harass individuals.
Q5) The _______ perspective on rape assumes that rape is the result of idiosyncratic mental disease.
A) feminist
B) evolutionary
C) biological
D) psychopathological
Q6) In which way are male and female robbers similar?
A) Economic incentives are the primary motivation for both male and female robbers
B) Both male and female robbers almost always use guns during the commission of a robbery
C) The use of physical violence is common among both male and female robbers
D) Both male and female robbers are equally likely to target female victims
Q7) What is child sexual abuse and what are the main types of abusers?
Page 15
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 12: Crimes Against Property
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
61 Verified Questions
61 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/6847
Sample Questions
Q1) The final phase of a property offender's criminal career is known as the __________ period.
Q2) Cafeteria-style offending describes offending among gang members.
A)True
B)False
Q3) An offender who steals items for sexual gratification rather than for economic gain is known as a voyeuristic burglar.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Avocational receivers are usually professional fences.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Regardless of motive, the vast majority of individuals involved in arson are ________.
Q6) A public school teacher who got a good deal on stolen items from a student is a(n) __________ receiver.
Q7) Explain how residential burglars select their targets.
Q8) The most commonly stolen motor vehicle is a car. A)True B)False
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 16
Chapter 13: White-Collar and Organized Crime
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
73 Verified Questions
73 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/6848
Sample Questions
Q1) Criminal enterprises originating from the former Soviet Union are part of __________ criminal enterprises.
A) Eurasian
B) Balkan
C) Middle Eastern
D) Asian
Q2) Legalizing or decriminalizing illegal drugs falls into which of Howard Abadinsky's approaches to controlling organized crime?
A) Increasing the risk of involvement in organized crime
B) Increasing law enforcement authority
C) Reducing the economic lure of involvement
D) Decreasing opportunity for organized criminal activity
Q3) The problem of money laundering in the United States appears to be declining.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The focus of the modern concept of white-collar crime has shifted to the __________.
Q5) _________occupational crimes are especially likely to be reduced by enforcement and protective efforts.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 17
Chapter 14: Drug and Sex Crimes
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
66 Verified Questions
66 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/6849
Sample Questions
Q1) The Heroin Signature Program identifies the _____________ of a heroin sample.
A) port of entry
B) geographic source area
C) distribution method
D) level of drug purity
Q2) Some feminist groups are redefining prostitution as liberating sex work.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The Harrison Act effectively outlawed the street use of cocaine, heroin, and opium.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is a drug-related crime?
A) Buying drugs on the street from a low-level dealer
B) Snatching a purse to get money to buy drugs
C) Using crack cocaine
D) Selling marijuana to juveniles outside a middle school
Q5) __________refers to the process of finding a physician who is overly liberal in the type and amount of drug prescribed.
Q6) Male clients of female prostitutes are known as _______.
Page 18
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 15: Technology and Crime
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
69 Verified Questions
69 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/6850
Sample Questions
Q1) Discovery of cybercrime is often by accident.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Planting a virus is an example of which category of cybercrime?
A) Internal cybercrime
B) Computer-manipulation crime
C) Support of criminal enterprises
D) Telecommunications crimes
Q3) ____________used special dial-up access codes to avoid long-distance charges.
Q4) The lifeblood of the cyberworld is ________.
Q5) According to President Barak Obama, _________ is one of the most serious economic and national-security challenges facing the U.S.
Q6) Illegally copying software programs is known as __________.
Q7) The "Spiderman snare" is a discolike strobe light which quickly disorients human targets.
A)True
B)False
Q8) The greatest threat to reliable results in DNA profiling is __________ error.
Q9) The Daubert ruling rejected the standards set in the previous case of __________. Page 19
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Page 20
Chapter 16: Globalization and Terrorism
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
70 Verified Questions
70 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/6851
Sample Questions
Q1) ________ crime is one of the most pressing challenges of the early 21<sup>st</sup> century.
Q2) Diverse crime-reporting practices create the biggest problem in reporting crime and comparing the crime rates of different nations.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following foreign governments has been designated a state sponsor of international terrorism by the State Department?
A) Iraq
B) Iran
C) Afghanistan
D) Somalia
Q4) List and explain the reasons why it is difficult to compare crime rates across different countries.
Q5) The majority of people who are assisted in illegally entering the U.S. each year are trafficked rather than smuggled.
A)True
B)False
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 21