Introductory Sociology
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
Introductory Sociology provides students with a foundational understanding of the principles, theories, and methods used in the study of society and social behavior. The course explores key concepts such as culture, socialization, social structure, stratification, group dynamics, and social institutions like family, education, and religion. Students will analyze the ways in which individuals interact with each other and with larger social systems, gain insight into issues of inequality, identity, and social change, and develop critical thinking skills to assess sociological phenomena in contemporary society.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Criminology Why Do They Do It 2nd Edition by Pamela J. Schram
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Criminology
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Q1) Explain the difference between consensus and conflict perspectives and how they relate to the formation of laws.How would each of these perspectives view the formation of a new law,such as a "no texting while driving" law?
Answer: Consensus perspective assumes virtually everyone is in agreement on the laws and therefore assumes no conflict in attitudes regarding the laws and rules of society.This perspective would view the formation of this new law as incorporating societal norms and that everyone agrees with the new law.Conflict perspective assumes most people disagree on what the law should be and that law is used as a tool by those in power to keep down other groups.This perspective would view the new law as a way to keep a group of the population down and that not everyone agrees with the new law.
Q2) ______ are not necessarily against the law but are considered atypical and may be deemed immoral rather than illegal.
A)mala in se
B)mala prohibita
C)deviant acts
D)civil wrongs
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Measuring Crime
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Q1) The Hate Crimes Act of 1990 was created because:
A)there was an increasing concern of these types of crimes
B)this was when the first hate crime occurred
C)Latinos protested against educational inequality
D)none of these
Answer: A
Q2) Explain the benefits of spatial analysis for the criminal justice field.
Answer: This interest in crime places "spans theory from the perspective of understanding the etiology of crime,and practice from the perspective of developing effective criminal justice interventions to reduce crime." Thus,rather than attempting to understand crime from an individual perspective,spatial analysis also incorporates where and when crimes occur.This perspective can then assist in efforts to reduce future criminal activity.
Q3) Homicides are less likely to be underreported compared to other crimes counted in the UCR.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Explain how Monitoring the Future is considered a self-report survey.
Answer: It is an annual survey that asks kids to report on their drug use.
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Classical School of Criminology Thought
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Q1) A government,according to Cesare Beccaria,should strive for the greatest amount of happiness shared by the greatest number of people.This concept is termed ______.
A)free will
B)utilitarianism
C)culpability
D)authoritarianism
Answer: B
Q2) U.S.citizens sometimes take for granted the right to a trial by their peers.During Lenin's rule,the bench-trials of the old system in Russia produced a conviction rate of almost ______.
A)100%
B)75%
C)50%
D)25%
Answer: A
Q3) According to Hobbes,if a government does not punish those individuals that break their laws,what can happen?
Answer: Breakdown of social order.
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Chapter 4: Contemporary Classical and Deterrence Research
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Q1) Create a policy implication that can be derived from the theories and scientific findings of this chapter.
Q2) An example of informal deterrent effects would be the involvement of law enforcement,courts,and corrections.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Why are establishments that serve alcohol,such as a bar,a typical target for motivated offenders?
Q4) Lifestyle theory is merely an extension of ______,offering no new revelations for why some individuals are victimized more than others.
A)routine activities theory
B)rational choice theory
C)deterrence theory
D)lifestyle theory
Q5) Explain lifestyles theory.
Q6) Aggregate studies are a collection of studies,generally on a particular topic.
A)True
B)False
Q7) How can increased lighting be considered a form of guardianship?
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Chapter 5: Early Positivism
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Q1) Modern scientific studies show that perhaps the most vital part of the brain in terms of criminality regarding trauma is the ______.
A)occipital lobe
B)right temporal lobe
C)left temporal lobe
D)frontal lobe
Q2) Explain determinism.
Q3) The science of determining human disposition based on distinctions (bumps)in the skull.
A)craniometry
B)phrenology
C)atavism
D)physiognomy
Q4) According to Lombroso,people who are serious criminals are manifestations of higher forms of humanity in terms of evolutionary progression.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How can identifying young children on the basis of observed stigmata be detrimental to the child?
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Chapter 6: Modern Biosocial Perspectives of Criminal Behavior
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Q1) The findings of "twins separated at birth" studies have shown that ______ have(has)a significant impact on human behavior,especially regarding criminal behavior.
A)genetics
B)environment
C)social bonds
D)stigmata
Q2) What are neurotransmitters and what do they do? How are neurotransmitters different from hormones? How can the neurotransmitter serotonin be related to criminality?
Q3) Selective placement is when adoptees are placed with their biological families so they are taken out of the home.
A)True
B)False
Q4) For every dollar spent on maternal/infant health care,studies show that not only will many dollars in criminal justice processing and prison time be saved but also many lives,due to the reduction in violence.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Psychologicaltrait Theories of Crime
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Q1) ______ developed the controversial concept of psychoanalysis,founded on the perception of resistance used by individuals when therapists attempt to make them conscious of their unconscious.
A)August Aichhorn
B)Albert Fish
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Erik Erikson
Q2) In early childhood,girls often gravitate toward the morality of justice,while boys gravitate toward the morality of care.
A)True
B)False
Q3) ______ is in the first nine (9)months of an infant's life when he or she develops an attachment to a primary figure.
A)Course of development
B)Biological function
C)Engagement of emotion
D)Duration
Q4) Identify the general principles of psychoanalysis and how psychoanalysis applies to criminal behavior.
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Chapter 8: Social Structure Theories of Crime I
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Q1) Conflict gangs are highly organized and turn a tremendous profit.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Why do criminal gangs use youth for their "dirty work"?
Q3) All of the following are considered categories of strain within the general strain theory proposed by Agnew EXCEPT:
A)failure to conform to conventional means
B)noxious stimuli
C)failure to achieve goals
D)removal of positive stimuli
Q4) Explain Cohen's model of status frustration.
Q5) One thing all forms of strain theory have in common is their emphasis on a sense of ______ in crime causation.
A)gratification
B)frustration
C)satisfaction
D)contentment
Q6) What does Durkheim mean when he states that humans have no internal mechanism to signal when their needs and desires are satiated?
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Social Structure Theories of Crime II
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Q1) According to cultural theories of crime in the United States,what large group blatantly denies the middle-class norms of society?
A)Arian Brotherhood
B)Gothic subculture
C)Environmental activists
D)no such groups exist
Q2) The code of the streets theory by Anderson focused on African Americans and claims that due to deprived conditions in the inner cities,black Americans feel a sense of hopelessness,isolation,and despair.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What ethnic group did not show high delinquency rates in Shaw and McKay's longitudinal data?
A)Caucasians
B)Hispanics
C)African Americans
D)Asians
Q4) Most citizens in Chicago in the late-1800s did not speak a common language or share cultural values.How could this be an issue?
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Chapter 10: Social Process and Control Theories of Crime
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Q1) In the process of classical conditioning,the organism,animal,or person is a(an)______ actor in the process,simply receiving stimuli and responding.
A)passive
B)involved
C)active
D)dynamic
Q2) Sutherland introduced ______theory.
A)differential access
B)learning
C)differential association
D)none of these
Q3) Bandura demonstrated,through a series of theoretical and experimental studies,that a significant amount of learning takes place:
A)absent virtually any form of conditioning or responses to a given behavior
B)with lots of conditioning or responses to a given behavior
C)both a and b are correct
Q4) Explain five (5)of the seven (7)propositions of differential reinforcement theory.
Q5) Explain the theory of drift and give two (2)examples of when drift may occur.
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Chapter 11: Labeling Theory and Conflict-Marxistradical
Theories of Crime
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Q1) The secret deviant is an individual who violates the rules of society,without society reacting to this behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Cooley identified the process of obtaining one's self-image through the "eyes of others" as the looking-glass self.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Explain the key features of the consensus view of the law.
Q4) Explain labeling theory and the process one goes through in being labeled by society.Give two (2)examples of individuals who have been labeled and how it has affected their lives.Is labeling an individual an offender a good thing? Why or why not.
Q5) Discuss the policy implications of labeling and conflict theories of crime.
Q6) Near the end of the 1950s,the unfair and inequitable treatment of underprivileged individuals in society was becoming a widespread concern for many Americans.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Explain retrospective interpretation.
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Chapter 12: Feminist Theories of Crime
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Q1) What is women's agency?
Q2) The negative characterization of the black female as domineering,strong,assertive,independent,and masculine is called ______.
A)the mammy
B)the seductress
C)the Amazon
D)the sinister Sapphire
Q3) Give three (3)examples of what values women should not emphasize according to radical-cultural feminist perspective.
Q4) The "add women and stir approach" is when one uses an existing theoretical perspective based on males and "adds" women.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Radical feminism emphasizes what three (3)things?
Q6) Most scholars contend that feminism has evolved in three major waves.
A)True
B)False
Q7) How does Marxist feminism differ from socialist feminism?
Q8) Explain the importance of reflexivity in research.
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Chapter 13: Developmentallife-Course Perspectives
Criminality
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Q1) Assigning special caseworkers for high-risk pregnancies,such as those involving ______,is another possible policy implication related to developmental theories.
A)low birth weight
B)C-section births
C)fibromyalgia
D)breech births
Q2) Thornberry places the level of attachment and commitment to conventional society ahead of the degree of ______ that an individual holds regarding criminal offending.?
A) pressures
B)associations
C)moral beliefs
D)corrupt values
Q3) Explain the self-selection versus social learning debate as related to Thornberry's interactional model.
Q4) Give one reason why the Glueck Harvard study conducted on 1,000 boys may have some methodological issues?
Q5) Describe adolescence-limited offenders and provide an example.
Page 15
Q6) What is the "chicken-or-egg" debate presented by Thornberry?
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Chapter 14: White-Collar Crime, Organized Crime, and Cybercrime
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Q1) The concept of pollution was acknowledged early on and was considered a huge problem for many areas.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Electronic Communications Privacy Act regulates the interception of electronic communications by individuals as well as the government.
A)True
B)False
Q3) OSHA violators are sometimes fined,but even then,these fines are usually relatively low in relation to the profits being made by the companies.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Corporate crime causes at least ______ times more deaths than do traditional street crimes.
A)2
B)5
C)7
D)10
Q5) Why does the text state that we are all paying for corporate crimes?
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Chapter 15: Hate Crimes, Terrorism, and Home Land Security
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Q1) Byers and Crider used what theory to examine hate crimes against the Amish?
A)labeling theory
B)social learning theory
C)neutralization theory
D)routine activities theory
Q2) The Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996 prohibits what two (2)things?
Q3) All of the following are considered hate crimes motivated by a person's status as homeless according to the model state legislation EXCEPT:
A)acts that result in the death of a person
B)acts that deface,damage,or destroy,or attempt to deface,damage,or destroy the personal property of the person
C)assault,aggravated assault,battery,or aggravated battery on the person
D)any other crime against the person
E)all of the these are considered hate crimes motivated by a person's status as homeless
Q4) Describe antigovernment groups and the changes in these groups since President Obama took office in 2008.
Q5) Define target congruence.
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Q6) What two (2)factors must terrorist organizations have to interact with change?
Chapter 16: Drugs and Crime
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Q1) The first barbiturate,barbital,was discovered in 1903 by two German scientists working at Bayer-Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Define a racialized drug policy and give one example.
Q3) Marijuana is one of the most effective drugs for relief of severe physical pain;has high potential for abuse.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Alcohol is a type of depressant.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Barbiturates are a type of depressant;can help with anxiety without disrupting normal functions.Problems include sleepiness and incoordination,hampered learning process,and amnesia.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Do you believe there to be a stigma associated with drug use? What type of drug use,and why?
Page 18
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