Introductory Physiology Exam Bank
Course Introduction
Introductory Physiology provides a foundational understanding of the functions and mechanisms that govern the human body. This course explores essential concepts such as cellular structure, homeostasis, and the physiology of major organ systems including the nervous, muscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and renal systems. Students examine how cells, tissues, and organs work together to maintain health and respond to internal and external changes. Emphasis is placed on integrating knowledge across systems to appreciate the complexity of physiological regulation and its importance in medicine, health, and disease.
Recommended Textbook
Vanders Human Physiology 15th Edition by Eric P. Widmaier Dr
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18 Chapters
1745 Verified Questions
1745 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Homeostasis: A Framework for Human Physiology
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64 Verified Questions
64 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is a hormone?
A)A chemical released from a nerve cell that affects nearby cells across a synapse
B)A chemical released from an endocrine gland that affects target cells without entering the bloodstream
C)A chemical found in the blood that catalyzes the destruction of ingested toxins and foreign substances
D)A chemical found in the sweat that signals other individuals about the physiological status of the body
E)A chemical regulator secreted from an endocrine gland that travels through the bloodstream to affect target cells
Answer: E
Q2) The interstitial fluid refers to
A)the fluid within the cells.
B)the plasma.
C)the fluid between the cells.
D)the plasma and fluid between the cells.
E)the fluid between the cells and the fluid within the cells.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Chemical Composition of the Body and Its
Relation to Physiology
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72 Verified Questions
72 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a type of molecular interaction that determines the tertiary structure of a protein?
A)Covalent bonds between purine and pyrimidine bases
B)Ionic bonds
C)Van der Waals forces
D)Covalent bonds between two cysteine amino acids
E)Hydrogen bonds
Answer: A
Q2) A molecule composed of two atoms of the same element,such as fluorine (Fl ),can be formed by a polar covalent bond.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) A protein may consist of more than one polypeptide chain.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways
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132 Verified Questions
132 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Many popular diet trends involve severe reductions in dietary carbohydrates so that the body must utilize fats and lipids as energy sources.Under these conditions,which of the following would be an enhanced entry pathway in cellular respiration?
A)Glycolysis
B)Krebs cycle
C)Oxidative phosphorylation
D)Cellular respiration could begin with any of these processes.
Answer: B
Q2) Which best describes functions of the smooth (agranular) endoplasmic reticulum?
A)Transcription of DNA into RNA
B)Generation of ATP
C)Digestion of engulfed bacteria and cellular debris
D)Synthesis and packaging of proteins for secretion from the cell or export to other organelles
E)Synthesis of lipids and intracellular storage of calcium ions
Answer: E
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5
Chapter 4: Movement of Solutes and Water Across Cell
Membranes
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85 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) If all other conditions remain the same and the concentration of a nonpenetrating solute increases inside a cell,which is most likely to occur?
A)Water will tend to enter the cell because the interior has an increased osmolarity.
B)Water will tend to leave the cell because the interior has an increased osmolarity.
C)Water will tend to enter the cell because the interior has a decreased osmolarity.
D)Water will tend to leave the cell because the interior has a decreased osmolarity.
E)The solute will diffuse across the membrane until its concentration is equal on both sides of the membrane.
Q2) The human hormone estrogen is highly nonpolar.After being secreted,estrogen will be found
A)at low concentrations in all cells of the body.
B)at high concentrations just in the cells that express a membrane-bound receptor.
C)trapped in endocytic vesicles in cells that express a membrane-bound receptor.
D)in the lysosome of all cells of the body.
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Chapter 5: Cell Signalling in Physiology
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36 Verified Questions
36 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Molecule X is some sort of chemical messenger. Its receptor resides within the nucleus and once the receptor is bound to X,gene transcription occurs. Molecule X might be a(n) A)ion.
B)lipid/steroid.
C)hydrophilic protein.
D)large protein.
E)hydrophilic carbohydrate.
Q2) The process whereby repeated exposure to a hormone can cause a decrease in the number of receptors for that hormone is called A)competition.
B)inhibition.
C)down-regulation.
D)antagonism.
E)saturation.
Q3) Endogenous opioid molecules reduce pain sensation.Morphine,a common analgesic,is an agonist for endogenous opioid receptors.
A)True
B)False
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the
Nervous
System
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111 Verified Questions
111 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A postsynaptic neuron has an RMP of -70mV and a typical threshold of -55mV. It has three presynaptic inputs-from neurons X,Y,and Z.Stimulation of neuron X causes the postsynaptic neuron to depolarize by 0.5 mV. When X and Y are stimulated simultaneously,the postsynaptic neuron depolarizes by 1 mV. If X fires 10 times and Y fires 10 times the result will be
A)a subthreshold summation.
B)presynaptic inhibition.
C)threshold is reached and an AP is fired.
D)many APs are fired.
E)the membrane depolarizes.
Q2) A threshold stimulus applied to an excitable membrane is one that is just sufficient to
A)trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential.
B)cause a change in membrane potential.
C)trigger an action potential.
D)be conducted to the axon hillock.
E)depolarize a dendrite.
Q3) The basal nuclei are important subcortical nuclei in the cerebrum.
A)True
B)False
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Sensory Physiology
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98 Verified Questions
98 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Olfactory receptors are neurons.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Information about the location of a given stimulus on or in the body is conveyed by the same mechanism that conveys information about stimulus intensity,namely action potential frequency.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Distinguishing the pitch of sounds is possible because
A)different frequencies of sounds make the eardrum vibrate with different amplitudes.
B)different frequencies of sounds stimulate different regions of the basilar membrane in the cochlear duct.
C)different frequencies of sounds cause different kinds of action potentials in neurons in the auditory nerve.
D)different frequencies of sounds cause different frequencies of action potentials in neurons in the auditory nerve.
E)there are many different types of receptors for sound,each of which responds to a single frequency.
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9
Chapter 8: Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
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72 Verified Questions
72 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Would SSRIs be useful therapies for schizophrenia?
A)Yes,because they increase the availability of dopamine.
B)Yes,because they increase the availability of acetylcholine.
C)No,because they increase the availability of norepinephrine.
D)No,because they increase the availability of enkephalin.
E)No,because they increase the availability of serotonin.
Q2) When a person loses consciousness,working memory is interrupted and memories are abolished for all that happened for a variable period of time before the blow that caused unconsciousness.Why?
A)The traumatic blow to the head caused a concussion through violent displacement of the brain in the skull.
B)There was a deficiency of adequate blood flow to the brain.
C)There was an interruption in the constant stream of neuron potentials to memory facilitation brain areas.
D)Conflicting external interference prevents conversion of short-term to long-term memory.
E)This is an area of neurological research that has not achieved any satisfying conclusions at the present time.
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10
Chapter 9: Muscle
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the function of the transverse tubules in a skeletal muscle fiber?
A)They store the calcium ions that are the main source of activation for the cross-bridge cycle.
B)They form the Z lines that mark the end of each sarcomere.
C)They allow action potentials to propagate deep into the center of skeletal muscle cells.
D)They manufacture and store ATP.
E)They run in parallel with the myofibrils,and have abundant Ca² -ATPase proteins for pumping Ca² back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Q2) Actin has an ATPase enzyme.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which best describes a "myofibril"?
A)It is a single skeletal muscle cell.
B)It is a cylindrical cellular organelle composed of myofilaments.
C)It is a hollow membranous structure that stores calcium.
D)It is composed of a single type of protein and forms cross-bridges.
E)It is a fibrous junction between a muscle cell and a tendon.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Control Body Movement
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53 Verified Questions
53 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Intrafusal muscle fibers
A)are found in muscle spindles.
B)are innervated by alpha motor neurons.
C)generate most of the tension in a skeletal muscle.
D)fire continuously at a constant rate.
E)are only found in extensor muscles.
Q2) You have an accident in an organic chemistry lab and end up with a novel compound.This compound,when fed to rats,appears to stimulate dopamine secretion from the substantia nigra.You decide to try to market the drug to humans as a therapy to treat ________.
A)nicotine addiction
B)vertigo
C)Parkinson's disease
D)cerebellar disease
E)loss of voluntary motor movement following a stroke
Q3) The activity of alpha motor neurons innervating an extensor muscle can be inhibited by activation of the Golgi tendon organs in the tendon that attaches that muscle to bone.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: The Endocrine System
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104 Verified Questions
104 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which is NOT an effect of parathyroid hormone?
A)Increases the bone-degrading activity of osteoclasts
B)Decreases reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys
C)Promotes vitamin D synthesis,leading to increased intestinal absorption of calcium
D)Increases plasma [Ca² ]
E)Decreases reabsorption of phosphate by the kidneys
Q2) Steroid hormones are stored in the cells that synthesize them until a stimulus is received that provokes their secretion.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Damage to the hypothalamus would impact the function of the anterior pituitary,but not the posterior pituitary.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Binding of hydrophilic hormones to their receptors often results in the formation of one or more second messengers that lead to alterations of the cell's activity.
A)True
B)False
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13
Chapter 12: Cardiovascular Physiology
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153 Verified Questions
153 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following correctly compares the factors involved in bulk flow of fluid in systemic and pulmonary capillaries?
A)The protein oncotic pressure inside pulmonary capillaries is significantly greater.
B)There are no lymphatic vessels to remove fluid from lung interstitial fluid.
C)The hydrostatic pressure inside pulmonary capillaries is significantly lower.
D)The protein oncotic pressure is lower in pulmonary interstitial fluid than in typical systemic interstitial fluid.
E)The Starling's forces overwhelmingly favor reabsorption all along the length of pulmonary capillaries.
Q2) In a patient with an abnormally leaky aortic valve,what would you expect?
A)Some backflow of blood into the aorta during ventricular diastole
B)Some backflow of blood into the left ventricle during ventricular diastole
C)Some backflow of blood into the left ventricle during ventricular ejection
D)Some backflow of blood into the aorta during ventricular ejection
E)Some backflow of blood into the left atrium during ventricular systole
Q3) The QRS wave of the ECG corresponds to depolarization of the atria.
A)True
B)False
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14
Chapter 13: Respiratory Physiology
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103 Verified Questions
103 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A clinical sign of obstructive lung disease would be a reduced FEV1/FVC ratio,where "FVC" is "forced" VC.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of these would tend to increase ventilation?
A)Lower than normal arterial PCO
B)Higher than normal arterial pH
C)Breathing carbon monoxide
D)Breathing air with increased PCO
E)Iron-deficiency anemia
Q3) Which of the following are chemoreceptors?
A)Hair cells in the cochlea
B)Receptors in the aortic and carotid bodies
C)Baroreceptors in the aortic and carotid arch
D)Receptors that mediate the Hering-Breuer reflex
Q4) Increased plasma concentration of lactic acid stimulates increased ventilation primarily by means of central chemoreceptors.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions
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120 Verified Questions
120 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In which region of the nephron does the fractional reabsorption of water vary the most in response to variation in the state of hydration?
A)The glomerulus
B)The proximal convoluted tubule
C)The loop of Henle
D)The distal convoluted tubule
E)The collecting duct
Q2) In the presence of aldosterone,which nephron region reabsorbs the greatest fraction of the filtered Na ?
A)Proximal tubule
B)Macula densa
C)Descending limb of the loop of Henle
D)Distal convoluted tubule
E)Cortical collecting duct
Q3) An increase in the osmolarity of the blood supplying the hypothalamus is a powerful stimulus for thirst.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: The Digestion and Absorption of Food
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112 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Following diagnosis with pancreatic cancer,Neil had a large portion of his pancreas removed.Which of the following hormones will now be found in lower amounts?
A)Vasopressin
B)Thryoid hormone
C)CCK
D)Oxytocin
E)Insulin
Q2) Julia comes to see her doctor with a variety of symptoms.Her doctor eventually diagnoses her with gallstones.Which of the following was NOT one of Julia's symptoms?
A)Lactose intolerance
B)Abdominal pain
C)Difficulty digesting high-fat meals
D)Nutritional deficiencies
E)Jaundice
Q3) In general,sympathetic stimulation increases gastric secretion and motility,while parasympathetic stimulation decreases these two processes.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Regulation of Organic Metabolism and Energy Balance
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94 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The thermoneutral zone is defined as
A)the region in the central core of the body where temperature never changes.
B)the core body temperature at which no energy is expended to maintain homeostasis.
C)the environmental temperature range over which the changes in skin blood flow alone can regulate body temperature.
D)the region of the body halfway between the high-temperature core and the low-temperature skin.
E)the environmental temperature range in which shivering,changes in blood flow,and changes in thyroid hormone concentrations can maintain homeostasis of the body's core temperature.
Q2) In Addison's disease,the adrenal cortices degenerate.Which will result if a patient with this disease undergoes prolonged fasting?
A)Hypoglycemia
B)Hyperglycemia
C)Excessive lipolysis
D)Decreased insulin sensitivity
E)Excessive liver gluconeogenesis
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18
Chapter 17: Reproduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is inhibited by progesterone during pregnancy?
A)The sensitivity of the myometrium to stimuli that promote contraction
B)Plugging of the uterus by thickened cervical mucus
C)Growth of the mammary glands
D)Secretion of estrogen
E)Regression of the corpus luteum
Q2) Detection of LH in the urine or blood of a woman is an indicator that she is pregnant.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When an embryo implants in the wall of the fallopian tube,it is called A)stillbirth.
B)erythroblastosis fetalis.
C)ectopic pregnancy.
D)endometriosis.
E)placenta previa.
Q4) Symptoms of preeclampsia generally include glucose in the urine,abnormal fluid retention,and hypertension.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: The Immune System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cytotoxic T cells
A)secrete perforin,which kills bacteria and viruses by perforating the membrane or coat that surrounds them.
B)are activated by interleukin 1.
C)require Class I MHC proteins to recognize foreign antigens.
D)are converted to plasma cells when activated by MHC proteins.
E)secrete proteins that neutralize bacterial toxins.
Q2) A chemical that causes binding of a phagocyte to a microbe is called a chemotaxin.
A)True
B)False
Q3) People lacking Rh factor are born with circulating antibodies against it.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Elizabeth has a skin condition called eczema and has multiple breaks in the skin of her hands.Due to this,Elizabeth is at an increased risk of infections.
A)True
B)False
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