Introduction to Western History
Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Western History offers a comprehensive overview of the major events, ideas, cultures, and figures that have shaped Western civilization from antiquity to the modern era. The course covers significant periods such as Ancient Greece and Rome, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the Enlightenment, the Industrial Revolution, and the contemporary Western world. Emphasizing social, political, economic, and cultural developments, students will explore how historical forces have influenced the trajectory of Western societies, the formation of modern states, and global interconnections. Through critical analysis of primary and secondary sources, students will gain a deeper understanding of the complexities and legacies of Western history.
Recommended Textbook
Western Civilization 10th Edition by Jackson J. Spielvogel
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Chapter 1: The Ancient Near East: The First Civilizations
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT true of Egyptian art?
A)It was largely individually expressive, illustrated by many identifiable artists.
B)It was primarily functional and not intended to add beauty.
C)It was highly stylized.
D)It followed strict formulas governing form and presentation.
E)It often glorified the pharaohs.
Answer: A
Q2) The Sumerians
A)defeated the Hittites in 2600 B.C.E.
B)were plagued by incessant warfare between their many city-states.
C)had a complicated religion with a sophisticated belief in life after death.
D)were warriors who instituted totalitarian government.
E)built damns and irrigation canals along the Indus River.
Answer: B
Q3) The term Indo-European refers to people whose language derived from a single parent tongue.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: The Ancient Near East: Peoples and Empires
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Q1) Zoroastrianism emphasized
A)a struggle between good and evil.
B)the eventual triumph of evil over good.
C)the inability of humans to choose between right and wrong.
D)the impossibility of an afterlife for the human soul.
E)All of these are correct.
Answer: A
Q2) The weakening of the Persian Empire was largely attributed to
A)a corrupt system of satraps that was never closely monitored by the king.
B)the constant erosion and diminishment of its standing army.
C)the kings' hoarding of wealth and over-taxation of their subjects.
D)a lack of communication due to its vast size.
E)earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
Answer: C
Q3) The Greeks and the Romans, Indo-European speakers, derived their alphabet from the Semitic-speaking Phoenicians.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: The Civilization of the Greeks
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Q1) The Greek dramatist who was a realist and known for his portrayal of realistic characters in real life situations was
A)Aeschylus.
B)Hesiod.
C)Aristophanes.
D)Sophocles.
E)Euripides.
Answer: E
Q2) The establishment of the hoplite military system based upon the phalanx formation was entirely a military phenomenon, having no impact on the political or social life of the Greek city-state.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The first of the great writers of tragedy whose plays survived was Aeschylus.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: The Hellenistic World
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Q1) Slavery was viewed as abnormal throughout the Hellenistic world.
A)True
B)False
Q2) All of the following are true about the cult of Isis EXCEPT
A)it originated in the eastern Persian empire, an outgrowth of Zoroastrianism.
B)it was one of the most popular of the mystery religions.
C)she was associated with the giver of laws and letters to humankind.
D)her cult promised an eternal life.
E)she supposedly invented the marriage contract between husband and wife.
Q3) Hellenistic sculpture
A)never portrayed human figures.
B)was influenced by Egyptian standardized forms.
C)followed the idealism of fifth century Greek classicism.
D)abandoned the Greek practice of sculpting female nude figures.
E)was more emotional and realistic than classical Greek sculpture.
Q4) After the death of Alexander the Great, his lead general, Ptolemy, ruled for fifteen years in Alexander's name from Bactria to Macedonia.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Did women's lives improve during the Hellenistic Era? Why or why not?
Page 6
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Chapter 5: The Roman Republic
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Q1) As a result of the First Punic War
A)the Carthaginians were forced to withdraw from Spain.
B)the Carthaginians were forced to withdraw from Sicily and pay an indemnity to Rome.
C)Sicily gained its independence from both Rome and Carthage.
D)Rome was forced to relinquish its Mediterranean claims.
E)Pyrrhus invaded Italy.
Q2) At the Battle of Cannae the Romans
A)suffered a devastating defeat by Hannibal.
B)defeated the army of Hannibal.
C)won a great naval victory, giving them control of the Straits of Messana.
D)retreated to the walls of Sagantum.
E)captured and sacked the city of Carthage.
Q3) The Second Punic War saw Carthage
A)try to force a naval war in the Mediterranean as a precursor to invasion of Italy.
B)precipitate the war by encroaching on Roman Gaul.
C)enlist the forces of its Mongol allies.
D)capture and sack the city of Rome.
E)carry a land war to Rome by crossing the Alps.
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Chapter 6: The Roman Empire
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Q1) In the face of overpopulation throughout the empire, Augustus discouraged the growth of large families.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the statements BEST describes the Julio-Claudian emperors?
A)They were all competent rulers.
B)They varied in ability and effectiveness.
C)They were responsible for a tremendous amount of social legislation.
D)They undid all the military reforms of Augustus.
E)They were all completely incompetent.
Q3) Christianity spread very slowly and remained a minority religion in the Roman Empire by the end of the first century C.E.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Augustus added more territory to the Roman Empire than any other single Roman in its history.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Late Antiquity and the Emergence of the Medieval World
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Q1) The successors to Muhammad's leadership of the Muslims were known as A)Bedouins.
B)caliphs.
C)sultans.
D)popes.
E)prophets.
Q2) The "Apostle to the Germans" and the most famous churchman in Europe in the eighth century was
A)Gregory the Great.
B)Augustine.
C)Jerome.
D)Benedict.
E)Boniface.
Q3) The founder of the Frankish kingdom and the first royal Frankish defender of the Catholic faith was
A)Merovic.
B)Conan.
C)Hagar.
D)Clovis.
E)Charles Martel.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: European Civilization in the Early Middle Ages, 750-1000
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Q1) Of what significance was the Carolingian intellectual renaissance to western European civilization?
Q2) Which of the following is NOT an accurate characteristic of Islamic civilization in the eighth and ninth centuries?
A)The Arabs were heirs to the Greco-Roman culture of the Roman Empire.
B)Men and women were equally dominant in Muslim society.
C)The Muslims created a brilliant urban culture.
D)Arabic became a truly international tongue.
E)Muslims employed unique decorative art because their religion prohibited the making of graven images.
Q3) Does the phrase "Middle Ages" overlook that which was unique about this phase of Western Civilization, treating these centuries only as an interlude between other times of greater significance and originality?
Q4) When Hugh Capet became king of France, he immediately consolidated and centralized his rule by quickly bringing under his firm control the previously powerful semi-independent lords.
A)True
B)False
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Q5) How did Viking raids and settlements impact the development of medieval Europe?
Chapter 9: The Recovery and Growth of European Society
in the High Middle Ages
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Q1) Because of the revival of cities and trade, by the thirteenth century Medieval Europe was largely an urban society.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The first fully Gothic church was the abbey church of Saint-Denis outside of Paris, under the leadership of Abbot Suger in the mid-twelfth century.
A)True
B)False
Q3) One of the most famous representatives of the enforced subordination and assumed inferiority of women in the Middle Ages was Eleanor of Aquitaine, who was born into the aristocracy but forced to spend her entire adult life in a rural nunnery.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Chrétien de Troyes was a pioneer at composing chansons de geste.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Do you agree with the statement, "The Gothic cathedral was the supreme accomplishment of the High Middle Ages world"? Why or why not?
Page 11
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Chapter 10: The Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church Power
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Q1) Feudalism in England under William I differed from feudalism in most other countries in that
A)he deemphasized the role of knights.
B)he required all subvassals to swear allegiance to him.
C)homage was eliminated.
D)fiefs were drastically reduced in size.
E)manors were awarded only to members of William's own family.
Q2) Compare and contrast the political developments in France and England with those in the Holy Roman Empire and Italy between 1000 and 1300.What circumstances explain the differences?
Q3) William of Normandy and the Norman Conquest
Q4) The power of the Capetian monarchy was strengthened by the emergence of A)a council for advice.
B)a chamber of accounts for finances.
C)the Parlement.
D)the Estates-General.
E)All of these are correct.
Q5) The papacy underwent dramatic reforms and modifications in medieval times.How did this institution change during this period? What powers did it gain? What powers or influence did it lose?
Page 12
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Chapter 11: The Later Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the Fourteenth Century
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Q1) Evaluate the social, military, economic, and political consequences of the introduction and use of cannons and gunpowder.
Q2) Politically, Italy and Germany were similar in the fourteenth century because
A)the plague had equally devastated both regions.
B)both regions failed to develop a centralized monarchical state.
C)local nobles and town governments lost much influence over reigning kings.
D)mercenary captains usurped royal authority and ruled violently.
E)both had begun to develop industrial economies.
Q3) The artist Giotto
A)acquired his painting skills in Paris.
B)completed his most famous works while visiting Venice and Constantinople.
C)is considered to represent the perfection of traditional medieval art.
D)painted abstract sacred figures to emphasize the inability of humans to comprehend the divine.
E)created works displaying a new kind of realism.
Q4) All medical books, even after the impact of the Black Death, continued to be written in Latin, and all were highly theoretical rather than being practical.
A)True
B)False
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Recovery and Rebirth: the Age of the Renaissance
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Q1) All of the following monarchs were successful in continuing the centralization of their "new monarchies" EXCEPT
A)Maximilian I of the Holy Roman Empire.
B)Henry VII of England.
C)Ferdinand of Aragon in Spain.
D)Louis XI the Spider of France.
E)Isabella of Castile.
Q2) During the Middle Ages, artists were viewed simply as artisans, bound to guild and patron, but by the sixteenth century, some artists were perceived as artistic geniuses and were accepted into the upper classes.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How did the artistic Renaissance differ in Italy and northern Europe?
Q4) Which of the following is NOT true of Northern Renaissance artists?
A)They had less mastery of the laws of perspective than many Italian painters.
B)The most influential artist was Jan van Eyck.
C)There was an emphasis on illuminated manuscripts and wooden panel painting.
D)They valued the secular human form as the primary subject of painting.
E)They never portrayed the human body.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Reformation and Religious Warfare in the
Sixteenth Century
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Q1) Calvin believed that salvation might be indicated by
A)a secret profession of faith.
B)a decent and godly life.
C)participation in the seven sacraments of the medieval church.
D)worldly success.
E)material wealth.
Q2) During the 1540s the turning point in the direction of the Catholic Reformation was exemplified by
A)Pope Paul III, who proved to be an ultra-conservative in refusing possible changes within the church.
B)the Roman Inquisition and the creation of the Index of Forbidden Books.
C)the Council of Trent, which invited Protestants to discuss their doctrines.
D)the pontificate of Paul IV, a moderate pope who proposed to adjudicate all Catholic-Protestant disputes.
E)the recognition that the Jesuits would serve as the ultimate authority in the Catholic Church.
Q3) What role did politics play in the expansion of Lutheranism in Germany and Scandinavia?
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1500-1800
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Q1) Jesuit missionaries had their greatest and most enduring success in the conversion of Japan to Christianity.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In what ways did European expansion and commercialism alter the socioeconomic hierarchy, and how did they challenge older values and structures of authority? Did those alterations impact all of Europe in the same way?
Q3) The development of a Portuguese maritime empire encompassing Malacca and the Malay Peninsula was achieved, in part, through
A)ruthless and murderous attacks on Arab settlers in the region.
B)the negotiation of four commercial treaties with Arab traders.
C)the use of African warriors to defeat the local residents.
D)massive bribery to local Arab overlords.
E)peaceful diplomacy between Portuguese and Arab ambassadors.
Q4) What correlation is there between overseas expansion and economic, social, and political development in Europe?
Q5) How and why did Portugal and Spain acquire overseas empires? Compare and contrast their motivations and methods for exploration and expansion.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: State Building and the Search for Order in the
Seventeenth Century
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Q1) The "sleeping giant" of Eastern Europe in the first half of the seventeenth century was A)Russia.
B)Austria.
C)Poland.
D)Greece.
E)the Ottoman Empire.
Q2) Compare and contrast the reigns of Frederick William of Brandenburg-Prussia and Peter the Great of Russia.How are their policies similar? How are they different?
Q3) The Habsburg emperor was A)archduke of Austria.
B)king of Bohemia.
C)king of Hungary.
D)Holy Roman Emperor.
E)All of these are correct.
Q4) What ideas and practices caused conflict between king and Parliament in seventeenth-century England that culminated in civil war? What role did religion play in shaping politics and society during the 1640s and 1650s?
Q5) Why were women the prevalent victims of Europe's witch craze?
Page 17
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Chapter
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Q1) Compare and contrast the methods used by Bacon and Descartes.Would Pascal agree with the methods and interests of these men? Why or why not?
Q2) Science became an integral part of Western culture in the eighteenth century because
A)people perceived it to be rationally superior to other belief systems.
B)its mechanistic nature was popular with the lower classes.
C)the victory of radical political groups throughout Europe encouraged freedom of expression.
D)it offered a new means to make profits and maintain social order.
E)it allowed an alternative religious belief system to that of Christianity.
Q3) Copernicus's major book was titled
A)On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.
B)Novum Organum.
C)Principia.
D)On the Motion of the Heart and Blood.
E)The Great Instauration.
Q4) What were the contributions of Isaac Newton to a new vision of the universe? Does he deserve to be considered the most significant figure from the Scientific Revolution? Why or why not?
Page 18
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Chapter 17: The Eighteenth Century: An Age of Enlightenment
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Q1) "Pietism" refers to an emphasis on the mystical experience of God as a conduit of faith.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Compare and contrast the contributions of the French philosophes and Britain's Enlightenment figures.How do they differ, if they do, and why?
Q3) What was the role of the institutional church in the eighteenth century? What relationship did established churches have with European states, and what roles did they play in European society?
Q4) John Locke influenced the eighteenth-century Enlightenment through his theory of knowledge and his concept of the tabula rasa.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Rousseau, whose novel Émile emphasized the heart and sentiment, served as a precursor of the Romantic movement of the early nineteenth century.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What ideas and values defined the Enlightenment?
Page 19
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Chapter 18: The Eighteenth Century: European States, International
Wars, and Social Change
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Q1) Andrea Palladio was a noted Venetian
A)general.
B)courtier.
C)architect.
D)musician.
E)composer.
Q2) During the eighteenth century, Spain
A)was temporarily rejuvenated by the reforms of Philip V.
B)continued to decline as its empire in the west collapsed.
C)fought a series of successful wars against France.
D)became an international power again with its surprise attack on Florida and Cuba.
E)lost all of its American colonies.
Q3) Politically, the period from 1715 to 1789 witnessed
A)the rise of the masses in politics as advocated by the philosophes.
B)the waning of monarchical power.
C)the continuing process of centralization in the development of nation-states.
D)"enlightened absolutism" establish its deepest roots in France.
E)a decline in bureaucratic structures and more laissez-faire types of government.
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Chapter 19: A Revolution in Politics: The Era of the French Revolution
and Napoleon
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Q1) When the government called for the Estates-General to meet,
A)it abolished the Third Estate.
B)it halved the number of representatives from the Third Estate.
C)it doubled the number of representatives from the Second Estate.
D)it doubled the number of representatives from the Third Estate.
E)it kept the number of delegates for each of the estates at approximately 300.
Q2) In 1792 the Legislative Assembly declared war on
A)the peasantry.
B)counter-revolutionaries.
C)England
D)Austria.
E)the Papal States.
Q3) On July 4, 1776, the delegates of the Second Continental Congress approved
A)the Declaration of the Rights of the Man and the Citizen.
B)the Constitution.
C)the Declaration of Independence.
D)the Olive Branch Petition.
E)George Washington as commander of the Continental Army.
Q4) How was France changed by the revolutionary events of 1789-1792? Who benefited the most from these changes?
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Chapter 20: The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society
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Q1) The new set of values established by factory owners during the Industrial Revolution
A)was rejected by evangelical religions as being "unchristian."
B)was basically a continuation from the cottage industry system.
C)was never adopted by the working class.
D)relegated the worker to a life of harsh discipline and the rigors of competitive wage labor.
E)was inspired by the examples of Belgium and France.
Q2) Urbanization in the first half of the nineteenth century
A)was more dramatic for the Continent than Great Britain.
B)caused over fifty percent of the Russian population to live in cities by 1850.
C)was a phenomenon directly tied to industrialization.
D)accounted for widespread poverty in rural areas of Europe.
E)reduced the cost of the central governments.
Q3) What attitudes and lifestyle defined the new industrial middle class?
Q4) Many of the exhibits shown in Britain's Great Exhibition were housed in the Houses of Parliament, to show the connection between industrial might and political power.
A)True
B)False
Page 22
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Chapter 21: Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism,
1815-1850
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Q1) Louis Blanc's "national workshops" in France
A)became a vital part of the French economy.
B)were extremely important to the French radical aristocracy.
C)became little more than unemployment compensation units through public works projects.
D)built many national parks in France.
E)turned the city of Paris into the "City of Lights."
Q2) J.S.Mill's On the Subjection of Women stated that
A)women should be kept in the home to improve men's chances of finding work.
B)men and women did not possess different natures.
C)Parliament should admit women members immediately.
D)female convicts should be shipped out to colonize Australia.
E)God and nature had ordained the permanent inferiority of women.
Q3) The Reform Bill of 1832 in Britain primarily benefited the A)landed aristocracy.
B)peasants.
C)working class.
D)clergy.
E)upper middle-class.
Page 23
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Chapter 22: An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850-1871
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Q1) In addition to examining everyday life, the literary Realists of the mid-nineteenth century were also interested in
A)completely avoiding romantic imagery, as shown in the works of Charles Dickens.
B)employing emotional and poetic language to cause social reform.
C)avoiding sentimental language by using careful observation and description.
D)showing the positive values of middle-class life.
E)using "stream of consciousness" techniques.
Q2) How did Realism differ from Romanticism? How did Realism reflect the economic and social realities of Europe during the middle decades of the nineteenth century?
Q3) The nation state of Germany was founded at the conclusion of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In your opinion, what force or forces played the most important role in reviving the progress of European social and political reform in the later nineteenth century?
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Chapter 23: Mass Society in an Age of Progress, 1871-1894
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Q1) France's defeat by Prussia in 1870 ended the Third Republic.
A)True
B)False
Q2) How were the promises and problems of the new mass society reflected in education and leisure?
Q3) What type of new energy source powered the Second Industrial Revolution?
A)coal
B)hydroelectric
C)natural gas
D)electricity
E)fuel-cells
Q4) Between 1890 and 1914, family patterns among the working class
A)emphasized child labor as an important necessity for family survival.
B)required all women to work outside the home.
C)allowed for dependence on the income of husbands and the wages of grown children.
D)experienced almost no change from the earlier industrial period.
E)were shaped by growing rates of infant mortality.
Q5) Compare and contrast middle-class and working-class families.How do you explain the similarities and the differences?
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Chapter 24: An Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and
1894-1914
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Q1) The pioneer in nursing who founded the Female Association of the Care of the Poor and Sick was
A)Clara Barton.
B)Florence Nightingale.
C)Amalie Sieveking.
D)Bertha von Suttner.
E)Millicent Fawcett.
Q2) The Pan-German League advocated
A)German withdrawal from world affairs and concentration on internal political reforms.
B)anti-liberal policies including the development of a global German colonial empire to unite all classes of citizens at home.
C)German leadership in the development of international pacifist organizations.
D)strict limitations on development of German industry including far heavier corporate taxation to pay for new state social welfare programs deemed essential by the group.
E)a German takeover of eastern France, western Poland, and the German-speaking part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Q3) What were the causes and consequences of the Russian Revolution of 1905?
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Chapter
War and Revolution
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Q1) The United States entered World War I in 1917 on the side of Britain and France after a German expeditionary force occupied several neutral islands in the Caribbean.
A)True
B)False
Q2) As early as July 28, 1914, European diplomats were becoming incapable of slowing a rush toward war mainly because
A)European kings, tsars, and emperors were too bent on war to heed their advice.
B)the complex, rigid, and demanding mobilization plans devised by European army generals made immediate military action essential.
C)ordinary people everywhere went to the polls and voted for immediate opening of the war on all fronts.
D)European industrialists, seeking to profit from mass destruction, induced the politicians they owned through bribery to push declarations of war through all European legislatures.
E)the slowness of communications in a pre-computer era.
Q3) Why can 1917 be viewed as the year that witnessed the decisive turning point of World War I?
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Chapter 26: The Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between
the Wars 1919-1939
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Q1) Walter Gropius was best known for his A)"socialist realism" paintings.
B)atonal, experimental music.
C)revolutionary directions in theater.
D)post-modern architectural designs.
E)ideas of functionalism in architecture.
Q2) The settlement in 1925 by which Germany agreed to accept its border with France was known as the
A)Berne Protocol.
B)Treaty of Versailles.
C)Rapollo Agreement.
D)Geneva Accord.
E)Treaty of Locarno.
Q3) Lenin's New Economic Policy saved the Russian economy.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Compare and contrast the Stalinist with the Bolshevik state established after the Russian Revolution in 1917.How and why did economic, social, and political policies change over time?
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Chapter 27: The Deepening of the European Crisis: World
War II
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70 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the main priority for the United States was
A)defeating Japan as quickly as possible.
B)recovering the Hawaiian Islands.
C)defeating Germany first and then turning its great naval war machine against Japan.
D)to remain neutral, while buying time to build up industrial and military supplies.
E)defending "Fortress America" from the expected combined Japanese and German invasion of the United States.
Q2) Among the factors that led to World War II was
A)the aggressive foreign policy of the United States following World War I.
B)the inability of Britain and France to agree on the terms of the Versailles treaty.
C)the inability of the Soviet Union to oppose Germany.
D)the failure of efforts of collective security such as the League of Nations and treaties.
E)All of these are correct.
Q3) When and why did the initiative in World War II pass out of Germany's hands?
Q4) How important was the United States in determining the outcome of the war in Europe?
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Page 29
Chapter 28: Cold War and a New Western World 1945-1965
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70 Verified Questions
70 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Truman and his Western European allies responded to Stalin's blockade of Berlin in 1948 by
A)building the Berlin Wall.
B)airlifting supplies into Berlin.
C)bombing Moscow.
D)sending a UN force to reopen the access routes.
E)threatening nuclear war.
Q2) As president of France, Charles de Gaulle's position in the Cold War was to
A)closely align France with the Warsaw Pact nations.
B)make France the "third" nuclear power and pursue a largely independent political course.
C)let American policy guide France and other European nations.
D)make France the leading European power in NATO.
E)join the non-aligned third-world nations.
Q3) Postwar Italian politics was characterized by
A)the dominance of the Communist party.
B)the demise of the Christian Democrats.
C)the hegemony of the Christian Democrats with backing from the Catholic Church.
D)the rapid rise and fall of Communist-dominated coalition governments.
E)frequent military coups.
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Chapter 29: Protest and Stagnation: The Western World
1965-1985
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72 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Soviet launch of Sputnik occurred in A)1949.
B)1952.
C)1955.
D)1957.
E)1960.
Q2) The terrorist group who murdered Israeli athletes at the 1972 Olympic Games was the A)IRA.
B)Red Army.
C)Baader-Meinhof Gang.
D)Black September.
E)Taliban.
Q3) During the 1960s the recreational drug of choice for most college and university students was A)powder cocaine.
B)heroine.
C)crack.
D)LSD.
E)marijuana.
Page 31
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Chapter 30: After the Fall: The Western World in a Global
Age Since 1985
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Q1) What is globalization, and what are its potential impacts on the concept of Western civilization?
Q2) Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio, elected pope in 2013, chose to take the name of which medieval saint?
A)Saint Dominic
B)Saint Ambrose
C)Saint Jerome
D)Saint Francis
E)Saint Anselm
Q3) The leader of Czechoslovakia in 1990 who replaced the Communist government was the former dissident writer and philosopher
A)Kádár.
B)Husák.
C)Dubèek.
D)Havel.
E)Dubrovnik.
Q4) What role has popular culture played in the Western world since 1985?
Q5) How do the problems and antagonisms among the other countries of the former Yugoslavia exemplify the continuing force of nationalism in contemporary Europe?
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