Introduction to Western History
Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Western History provides a comprehensive overview of the major events, movements, and figures that have shaped the development of Western civilization from ancient times to the modern era. The course explores key themes such as the emergence of democracy in Greece, the rise and fall of the Roman Empire, the influence of Christianity, the transformative periods of the Renaissance and Enlightenment, and significant political, economic, and social changes in Europe and the Americas. Through the examination of primary sources and historical scholarship, students will develop a deeper understanding of the forces that have influenced contemporary Western society.
Recommended Textbook Western Civilization 8th Edition by Jackson J. Spielvogel
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Page 2
Chapter 1: the Ancient Near East: the First Civilizations
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Q1) Sumerian kings derived their authority from
A) the will of the people.
B) the parliamentary councils of the city-states.
C) success in athletic tournaments.
D) the gods.
E) their military victories over the "barbarians".
Answer: D
Q2) Mesopotamia is located in the valley of the
A) Indus River
B) Danube River
C) Tigris and Euphrates rivers
D) Nile River
E) Po River
Answer: C
Q3) Homo erectus
Answer: Not answer
Q4) Neanderthals
Answer: Not answer
Q5) polytheism
Answer: Not answer
Page 3
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Chapter 2: the Ancient Near East: Peoples and Empires
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Q1) The tradition of the Hebrews states that they were descendants of the patriarch ____ who had migrated from Mesopotamia to the land of Palestine.
A) Adam
B) Noah.
C) Abraham.
D) Moses.
E) David.
Answer: C
Q2) The principal economic basis of Assyrian society was
A) heavily irrigation-based farming.
B) agriculture based on farming villages.
C) international trade.
D) sea-based commerce.
E) manufacturing of luxury items.
Answer: B
Q3) Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Persian Empire, was a member of the Achaemenid dynasty.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: the Civilization of the Greeks
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Q1) Which Greek philosopher said, with regard to the polis, "We must rather regard every citizen as belonging to the state"?
A) Socrates.
B) Plato.
C) Aristotle.
D) Xenophanes.
E) Pythagoras.
Answer: C
Q2) Homer's Iliad and Odyssey
Answer: Homer's Iliad and Odyssey are two of the most famous epic poems in Western literature. The Iliad tells the story of the Trojan War, focusing on the hero Achilles and his anger towards King Agamemnon. The poem explores themes of honor, glory, and the destructive nature of war. The Odyssey, on the other hand, follows the journey of the hero Odysseus as he tries to return home after the war. Along the way, he faces numerous challenges and obstacles, including the Cyclops, the Sirens, and the wrath of the sea god Poseidon. Both poems are considered foundational texts in the Western literary tradition and have had a profound influence on subsequent works of literature and art.
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Chapter 4: the Hellenistic World
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Q1) Outside of Judea, the vast majority of Diaspora Jews completely assimilated themselves into Hellenistic society, becoming participating citizens in the various urban activities.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following was not one of Philip II's military reforms?
A) He abandoned the phalanx formation as too ineffective and inefficient.
B) He made use of cavalry contingents in breaking the opposing line of battle.
C) His warriors used a longer thrusting spear, double that of the Greek hoplite.
D) Made use of engineers who designed catapults to destroy enemy fortifications.
E) His infantrymen carried smaller shields and shorter swords than Greek hoplites.
Q3) Who was credited with having been the first to separate medicine from philosophy?
A) Hippocrates.
B) Euclid.
C) Aristotle.
D) Herophilus.
E) Erasistratus.
Q4) Battles of the Granicus River and Issus
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Chapter 5: the Roman Republic
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Q1) The head of the Roman religious observances was
A) a caesar.
B) the vestal virgins.
C) the tribunate.
D) a consul.
E) the pontifex maximus.
Q2) Roman Senate
Q3) imperium
Q4) The college of augurs existed to
A) keep wine used in religious ceremonies pure.
B) keep the Roman supply of water fresh and available.
C) interpret auspices signs sent to humans by the gods.
D) keep track of the official system of weights and measures.
E) provide assurance that Roman architecture was aligned with religious precepts.
Q5) paterfamilias
Q6) Marius
Q7) Jupiter Optimus Maximus
Q8) It has been said that Roman culture was not very original, only a copy of the Greek. Prove or disprove this idea.
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Chapter 6: the Roman Empire
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Q1) "the year of the four emperors"
Q2) maius imperium
Q3) During the Early Empire (14-180 A.D.), the Roman army
A) was increased to 400,000 men.
B) was dominated by only Italian legionaries.
C) was successful in invading Gaul.
D) became corrupt due to nepotism.
E) became mostly made up of German soldiers, although Romans remained the officers.
Q4) The "good emperor" Marcus Aurelius was regarded as a philosopher king deeply influenced by the principles of
A) Epicurianism.
B) Stoicism.
C) Platonism.
D) Christianity.
E) Zoroastrianism.
Q5) paterfamilias
Q6) Augustus
Q7) Ulpian
Q8) Colosseum and the baths of Caracalla
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Chapter 7: late Antiquity and the Emergence of the Medieval World
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Q1) The Petrine Doctrine
A) was the belief that the bishops of Rome held a preeminent position in the church.
B) was developed at the Council of Nicaea.
C) declared heresy to be the main problem of the church.
D) declared deacons to have the same spiritual powers as bishops.
E) was the theory that placed the Patriarch of Constantinople as head of the Church.
Q2) Romulus Augustulus
Q3) Justinian
Q4) St. Patrick
Q5) Augustine wrote which one of the following books?
A) Gospel of Truth.
B) Consolation of Philosophy.
C) Meditations.
D) The City of God.
E) Latin Vulgate Bible.
Q6) Venerable Bede
Q7) Odoacer
Q8) Edict of Milan
Page 9
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Q1) In 987, the Western Frankish nobility met and elected ____ as their king, contributing to the formation of a new dynasty to rule France for centuries.
A) Louis the Pious
B) Hugh of Orleans
C) Hugh Capet
D) Charles of Navarre
E) Philip of Valois
Q2) The lord-vassal relationship in the Germanic practice of medieval Europe
A) marked a complete separation from the German traditions of lordship and loyalty.
B) meant fiefs could never become hereditary.
C) was a direct form of servitude.
D) was an honorable relationship between free men.
E) was a relationship between warriors and peasants.
Q3) The coronation of Charlemagne in 800 as emperor of the Romans
A) was performed by Pope Zacharias I.
B) was defended by the Donation of Constantine.
C) symbolized the fusion of Roman, Germanic, and Christian cultures.
D) greatly pleased the new emperor who had long coveted this office.
E) was approved beforehand by the Byzantine Emperor.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: the Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High Middle Ages
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Q1) What burdens did medieval female aristocrats have to confront and what freedoms did they enjoy?
Q2) Peter Abelard and Heloise
Q3) The windmill and the watermill were the most important methods for the harnessing of power before the invention of the coal-driven steam engine of the eighteenth century. A)True
B)False
Q4) The basic staple of the peasant diet was A) potatoes.
B) rice.
C) pork.
D) beef.
E) bread.
Q5) One consequence of the new agriculture of the Early Middle Ages was A) the destruction of the forests.
B) the contamination of the water supply.
C) increased dependence of serfs on their lords.
D) increased famine.
E) polluted water systems.
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Chapter 10: the Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church
Power
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Q1) William and the Norman Conquest
Q2) Philip IV the Fair
Q3) Hildegard of Bingen
Q4) By the thirteenth century, a previous acceptance of homosexuality by church and society had been replaced by Christian persecution of homosexuals due to all of the following except
A) the writings of Thomas Aquinas.
B) a rising tide of intolerance in Europe.
C) the identification of homosexuals with other detested minority groups in society.
D) papal decrees which had harshly condemned the lifestyle since the Early Middle Ages and had overtly tried to stamp it out for centuries.
E) none of the above
Q5) Fourth Crusade
Q6) When Acre was captured by Islamic forces in 1291, the western crusaders' presence in the Middle East came to an end after an approximate two hundred years of occupation.
A)True
B)False
Page 12
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Chapter 11: the Later Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in
the Fourteenth Century
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Q1) Statute of Laborers
Q2) Meister Eckhart
A) challenged the works of Thomas Aquinas in public disputations.
B) was a mystic who claimed that one could achieve a union of the soul with God.
C) was a noted leader of the flagellants who turned to persecution of the Jews.
D) led the reform of the Franciscan order in Germany.
E) rejected the leadership of the pope and was burnt at the stake.
Q3) the Battle of Crecy
Q4) France's "first woman of letters" was
A) Pope Joan.
B) Joan of Arc.
C) Heloise.
D) Christine de Pizan
E) Simone de Beauvoir.
Q5) The bubonic plague never actually arrived in Europe, but is rather the perpetuation of a medieval myth taken too literally.
A)True
B)False
Q6) pogroms
Q7) Francisco Traini's The Triumph of Death Page 13
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Chapter 12: recovery and Rebirth: the Age of the Renaissance
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Q1) What were the new ideologies in the Renaissance the possibly weakened the primacy of religion? Of the Catholic Church?
Q2) The liberal education taught by Vittorino da Feltre
A) contained as its primary goal the creation of well-rounded, virtuous and ethical citizens.
B) was for all segments of society, rich and poor.
C) advocated concentration on science and research, not rhetoric and verbal skills.
D) almost entirely excluded Christian teachings.
E) was designed to achieve political success as the paramount goal of an educated man.
Q3) "liberal studies"
Q4) Who said, ''Christ is my God; Cicero is the prince of the language.''
A) Savanarola.
B) Leonardo da Vinci.
C) Petrarch.
D) Dante.
E) Boccaccio.
Q5) Peace of Lodi and balance of power
Q6) Raphael
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Chapter 13: reformation and Religious Warfare in the
Sixteenth Century
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Q1) How did the English Reformation differ from the reformation in other countries? Be sure to mention specific monarchs and acts of Parliament.
Q2) Luther's ideas were most readily accepted in A) England.
B) France.
C) Italy.
D) Spain.
E) Scandinavia.
Q3) Geneva
Q4) The northern Christian humanists
A) felt pessimistic about the future of humanity.
B) were sophisticated and realistic in their expectations.
C) totally rejected the primacy of the Catholic Church.
D) doubted that education could solve the world's problems.
E) championed the study of classical and early Christian texts to reform the Catholic Church.
Q5) Ninety-Five Theses
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Q6) Did matters of faith or matters of politics play a greater role in the establishment of Lutheranism in Germany and Scandinavia?
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Q1) The major European disease that resulted in high rates of mortality among the natives of the New World was
A) syphilis.
B) yellow fever.
C) smallpox.
D) scurvy.
E) avian flu.
Q2) encomienda
Q3) Marco Polo did not travel to the court of Khubilai Khan.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Prince Henry the Navigator
Q5) Why did the slave trade come to rely on the peoples of West Africa, and with what consequences for all parties involved?
Q6) the viceroy and audiencias
Q7) Vasco da Gama and Calicut
Page 17
Q8) What accounted for the long-term failure of Native-Americans to stave off European encroachments?
Q9) Afonso de Albuquerque
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Chapter 15: state Building and the Search for Order in the
Seventeenth Century
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Q1) Which of the following statements best applies to Peter the Great of Russia?
A) His program of Europeanization was predominantly technical and aimed at modernizing the military.
B) His respect for western governments led to increased powers for the Duma.
C) His traditional, conservative attitude stripped away all previous social gains for women.
D) His desire to teach Russians western customs could not be enforced among the old-fashioned nobles.
E) He rejected Westernization in favor of Orthodoxy.
Q2) Versailles
Q3) Jacques Boussuet's Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture
A) rejected as ungodly Louis XIV's system of absolute rule.
B) was the fundamental statement of seventeenth-century divine right monarchy.
C) stressed that a limited monarchy with representative bodies was the most divine form of human government.
D) claimed that a king's authority and power were revocable under the law of God.
E) justified a "holy republic".
Q4) Louis XIV
Page 19
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Q1) Blaise Pascal
Q2) querelles des femmes
Q3) Galen
Q4) The scientific societies of early modern Europe established the first
A) fund-raising events for medical research.
B) scientific journals appearing regularly.
C) code of ethics for experimentation on humans and animals.
D) college departments for scientific study.
E) international European institutions for the study of all branches of science and mathematics.
Q5) Galileo Galilei
Q6) What did Paracelsus, Vesalius, and Harvey contribute to a scientific view of medicine? Be specific and give examples.
Q7) four bodily humors
Q8) Tycho Brahe contributed to the advance of astronomy by
A) working out the theory of inertia.
Page 20
B) making accurate observations of the planets.
C) calculating the pull of gravity on the tides by the moon.
D) calculating the distance to the sun.
E) inventing the astrolabe.
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Chapter 17: the Eighteenth Century: an Age of Enlightenment
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Q1) Voltaire's Treatise on Toleration
Q2) In eighteenth-century Europe, churches, both Catholic and Protestant,
A) declined in numbers and influence.
B) still played a major role in social and spiritual areas.
C) was responsible for the dramatic role in literary.
D) had not changed much in two centuries.
E) were legally separated from any state or government connections.
Q3) Pogroms were
A) parties held to celebrate the amity between Jews and Christians.
B) instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities.
C) special Jewish holidays practiced only by Sephardim.
D) special Jewish holidays practiced only by Ashkenazim.
E) a sugary delicacy served at the capital in Vienna.
Q4) Define "high culture." In what ways was high culture expressed in the eighteenth century?
Q5) laissez-faire
Q6) Essay Concerning Human Understanding
Q7) Rococo
Q8) reason Page 22
Q9) Condorcet and Baron d'Holbach
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Chapter 18: the Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change
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Q1) The 2006 movie Marie Antoinette was directed by
A) the Coen Brothers.
B) Sofia Coppola.
C) Francis Ford Coppola.
D) Lisa Azuelos.
E) Juliet Berto.
Q2) Marie Antoinette
Q3) serfs
Q4) Of the great powers, only Great Britain had no regular standing army, often relying upon German mercenaries to fight their battles.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Labeled as "one of the most enlightened monarchs of his age" and among the most successful in wresting power away from the nobility was
A) Charles III of Spain.
B) Joseph II of Austria.
C) Gustavus III of Sweden.
D) Frederick William I of Prussia.
E) George III of Great Britain.
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Chapter 19: a Revolution in Politics: the Era of the French
Revolution and Napoleon
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Q1) The cahiers de doléances called for
A) abolishing the fiscal privileges of the church and nobility.
B) the abolition of the Estates-General.
C) the royal execution of all rebels in France.
D) universal voting privileges for all French people.
E) the beheading of Louis XVI.
Q2) During the era of the Directory, the economic regulations and controls adopted by the Committee of Public Safety were dropped in favor of more laissez-faire policies.
A)True
B)False
Q3) July 4, 1776
Q4) Napoleon's Continental System tried to defeat the British by A) a massive invasion of Britain.
B) preventing British trade.
C) causing political unrest in Britain.
D) attacking the British colonies in North America.
E) isolating India from Britain.
Q5) vote by order or by head?
Q6) Abbé Sieyès
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Chapter 20: the Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society
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Q1) Discus the impact of the early Industrial Revolution upon the family, the role of women, and the living and working conditions of the industrial workers?
Q2) Chartism and the People's Charter
Q3) One of the differences between British and Continental industrialization was that
A) government played a larger role in British industrialization.
B) Britain relied upon railroads while Continental nations primarily made use of rivers and canals.
C) government played a larger role in Continental industrialization.
D) Continental industrialization relied more upon textile manufacturing than did Britain.
E) none of the above
Q4) Compared to Britain, American industrialization was a capital-intensive endeavor because
A) Britain had more unskilled laborers.
B) there was a skilled labor surplus in the U.S.
C) there was a skilled labor surplus in Britain.
D) there was a larger pool of unskilled laborers in the U.S.
E) there was a labor surplus in the U.S.
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Chapter 21: reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism,
1815-1850
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Q1) the Decembrist Revolt
Q2) revolutions of 1848
Q3) Marxism is generally considered to be a utopian socialism because it envisioned the complete abolition of private property and the eventual withering away of all the institutions of society, from governments to religious organizations.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following statements best applies to Thomas Macaulay's thoughts on reform in Britain?
A) He opposed giving political concessions to the middle class.
B) He was convinced that reforms were largely unnecessary due to Britain's democratic heritage.
C) He supported reforms as a means of preventing more radical revolutionary movements.
D) He was afraid reforms would cause the collapse of the current Parliament and the political domination of the landed elite.
E) He adamantly opposed any and all political and social reforms.
Q5) Burschenschaften
Q6) Latin America revolts
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Chapter 22: an Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850-1871
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Q1) zemstvos
Q2) Auguste Comte and "positive knowledge"
Q3) Crimean War
Q4) Michael Faraday
Q5) "survival of the fit"
Q6) Charles Dickens
Q7) What were Marx's enduring insights?
Q8) Karl Marx embraced the German philosopher Hegel's idea of the dialectic, meaning
A) all change in history is the result of clashes between directly antagonistic elements.
B) no real changes in society can occur before industrialization.
C) dictatorship is the central political force in all history.
D) political diatribes are the highest form of intellectual thought.
E) there is a world soul, which alternates between democracy and dictatorship.
Q9) Compare and contrast slavery in the United States with the serfdom in Imperial Russia, the abolition of both, and the resulting aftermath.
Q10) Mexico and Emperor Maximilian
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Q11) What was Napoleon III's most positive and most negative legacies to France's future, and why?
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Chapter 23: mass Society in an "Age of Progress," 1871-1894
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Q1) Which of the following was a major development in British politics before 1914?
A) the continual growth of political democracy
B) the peaceful and successful settlement of the "Irish question"
C) the transformation of the Fabians into the Conservatives
D) the reduction of the power of the House of Commons
E) the strengthening of the monarchy after the death of Queen Victoria
Q2) An issue that brought socialists together in the nineteenth century was
A) nationalism.
B) revisionism.
C) the need for military action.
D) the desire to improve working and living conditions for most workers.
E) a fear that Marxism would submerge the socialist alternatives.
Q3) Although the German Reichstag was elected on the basis of universal male suffrage, it had little power because government ministers were responsible to the emperor rather than the parliament.
A)True
B)False
Q4) May Day
Q5) France's Third Republic
Q6) William II
Page 29
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Q1) In Foundations of the Nineteenth Century (1899), Houston Stewart Chamberlain predicted that Germany was destined to
A) lead the world in high-tech manufacturing.
B) lead the Aryan race to the conquest of Europe. C) be the European leader in music and the arts.
D) generate the next great world religion.
E) failure if they did not accept Jews as the originators of Western civilization.
Q2) Triple Entente
Q3) Social Darwinists such as Herbert Spencer argued that to ensure the survival of the fittest, the state should abandon laissez-faire and intervene to fix and preserve existing economic and social societal relationships.
A)True
B)False
Q4) By the early twentieth century, British liberalism had abandoned laissez-faire in favor of governmental activism and social reform.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis
Page 30
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Chapter 25: the Beginning of the Twentieth-century Crisis: War and Revolution
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Q1) the "April Theses"
Q2) "dictated peace"
Q3) the Lusitania
Q4) Which of the following statements best applies to Nicholas II's tsarist regime?
A) Rasputin, an alleged holy man, ran a very efficient government.
B) Alexandra, Nicholas' wife, kept him isolated from the reality of domestic disturbances.
C) It was patriotically supported by ordinary Russians throughout the war.
D) Many reforms were made to keep the peasants content.
E) Nicholas II was a brilliant and charismatic leader who was betrayed by his military advisors.
Q5) Write a brief history of the Russian Revolution by discussing the following questions: What caused the Russian Revolution? How did Lenin and the Bolsheviks manage to seize and hold power despite their small numbers? How did the Bolsheviks secure their power during the civil war?
Q6) League of Nations' mandates
Q7) How did wartime governments maintain public order and mobilize public opinion during the course of the war? Compare these actions with those taken by governments in previous wars.
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Chapter 26: the Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between
the Wars, 1919-1939
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Q1) Following Germany's failure to pay its war reparations, France occupied Germany's Ruhr valley, resulting in
A) a policy of passive resistance by the German government and German resort to printing money to pay war debts.
B) an alliance concluded between Germany and Russia.
C) the election of Raymond Poincaré's French government in 1924.
D) an increase in the size of the German military.
E) Germany's decision to leave the League of Nations.
Q2) "wireless" and the BBC
Q3) collective farms
Q4) squadristi
Q5) The settlement in 1925 by which Germany agreed to accept its border with France was known as the
A) Berne Protocol.
B) Treaty of Versailles.
C) Rapollo Agreement.
D) Geneva Accord.
E) Treaty of Locarno.
Q6) Louis H. Sullivan and the Chicago School
Q7) James Joyce's Ulysses and Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway Page 32
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Chapter 27: the Deepening of the European Crisis: World War Ii
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Q1) Arthur Harris
Q2) The official reason for dropping atomic bombs on Japan was
A) to punish Japan for Pearl Harbor.
B) to test out the new weapon to see how powerful it was.
C) a shortage of conventional explosive materials in the United States.
D) to save the hundreds of thousands of American lives it was calculated that a U.S.-led invasion of Japan would cost.
E) to force the Japanese emperor to give up his claims to divinity and to abdicate.
Q3) In Asia, the turning point in World War II was the Battle of Midway.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Allied bombing raids on German civilians
A) contrary to expectations, produced stubborn resistance from the German people.
B) destroyed the average German's will to fight.
C) were only done to retaliate for German bombing.
D) occurred mostly by accident when bombing strategic targets.
E) never occurred.
Q5) Blitzkrieg
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Chapter 28: cold War and a New Western World, 1945-1965
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Sample Questions
Q1) World War II not only devastated the countries, cities, peoples, and cultures of Europe, but also destroyed
A) American commitment to globalism in foreign policy.
B) European supremacy in world affairs.
C) any commitment of old and new nations around the globe to supranational bodies of diplomacy and conflict resolution.
D) the capacity of western European nations to forge lasting economic and cultural ties in the post-war world.
E) the trans-Atlantic partnership.
Q2) The first chancellor and "founding hero" of the West German Federal Republic was
A) Helmut Kohl.
B) Helmut Schmidt.
C) Willy Brandt.
D) Konrad Adenauer.
E) Walter Ulbricht.
Q3) Stalinization and deStalinization
Q4) Compare and contrast the political, social, and economic histories of Eastern Europe and Western Europe in the Post-War decades.
Q5) Vietnam War
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Chapter 29: protest and Stagnation: the Western World, 1965-1985
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Sample Questions
Q1) France's Francois Mitterrand
Q2) In the early 1970s the European Community expanded with Great Britain, Ireland, and Denmark becoming member states.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What might be called the zenith of European economic growth was from
A) 1789 to 1815.
B) 1851 to 1914.
C) 1921 to 1929.
D) 1945 to 1965.
E) 1973 to 1985.
Q4) Were the ongoing processes of globalization doing more to benefit the interests of the few or of the many? Be sure to sift through the chapter to provide evidence for your answer.
Q5) All of the following occurred in Great Britain under Margaret Thatcher except A) a popular victory against Argentina in the Falklands War. B) improved industrial production in the Midlands.
C) serious cutbacks in education.
D) large military buildup and hard-line approach against Communism.
E) the weakening of the political left of the Labour Party.
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Chapter 30: after the Fall: the Western World in a Global Age (Since
1985)
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129 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ronald Reagan and the Cold War
Q2) Is the world facing a "clash of civilizations" in the near future? Why and or why not?
Q3) The leader of Czechoslovakia in 1990 who replaced the Communist government was the former dissident writer and philosopher
A) Kádár.
B) Husák.
C) Dubcek.
D) Havel.
E) Dubrovnik.
Q4) An example of nationalist terrorism is the
A) Baader-Meinhof gang in Germany.
B) IRA in Northern Ireland.
C) New Order in Italy.
D) Charles Martel Club in France.
E) Al-Qaeda in the Middle East.
Q5) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Q6) the Gulf War/Persian Gulf War
Q7) Vaclav Havel
Q8) Czech Republic and Slovakia
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