Introduction to Western History Practice Exam
Course Introduction
Introduction to Western History offers a comprehensive overview of the major events, ideas, and cultural developments that have shaped Western civilization from antiquity to the modern era. Students will explore key historical periods, including Ancient Greece and Rome, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the Enlightenment, and the rise of the modern West. The course examines political, social, intellectual, and economic transformations, with a focus on how these forces influenced the formation of contemporary Western societies. Through primary and secondary sources, students will develop critical thinking skills and an understanding of the enduring impact of Western history on the global stage.
Recommended Textbook
Western Civilization A Brief History 11th Edition by Marvin Perry
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Chapter 1: The Ancient Near East: the First Civilizations
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Q1) The term satrap relates to a
A) flat-bottomed sailboat that moved heavy goods.
B) type of sandal that distinguished slaves from free peasants in Mesopotamia.
C) governor in the Persian Empire.
D) collection of cuneiform tablets.
E) province of the Persian Empire.
Answer: C
Q2) To which of the following did Egypt finally lose its independence?
A) Libyans
B) Nubians
C) Assyrians
D) Greeks
E) Persians
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: The Hebrews: a New View of God and the Individual
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Q1) How did the Hebrew messianic tradition help create modern concepts of progress?
Answer: The Hebrew messianic tradition helped create modern concepts of progress by shaping the idea of a future utopian society. The concept of a messianic figure who would bring about a time of peace, justice, and prosperity influenced the development of the idea of progress as a linear movement towards a better future. This idea of a future redemption and the belief in the possibility of a perfect society has influenced modern concepts of progress, inspiring the belief that human society can continually improve and advance towards a better future. Additionally, the Hebrew messianic tradition also contributed to the development of the idea of social justice and the belief in the possibility of creating a more equitable and fair society, which are central to modern concepts of progress. Overall, the Hebrew messianic tradition played a significant role in shaping modern ideas of progress and the belief in the potential for a better future for humanity.
Q2) Israel
Answer: Answer not provided.
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Chapter 3: The Greeks: From Myth to Reason
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Q1) In Plato's ideal republic
A) the citizens were to elect a single leader.
B) the philosophers were to rule absolutely.
C) an aristocratic council would elect the leaders.
D) the leader would be determined by divination.
E) the leader was to be elected democratically.
Answer: B
Q2) Sappho
Answer: Sappho was an ancient Greek lyric poet who was born on the island of Lesbos around 630 BCE. She is known for her poetry, particularly her love poems and songs, which were highly regarded in ancient Greece. Sappho's work often focused on themes of love, desire, and relationships, and she is also known for her innovative use of language and meter in her poetry. Her work has had a lasting impact on the literary world and has been studied and admired for centuries. Sappho's importance lies in her contributions to the development of lyric poetry and her influence on later poets and writers. Despite much of her work being lost over time, she remains a significant figure in the history of literature.
Q3) Aristotle
Answer: Answer not provided.
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Chapter
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Q1) On the map of Europe,specify areas of contention between Rome and Carthage: Messana,Sicily,Corsica,Sardinia,Spain,the Po Valley,Cannae,and Carthage.
Q2) Patricians
Q3) Why was the adoptive system a successful method to establish succession and stability?
Q4) Two of Caesar's trusted friends ____ and ____ joined Octavius,Caesar's adopted son to defeat the senatorial party that had conspired to assassinate Caesar.
A) Brutus; Cassius
B) Antony; Lepidus
C) Antony; Cleopatra
D) Marius; Sulla
E) Crassus; Tiberius
Q5) At the Battle of Actium,Octavian defeated
A) Antony and Cleopatra
B) Caesar and Brutus
C) Augustus and Antony
D) Lepidus and Crassus
E) Marius and Sulla
Q6) Virgil
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Early Christianity: a World Religion
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Q1) Mosaic Law
Q2) In order to study Jesus,modern historians rely on
A) Roman historians accounts of his teaching
B) Jewish records of his life
C) Jesus' own writings from the first century A.D.
D) the New Testament
E) writing of his followers written during Jesus' life
Q3) During the first century,the idea of a Messiah involved
A) one who must die for sins of mankind to be forgiven.
B) a leader of charismatic proportions, but not necessarily one chosen by God.
C) someone who would lead the entire world to a utopian era.
D) someone who would govern with justice.
E) someone who will come riding on a white horse.
Q4) How did Christianity reject classical humanism? What elements did Christianity retain?
Q5) How is Christianity an outgrowth of Judaism? Cite religious and historical evidence to explain the connection between the two religions.
Q6) Saint Augustine
Q7) Pharisees
Q8) Discuss the impact of the message of Augustine to the Christian community.
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Chapter 6: The Rise of Europe: Fusion of
Classical,christian,and Germanic
Traditions
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Q1) On a map of Europe,locate the two Christian capitals at the end of the Roman Empire.
Q2) "People of the book"
Q3) guilds
Q4) All of the following are true of William the Conqueror except
A) was descended from the Normans that had settled in France
B) divided England into shires
C) ordered the writing of a Domesday Book
D) was followed by Henry I
E) kept all of England as his own fiefdom
Q5) The Fourth Crusade at the beginning of the thirteenth century
A) recaptured Jerusalem.
B) never left port in Venice.
C) captured Antioch.
D) sacked Constantinople.
E) captured Edessa.
Q6) On a map of Europe locate the sites associated with the following
A)Charles Martel's victory over the Muslims
B)The Church of Hagia Sophia.
C)The territory of William the Conqueror. Page 8
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Chapter 7: The Flowering and Dissolution of Medieval
Civilization
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Q1) How does Marsiglio's critique anticipate modern political thought?
A) Theocracies are best to enforce Christian values.
B) States and their principles have nothing to do with religious commands.
C) Political systems deal with supernatural
D) State laws originate from a higher realm.
E) Political thinkers should attempt to make the earthly realm confirm to the articles of faith.
Q2) Sic et Non was an effort to demonstrate that
A) there was an irreconcilable conflict between reason and faith and that the Christian must choose faith.
B) different theologians had conflicting opinions and hence, the enterprise of theology in general was vain.
C) Aquinas's Summa Theologica was methodologically flawed.
D) the conflicting opinions of theologians could be reconciled through reasoned argument (dialectics).
E) there were no conflicting opinions between faith and reason.
Q3) Crécy
Q4) Discuss the worldview of the Middle Ages,noting why it was different from the Greco-Roman perspective.
Page 10
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Chapter 8: Transition to the Modern Age: Renaissance and Reformation
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Q1) The humanist spirit in France is exemplified by
A) Lorenzo Valla.
B) Mario De Como.
C) Francisco Franco.
D) Francois Rabelais.
E) Erasmus.
Q2) Huguenots
Q3) Define the term humanism and explain its impact on a Renaissance educational ideal.
Q4) Why was Italian society so amenable to the development of the Renaissance?
Q5) Lorenzo Valla
Q6) Which layperson led the Catholic Counter Reformation?
A) Ignatius Loyola
B) Erasmus
C) Severus
D) Philip
E) Wycliffe
Q7) John Calvin
Q8) How may one argue that the Italian city-states contributed to the advance of political concepts? Page 11
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Chapter 9: Political and Economic Transformation: National
States, overseas Expansion, commercial Revolution
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Q1) The chief minister for Louis XIII and architect of French absolutism was ______
A) Henry VIII.
B) Niccoló Machiavelli.
C) Cardinal Richelieu.
D) Charles V.
E) Francis II.
Q2) It has been said that European expansion provided a forward-looking,optimistic outlook for the Old World.Discuss whether you agree or disagree with this statement.
Q3) Activities of Hernando Cortés include
A) a temporary trading arrangement with the Aztecs.
B) his marriage to an Aztec princess.
C) his coronation as a king among the Aztecs.
D) proselytizing among the Indians as a missionary.
E) conquest of the Aztecs.
Q4) The Bloodless Revolution.
Q5) Define the term enclosure and explain the impact of the enclosure on landlords and peasants.
Q6) Little Spain
Q7) William and Mary
Page 13
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Chapter 10: Intellectual Transformation: the Scientific
Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment
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Q1) Discuss the contributions of Montesquieu to modern political theory.
Q2) Explain how Enlightenment ideas,in breaking with the medieval worldview,had an impact on the modern intellectual perspective.
Q3) That "Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains" was the stirring pronouncement of
A) Rousseau.
B) Frederick II.
C) Diderot.
D) Jefferson.
E) Voltaire.
Q4) Medieval thinkers constructed a coherent picture of the universe that blended the theories of which of the following ancient Greeks?
A) Aristotle and Ptolemy
B) Plato and Socrates
C) Ptolemy and Socrates
D) Aristotle and Socrates
E) Strabo and Galen
Q5) epicycles
Q6) "I think,therefore I am."
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Chapter 11: The Era of the French Revolution: Affirmation of Liberty and Equality
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Q1) émigrés
Q2) Continental System
Q3) Petit peuple
Q4) On a map of Europe,locate the following dependent states of the French Empire: Spain,the Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Naples,the Grand Duchy of Warsaw,and the Confederation of the Rhine.
Q5) "hundred days"
Q6) All of the following created a tremendous burden on the French national treasury except
A) France's aid to the colonists in the American Revolution.
B) the king's gifts and pensions to court nobles.
C) the extravagant court life.
D) the enormous debt incurred during the wars of Louis X1V.
E) taxes created to encourage investments were too high hurting the merchant-class.
Q7) Valmy
Q8) san-culottes
Q9) National Convention
Q10) Louis XVI Page 15
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Chapter 12: The Industrial Revolution: the Transformation of Society
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Q1) spinning jenny
Q2) The Combination Acts made
A) unions illegal.
B) child labor legal.
C) factory hours dependent on municipal laws.
D) education mandatory.
E) women's pay equal.
Q3) The Combination Acts (1799 1800)
Q4) Utopian scientists
Q5) Which of the following inventions introduced flexibility in the location of factories?
A) railroads
B) Hydro-electric power plants
C) water frame spinning
D) The steam engine
E) Wind energy
Q6) Choose either the textile or the iron industry,and explain the nature of major developments influencing the Industrial Revolution in that field.
Q7) The Municipal Corporations Act (1835)
Q8) Richard Arkwright Page 17
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Chapter 13: Thought and Culture in the Early Nineteenth Century
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Q1) Romantics viewed folk culture as
A) a expression of simple people with little to offer the modern world.
B) a collection of superstitions.
C) the deepest expression of national feeling.
D) deceptive and dangerous to nationalist goals.
E) steeped in past knowledge that had been saved by the Enlightenment.
Q2) Conservatism
Q3) Edmund Burke
Q4) For Hegel,the supreme embodiment of Universal Reason in the world was A) the individual.
B) the church.
C) extraordinary individuals like Jesus.
D) the German volk.
E) the state.
Q5) Absolute Spirit
Q6) On a blank map of Europe,mark the point of origin of the following ideas: idealism,romanticism,conservatism and liberalism.
Q7) John Constable
Q8) Explain the connection between romantic thought and the growth of nationalism. Page 19
Q9) Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
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Chapter 14: Surge of Liberalism and Nationalism:
Revolution, counterrevolution, and Unification
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Q1) The term "realpolitik" is best associated with A) conservative diplomats efforts to create a balance of power in Europe.
B) a rejection of idealism.
C) the power of the folk and real people.
D) the return to traditional morals after the French Revolution.
E) a combining of artistic realism and political activism.
Q2) The Revolution of 1848 in France lead to all of the following except
A) abdication of King Louis Philippe.
B) the creation of a new republic in France.
C) expansion of voting rights.
D) the election of Louis Napoleon as President.
E) the demonstrated proof of a new radical population in France.
Q3) Victor Emmanuel
Q4) Metternich refused to support the Greek independence movement because
A) it might introduce Eastern Orthodoxy to Central Europe.
B) Austria alliance with the Ottoman Empire guaranteed their neutrality.
C) he feared it might destroy the balance of power in Europe.
D) Greek nationalist had expressed a desire to spread into Macedonia.
E) Muslim minorities in the empire might become enraged.
Q5) Magyars
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Chapter 15: Thought and Culture in the Mid-Nineteenth
Century: Realism, positivism, darwinism, and Social
Criticism
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Q1) capitalism
Q2) Which of the following statements is INCORRECT in describing the similarities between liberals and Marxists?
A) Both believed in social progress and valued human talents
B) Both called for abandoning old ideas and creating a new harmonious society.
C) Both believed in the goodness and perfection of human nature and that these beliefs were founded on rational thought.
D) Both looked to the Enlightenment for inspiration.
E) Both believed that violence and revolution was necessary to achieve their goals.
Q3) Can you discover similarities in Marxist and liberal thought of the late nineteenth century? Was there a major difference in their approaches?
Q4) Henrik Ibsen's Pillars of Society was a critique of
A) the corrupt Lutheran clergy.
B) conventional marriage.
C) peasant revolts.
D) Swedish rule over Norway.
E) hypocritical bourgeois.
Q5) John Stuart Mill
Page 22
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Chapter 16: Europe in the Late Nineteenth Century:
Modernization, nationalism, imperialism
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Q1) Reform Bill of 1867
Q2) Which of the following describes Bismarck's influence on liberal and democratic elements in Germany?
A) Protestants were persecuted.
B) Socialists gained seats in the national parliament.
C) Unions were ruled legal.
D) Democracy widened all levels of government.
E) Generally, Germans accepted the restrictions as important to the security of the nation.
Q3) Russo-Japanese War
Q4) Revolutionary changes that furthered the growth of industry included the railroad,diesel engines,the assembly and
A) telegraph
B) satellites
C) preliminary computers
D) robotics
E) solar energy.
Q5) Explain what is meant by the Second Industrial Revolution.To what degree was it involved with technological and scientific developments?
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Chapter 17: Modern Consciousness: New Views of Nature, human
Nature, and the Arts
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Q1) Who showed that matter and energy are two different expressions of the same physical entity?
A) Albert Einstein
B) Isaac Newton
C) Max Planck
D) Werner Heisenberg
E) Max Weber
Q2) One may associate ____ with Bergson.
A) science
B) materialism
C) religious mysticism
D) liberal democracy
E) critical thinking
Q3) Freud would have agreed that
A) human nature is naturally good.
B) evil is a product of environmental conditions.
C) people are quite capable of controlling their irrational impulses.
D) one must strive for a utopia for humankind.
E) human nature is not naturally good.
Q4) Friedrich Nietzsche
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Chapter 18: World War I: the West in Despair
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Q1) Greater Serbia
Q2) German nationalists in the late nineteenth century agitated for A) the annexation of Austria.
B) withdrawal from the colonies to focus government funds at home.
C) a larger navy, colonies, and a greater share of world markets.
D) extermination of Jewish and Slavic minorities within the Reich.
E) German friendship with England.
Q3) Explain the reasons that impelled the United States to enter the war.Explain why the United States waited so long to enter the conflict.
Q4) Why were some poets and intellectuals upset that there had been peace for so long? Would you apply those sentiments to contemporary society? Discuss.
Q5) When WWI started,Lenin was living in A) Germany.
B) Switzerland.
C) Russia.
D) United States.
E) France.
Q6) Entente Cordiale
Q7) The Bosnian crisis
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Chapter 19: An Era of Totalitarianism
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Q1) During the Russian Civil War,the White Army
A) received support from foreign governments.
B) was led by Trotsky.
C) was manned and staffed by compulsory military service.
D) murdered the royal family.
E) was supported by the United States to offset expansionist goals of Japan.
Q2) Mass Man
Q3) Marc Chagall
Q4) George Orwell
Q5) How were the totalitarianisms of Italy,Germany,and the Soviet Union different from one another?
Q6) D.H.Lawrence
Q7) Tristan Tzara
Q8) What was the attitude of Italian industrialists and major landowners toward fascism?
A) They viewed it as a major threat to social stability.
B) They claimed to support it but withheld financial support.
C) They tried to ignore it.
D) They provided it with important financial support.
E) They rejected it and organized to oppose it.
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Chapter 20: World War II: Western Civilization in the Balance
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Q1) The Einsatzgruppen
A) massacred Jewish residents on the Eastern Front.
B) led the Panzer units during the Blitzkrieg.
C) investigated resistance fighters operating within France.
D) defeated the Soviet tank groups outside of Stalingrad.
E) spread propaganda in preparation for the invasion of the Soviet Union.
Q2) The Soviet general that defeated the Germany army at the Battle of Stalingrad was
A) Georgi Zhukov
B) Friedrich Paulus
C) Konstantin Rokossovsky
D) Ivan Kosev
E) Alexander Konisov
Q3) Maginot Line
Q4) How did the war change the role of women?
Q5) Munich Conference
Q6) Hiroshima-Nagasaki
Q7) Vichy
Q8) What were the primary reasons for Hitler's string of successes early in the war? Page 27
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Chapter 21: Europe After World War II: Recovery and Realignment, 1945-1989
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Q1) All of the following statements about the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)are true except
A) Its original members included France, West Germany, and Netherlands.
B) It was centered on Ruhr valley.
C) It eventually evolved into the European Economic Community and then the European Community
D) Great Britain and Ireland were the last countries to join.
E) The European Community constituted the world's largest trading bloc.
Q2) François Mitterrand's career involved
A) maintaining the Gaullist tradition.
B) abandoning the Gaullist perspective in government.
C) working with the Green Peace party to end nuclear power in France.
D) leading the opposition party, but not participation in government.
E) opposition to European unity.
Q3) Nikita Khrushchev fell from power
A) while he was on vacation.
B) in the midst of the bungled Cuban Missile Crisis.
C) after he sent troops into Hungary.
D) because he denounced Stalin.
E) while he was visiting the United States.
Page 29
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Chapter 22: The Troubled Present
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Q1) Chechnya
Q2) Is it realistically a possibility to have a pan-Europeanism state? How much do the individual nations have built into their culture and history that might inhibit this?
Q3) When Yeltsin's government referred to "shock therapy," it meant
A) bombarding left wingers who took over the "White House" office building.
B) a vigorous push to private enterprise.
C) condemnation of earlier practices of sending dissidents to mental hospitals.
D) making Russia acknowledge the cruelty that existed under the communist system.
E) the return of private companies to the state.
Q4) What are the current challenges to the enlightenment concepts of reason and rationality?
Q5) Yugoslavia became the most troubled of former Eastern European communist countries because of all of the following EXCEPT
A) It was a multi-ethnic state created after World War One.
B) It became embroiled in a war with Czechoslovakia.
C) NATO forced its military occupation in the area.
D) Russia attempted to destroy any attempt at independence.
E) The area was a division of Muslims, Catholics, Jews, and Orthodox
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