Introductory Physiology Test Bank
Course Introduction
Introductory Physiology provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles governing the function of living organisms, with a primary focus on human systems. The course covers the structure and function of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems, exploring topics such as homeostasis, nervous and endocrine system regulation, muscle physiology, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, renal function, and digestion. Through lectures, discussions, and practical exercises, students gain an understanding of how physiological processes maintain health and support life, forming a critical foundation for advanced studies in health sciences and medicine.
Recommended Textbook
Biology Science for Life with Physiology 4th Edition by Colleen M. Belk
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Chapter 1: Can Science Cure the Common Cold?
Introduction to the Scientific Method
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is an example of anecdotal evidence?
A) Dr. Chowdury's research on bowel disorders, which was published in a scientific journal.
B) Dr. Jackson's statement in his infomercial that "I believe my personal cure for bowel disorders is more effective than any drug I've ever prescribed in 20 years of practicing medicine."
C) Information about side effects on the label of a bowel disorder drug.
D) An article on bowel disorders on a medical website.
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following is a standard probability that is accepted by most researchers as statistical significance?
A) 10%
B) 5%
C) 0.05%
D) 0.01%
Answer: B
Q3) A(n)________ is an intentionally ineffective treatment given to members of a control group in an experiment.
Answer: placebo
3
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Q1) Proteins in cells are assembled on workbench-like structures called ________.
Answer: ribosomes
Q2) Which feature is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
A) mitochondrion
B) Golgi body
C) DNA
D) centriole
Answer: C
Q3) What kind of bond holds the atoms of a single water molecule together?
A) hydrogen bonds
B) ionic bonds
C) covalent bonds that are not polar
D) covalent bonds that are polar
Answer: D
Q4) The ________ (two words)defines the outer boundary of all cells, separating the cell's contents from its environment.
Answer: plasma membrane
Q5) Proteins are composed of monomer subunits called ________ (two words).
Answer: amino acids
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Chapter 3: Is It Possible to Supplement Your Way to Better
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Sample Questions
Q1) Monosaccharides can be used by body cells
A) to build membranes.
B) to produce enzymes.
C) for energy production.
D) to store energy.
Answer: C
Q2) A diet that is rich in whole grains provides the body with which of the following essential minerals?
A) calcium
B) chloride
C) potassium
D) sulfur
Answer: C
Q3) A ________ (two words)has been stripped of most of its nutrients.
Answer: processed food
Q4) A fat with many unsaturated carbons is called ________.
Answer: polyunsaturated
Q5) The human body stores excess carbohydrates in the form of ________ in muscles and the liver.
Answer: glycogen
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which is a correct statement about diet, exercise, and disease?
A) Type II diabetes is a disorder that can't be controlled by a change in diet or exercise.
B) Hypertension is a major disease associated with lack of exercise and an unhealthy diet.
C) Heart attacks are due to factors such as a lack of diet and exercise but are not due to genetics.
D) Increased exercise and a better diet can clear away all HDL and LDL cholesterol from blood vessels.
Q2) During the process of cellular respiration, what is the final acceptor for electrons at the end of the electron transport chain?
A) oxygen
B) carbon
C) carbon dioxide
D) hydrogen
Q3) Another term for high blood pressure is ________.
Q4) The resting energy requirement of a person who is awake but not active is called ________ (three words).
Q5) A person with a BMI of 23 is considered to be ________.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Life in the Greenhouse: Photosynthesis and Global Warming
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Q1) How can deforestation increase global warming? Deforestation can A) decrease the total amount of photosynthesis as C<sub>3</sub> plants are harvested. B) increase the number of C<sub>4</sub> plants, thereby increasing photorespiration. C) cause runoff to become more acidic, thereby blocking the uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
D) increase the uptake of carbon dioxide by encouraging the growth of faster growing plants.
Q2) Fossil fuels form from the unconsumed ________ of dead organisms.
Q3) How is global warming likely to affect an animal species that has narrow temperature requirements? Global warming is likely to A) cause the expansion of the species' range. B) cause the extinction of the species.
C) reduce the diseases that threaten the species.
D) have no effect on the species.
Q4) In plant leaves, carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits via tiny pores called ________.
Q5) Glucose is a molecule that supplies ________ to cells.
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Chapter 6: Cancer: DNA Synthesis, Mitosis, and Meiosis
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Q1) Mutations of the gene that encodes p53 result in
A) damaged DNA proceeding through mitosis.
B) damaged DNA being repaired.
C) cells containing damaged DNA to "commit suicide."
D) a receptor protein with a different shape than usual.
Q2) Different versions of the same gene are called
A) alleles.
B) diploids.
C) homologous chromosomes.
D) sister chromatids.
Q3) Which of the following is a protein that acts as a tumor suppressor by fixing damaged DNA in cancerous cells?
A) HER2
B) Trisomy X
C) BRCA2
D) CA125
Q4) A ________ is a surgical instrument used to perform biopsies.
Q5) ________ (two words)is the enzyme that assists in DNA synthesis.
Q6) The two halves of a duplicated chromosome are called ________ (two words).
Page 8
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Mendelian and Quantitative Genetics
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Q1) If the DNA contained in the chromosomes of an organism is similar to an instruction manual, then what are the genes "instructing" the cell to do?
A) grow in size until a certain point is reached, then reproduce itself
B) convert carbohydrates into enzymes
C) change shape and structure to meet the demands of the local environment
D) synthesize specific proteins from amino acids
Q2) Which of these describes influence on a trait that is due to genes and not environment?
A) Hair dye turns Angela's brown hair to red.
B) Sandy's hair becomes blonder when she spends time out in the sun.
C) Jen has brown hair, just like her mother and father.
D) Identical twins Kiera and Tanya have different colored hair.
Q3) Which of these produces genetic diversity in a population?
A) independent assortment
B) random fertilization
C) segregation
D) mutation
Q4) Specialized cells used for sexual reproduction (for example, sperm cells)are called
Page 9
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Chapter 8: DNA Detective: Complex Patterns of Inheritance
and DNA Fingerprinting
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Sample Questions
Q1) VNTR stands for
A) variable number tandem repeats.
B) varied nucleotides to repeat.
C) volumes of nucleotide tandem repeats.
D) variation of nucleotide terminal repeats.
Q2) What is responsible for the tortoiseshell phenotype in some female cats?
A) codominance
B) X inactivation
C) incomplete dominance
D) pleiotropy
Q3) Y-linked genes include a gene that produces hairy ears. A male with hairy ears should pass this trait
A) only to his sons.
B) only to his daughters.
C) only to his grandsons.
D) to all his children if the mother is a carrier.
Q4) In human ABO blood types, the alleles for A and B are said to be ________ because they're both expressed.
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Q5) Multiple ________ occurs in the ABO blood system, where there are three distinct alleles in human populations.
Chapter 9: Genetically Modified Organisms: Gene
Expression, Mutation, and Cloning
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Q1) Which molecule remains in the nucleus during protein synthesis?
A) DNA
B) tRNA
C) mRNA
D) rRNA
Q2) Which of the following is not directly involved in the process of translation?
A) ribosome
B) tRNA
C) mRNA
D) DNA
Q3) The undifferentiated cells that can be used in therapeutic cloning are
A) plasmid cells.
B) stem cells.
C) somatic cells.
D) transgenic cells.
Q4) What signal when present at the ribosome causes protein synthesis to end?
A) DNA
B) tRNA
C) a stop codon
D) RNA polymerase
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Chapter 10: Where Did We Come From? The Evidence for Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the figure, the branching points of the tree represent
A) a modern species.
B) the origin of a new species from an ancestral form.
C) an extinct species.
D) a common ancestor of a group of modern species.
Q2) Why were Darwin's ideas so widely accepted by scientists of his day?
A) He published his book soon after he returned to England and all his recollections were fresh in his mind.
B) Darwin's ideas fit well with what most people already believed about evolution.
C) Darwin presented extensive evidence from many areas of biology to support his ideas.
D) Darwin was from a rich and powerful family.
Q3) The term that describes distribution patterns of living things around the world is
Q4) Which of the following groupings are in order from broadest to most narrow?
A) kingdom, species, genus
B) class, family, species
C) family, order, class
D) phylum, kingdom, genus
Page 12
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Chapter 11: An Evolving Enemy: Natural Selection
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following plants is the most fit?
A) a plant with deep roots
B) a plant with large leaves
C) a plant with large flowers
D) Fitness can't be determined without reference to the environment.
Q2) Once an adaptation appears, it remains in all the descendants unless the species becomes extinct.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Why haven't humans evolved a resistance to the common cold?
A) Colds are effectively killed by antibiotics, so there's no need.
B) Cold viruses haven't been in existence long enough to exert selective pressure.
C) Colds are not serious enough to remove nonresistant variants from the population.
D) We could evolve resistance if we stopped taking so many over-the-counter medications for colds.
Q4) Natural selection is only one of several possible causes of evolution.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Who Am I? Species and Races
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Q1) In what type of population would evolution occur most rapidly?
A) a large population with a large gene pool
B) a small population with a relatively diverse gene pool
C) a small population with a small gene pool
D) a large population with a relatively limited gene pool
Q2) Which of these most accurately describes a single population?
A) all the oak trees in a park
B) two coneflower plants in a field of coneflowers
C) all the housecats in Montana
D) all the gulls in North America
Q3) Which of the following occurs after the creation of a new allele?
A) The gene pool becomes more diverse.
B) The gene pool becomes less diverse.
C) The gene pool fragments into smaller groups.
D) Reproductive isolation always occurs in the group where the mutation occurred.
Q4) Levels of ultraviolet light influence both folate and vitamin D production in humans.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Prospecting for Biological Gold: Biodiversity and Classification
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Q1) When plants first colonized land, the space they occupied was two-dimensional: the surface of the land. Which adaptation allowed plants to occupy a three-dimensional environment?
A) double fertilization
B) seeds
C) vascular system
D) flowers
Q2) In this phylogeny feather pattern on the head is the trait used to separate the sparrows into groups. DNA analysis suggests a different phylogeny that places white-crowned birds and golden-crowned birds more closely together. Therefore, the striped pattern on the head is a result of
A) convergent evolution.
B) sexual selection.
C) genetic drift.
D) endosymbiosis.
Q3) What is the adaptive value of natural antibiotic production for fungi?
A) Bacteria use fungi for food.
B) Bacteria spoil the food that the fungi need for their own nutrition.
C) Bacteria are the main competitors with fungi for food.
D) Bacteria inhibit the reproduction of fungi.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Is the Human Population Too Large? Population Ecology
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Sample Questions
Q1) All the bacteria of the species E. coli that live inside a cow's intestine represent a(n)
A) community.
B) population.
C) ecosystem.
D) demographic transition.
Q2) The actual carrying capacity of our planet may be lower than initially calculated due to which of the following factors?
A) the average American uses more resources than someone from another country
B) modern food production relies on nonrenewable resources
C) net primary productivity has been decreasing
D) the human population is growing much faster than was previously thought
Q3) The human population growth rate is higher now than ever before.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In general, developed countries have lower population growth rates than less developed countries.
A)True
B)False
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Conserving Biodiversity: Community and Ecosystem Ecology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an example of a nearly extinct animal in the United States?
A) black-footed ferret
B) mourning dove
C) striped skunk
D) coyote
Q2) Although most biologists believe that many species are becoming extinct each year because of the activities of humans, relatively few species actually appear on compiled lists of extinct species. What is one reason why so few species are listed as extinct?
A) Many species are unknown to science and go extinct before they've been described.
B) There really aren't that many species that have become extinct.
C) Many species aren't listed because they aren't considered important.
D) Only extinctions that are naturally caused are listed.
Q3) The variety of species in an area of interest is called
A) biomass.
B) biodiversity.
C) the trophic pyramid.
D) the ecological niche.
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Chapter 16: Where Do You Live? Climate and Biomes
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Q1) On August 8, 2005, the temperature in New Haven, Connecticut, was 82° F with partly cloudy skies. This is a description of New Haven's A) climate.
B) weather.
C) biome.
D) ecosystem.
Q2) The fragrant oils found in rosemary and thyme
A) encourage humans to pick them and spread their seeds.
B) protect the plants from fire.
C) help fuel fires, to which they've become adapted.
D) discourage humans from consuming the plants.
Q3) The dry deserts of Nevada are most influenced by A) the hot desert sun.
B) the Pacific Ocean.
C) overgrazing by livestock.
D) the rain shadow from a California mountain range.
Q4) In a general sense, ________ refers to short term environmental conditions, and ________ refers to long term environmental conditions.
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Chapter 17: Organ Donation: Tissues Organs and Organ Systems
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Q1) Which type of cells protects the body from the potentially harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation?
A) nervous
B) muscle
C) epithelial
D) connective
Q2) Ectotherms primarily regulate their body temperature by
A) adjusting their rate of metabolism.
B) absorbing or releasing heat.
C) eating more or less, depending on their need for body heat.
D) panting when it gets too hot and shivering when it gets too cold.
Q3) The cells that make up the liver are called
A) fibroblasts.
B) osteocytes.
C) chondrocytes.
D) hepatocytes.
Q4) The maintenance of constant internal body temperature is an example of homeostasis called ________.
Q5) The tissue type that protects the body from water loss is ________.
Q6) The enzyme in saliva that breaks down sugars is called ________ (two words). Page 19
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Chapter 18: Clearing the Air: Respiratory Cardiovascular and Excretory Systems
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Q1) About how many years after quitting smoking does it take for the risk of heart disease and death to return to the levels similar to those seen in people who never smoked?
A) 1
B) 5
C) 10
D) 15
Q2) Blood pressure is lowest in A) arteries.
B) capillaries.
C) veins.
D) left ventricle.
Q3) Filtration is the process by which plasma is forced through tiny holes in the capillary walls by blood pressure and into the upstream end of the nephron.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In the human cardiovascular system, what's the difference between the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit?
Q5) The functional units of the kidneys are called ________.
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Chapter 19: Vaccinations: Protection and Prevention or Peril?
Immune System
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Q1) Ingestion of foods is a major route of transmission for which of the following?
A) Salmonella enteritidis
B) Staphylococcus bacteria
C) rhinovirus
D) the bacterium that causes Lyme disease
Q2) Which of the following is a mode of transmission for the HIV virus in humans?
A) sneezing
B) blood transfusion
C) tears
D) insect bite
Q3) An individual suffers a bite from a bat, resulting in the transmission of the virus that causes rabies. In this case, infection occurred through
A) direct contact.
B) inhalation.
C) vector-borne transmission.
D) ingestion.
Q4) Every antigen receptor synthesized by lymphocytes is encoded by a separate gene.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 20: Sex Differences and Athleticism: Endocrine
Skeletal and Muscular Systems
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Q1) Consider the figure illustrating the two major classes of hormones and their actions. Which class of hormones would you expect to be ideally suited for long-term processes such as growth and development?
A) Protein hormones, because they can relay messages.
B) Steroid hormones, because they can turn specific genes on or off.
C) Protein hormones, because they cannot cross cell membranes.
D) Steroid hormones, because they can diffuse across cell membranes.
Q2) Steroid-based hormones are able to move across cell membranes easily because they are water soluble.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following skeletal systems is ideally suited for organisms that live underground or float in water?
A) hydrostatic
B) endoskeleton
C) exoskeleton
D) appendicular
Q4) The ________ produces immune cells and is part of the lymphatic system.
Q5) A human's soft internal organs are protected by the ________ skeleton.
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Chapter 21: Is There Something in the Water? Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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Q1) The process of gametogenesis
A) results in diploid gametes.
B) results in human sperm with 46 chromosomes.
C) allows fertilization to result in a cell with the correct number of chromosomes for that species.
D) only occurs in males.
Q2) Why are the testicles kept outside of the body?
A) They lower the temperature for sperm production.
B) The testicles cushion the penis and stop it from hanging too low.
C) There's no reason for this.
D) Earlier in human evolution, visible testicles helped males to sexually attract females.
Q3) The hormones that function in both the male and female reproductive systems are
A) estrogen and progesterone.
B) gonadotropin-releasing hormones and progesterone.
C) luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone.
D) luteinizing hormone and progesterone.
Q4) All sexually transmitted diseases have symptoms.
A)True
B)False
Page 24
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Chapter 22: Attention Deficit Disorder: Brain Structure and Function
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Q1) Of the following general categories of neurons, which carry information to the CNS?
A) inhibitory neurons
B) sensory neurons
C) motor neurons
D) interneurons
Q2) The loss of dopamine leading to motor symptoms, including tremors, rigidity, and slowed movements, is thought to underlie
A) Alzheimer's disease.
B) Huntington's disease.
C) Parkinson's disease.
D) depression.
Q3) The function of which of the following household appliances accurately describes the removal of neurotransmitters from the synapse?
A) blender
B) toaster
C) vacuum cleaner
D) coffee grinder
Q4) The spinal cord and brain compose the ________.
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Chapter 23: Feeding the World: Plant Structure and Growth
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Q1) A leaf blade is attached to a stem by a stalk-like structure called a(n)
A) internode.
B) stoma.
C) petiole.
D) node.
Q2) When the guard cells of a leaf shrink, the stomata
A) open.
B) close.
C) perform photosynthesis.
D) die.
Q3) Which of these would NOT be considered a fruit?
A) tomatoes
B) apples
C) oat grains
D) sweet potatoes
Q4) Staple crops are the
A) major agricultural sources of calories in a society.
B) plants in which the gametophyte stage is dominant.
C) manioc plants eaten by people in Europe.
D) vegetative organs of grasses.
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Chapter 24: Growing a Green Thumb: Plant Physiology
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Q1) To make a shrub bushier, a person can ________ the topmost leaves and buds, resulting in reduced apical dominance.
A) deadhead
B) harden
C) pinch back
D) translocate
Q2) The hormone ________ plays an "anti-abscission role" in plants.
A) auxin
B) ethylene
C) gibberellin
D) cytokinin
Q3) What is contained within the xylem sap of a plant?
A) water only
B) water and dissolved minerals only
C) water and sugars produced from photosynthesis only
D) water, dissolved minerals, and sugars
Q4) The response of a plant to the proportion of light and dark in a day is called
Q5) Plants that live for many years and produce flowers every year are called
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