Introduction to Western Culture Practice Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Western Culture explores the major ideas, values, artistic expressions, and social institutions that have shaped Western civilization from antiquity to the present. The course examines key philosophical, literary, and historical developments, tracing the roots of Western thought in ancient Greece and Rome, the rise of Christianity, the impact of the Renaissance and Enlightenment, and pivotal moments in modern history. Through critical readings and discussions, students gain insight into how Western culture has influenced politics, religion, science, and the arts, fostering an understanding of the cultural heritage that underpins contemporary Western societies.
Recommended Textbook
Western Civilization 8th Edition by Jackson J. Spielvogel
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Page 2
Chapter 1: the Ancient Near East: the First Civilizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Paleolithic Age
Answer: The Paleolithic Age, also known as the Stone Age, is a prehistoric period of human history that lasted from about 2.5 million years ago to around 10,000 BCE. During this time, early humans lived as hunter-gatherers, using simple stone tools and weapons to survive. The Paleolithic Age is characterized by the development of early human societies, the use of fire, and the creation of cave art. It took place all over the world, from Africa to Europe to Asia. This period is important because it marks the beginning of human civilization and the development of key skills and technologies that would eventually lead to the rise of more complex societies. It also laid the foundation for the cultural and technological advancements that would come in the later Neolithic Age and beyond.
Q2) Which of the following is not true of Egyptian social life?
A) Women had many equal legal rights with men.
B) Marriages were based on love and personal attraction.
C) The upper classes devoted much time to entertainment.
D) The wife's primary role in the family was to produce children.
E) Polygamy was the rule.
Answer: B
Q3) Neanderthals
Answer: Not answer
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Chapter 2: the Ancient Near East: Peoples and Empires
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Q1) Moses united the Israelites after the Egyptian bondage by putting them under the protection of a new national god named
A) Moloch
B) Yahweh
C) Baal
D) Jesus
E) Allah
Answer: B
Q2) Solomon's most revered contribution to the Hebrew society was to
A) centralize royal power along the lines of Mesopotamian despotism.
B) divide the Hebrew tribes into two separate political kingdoms.
C) decentralize royal power and spread it among the 12 Hebrew tribes.
D) construct the Temple, the symbolic center of the Hebrew religion and society.
E) receive the Ten Commandments from God.
Answer: D
Q3) The historian of The Persian Wars was Thucydides.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: the Civilization of the Greeks
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Q1) Attica
Answer: Attica is a historical region in Greece, known for its significance in ancient Greek history and culture. It is most famous for being the location of Athens, the capital city of Greece and one of the oldest cities in the world. Attica is also home to the Acropolis, a UNESCO World Heritage site and a symbol of ancient Greek civilization. The region has a rich history, with archaeological sites, museums, and monuments that attract visitors from around the world. In addition to its historical significance, Attica is also known for its beautiful coastline, stunning landscapes, and vibrant modern culture. Overall, Attica is a fascinating destination that offers a unique blend of ancient history and contemporary charm.
Q2) Greek culture in the Archaic Age was represented in life-size stone statues of nude males known as kouros figures.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The first of the great writers of tragedy whose plays survived was Aeschylus.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: the Hellenistic World
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Q1) Epicurus and Epicureanism
Q2) Porus and the Battle of Hydaspes
Q3) Mauryan Empire
Q4) Though an admirer of humanistic Greek culture, Alexander the Great nonetheless aspired to divine honors or divinity.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Hellenistic
Q6) Which of the following was not one of Philip II's military reforms?
A) He abandoned the phalanx formation as too ineffective and inefficient.
B) He made use of cavalry contingents in breaking the opposing line of battle.
C) His warriors used a longer thrusting spear, double that of the Greek hoplite.
D) Made use of engineers who designed catapults to destroy enemy fortifications.
E) His infantrymen carried smaller shields and shorter swords than Greek hoplites.
Q7) Unlike the Epicureans, the Stoics believed that complete withdrawal from the public world of politics and society was necessary in the quest for a passive and unattached life.
A)True
B)False
Page 6
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Chapter 5: the Roman Republic
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Q1) Cicero
A) believed in a "concord of the orders."
B) was a "new man" of the equestrian order.
C) was a great orator and capable lawyer.
D) advocated a balanced government of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy.
E) all the above
Q2) Which one of the following innovations enabled Romans to erect giant amphitheaters, public baths, and high-rise tenement buildings?
A) steel.
B) copper.
C) calculus.
D) concrete.
E) load-bearing arches.
Q3) Was Julius Caesar a man of the common people, or was he a tyrant in the making?
Q4) Circus Maximus
Q5) Antony and Cleopatra were defeated by Octavian in 31 B.C.E. at the Battle of Actium, thus symbolically ending the Roman Republic.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: the Roman Empire
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Q1) The early values of Christianity, as exemplified in Jesus' "sermon on the mount," A) emphasized devotion to the values of humility, charity, and true brotherly love. B) were similar to those of Greco-Roman civilization.
C) emphasized the equality between the earthly and spiritual kingdoms.
D) all of the above
E) a and b
Q2) aqueducts
Q3) How does the literature of the late Republic, the Augustan Age, and the Early Empire reflect the political problems of each period?
Q4) Livy
Q5) Marcus Aurelius' cruel son, who was strangled by his wrestling partner in 192 C.E. was A) Caligula.
B) Nero.
C) Commodus.
D) Domitian.
E) Nerva.
Q6) Mithraism
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Page 8
Chapter 7: late Antiquity and the Emergence of the Medieval World
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Q1) Saint Boniface
Q2) Guilt under Germanic customary law was determined by
A) trial by jury.
B) the decisions of the major domus.
C) the wergeld.
D) compurgation and ordeal.
E) confession and penance.
Q3) Saint Augustine's The City of God
Q4) The Byzantine emperor who initiated the iconoclastic controversy in 725 was
A) Leo III
B) Alexis I Comnenus.
C) Irene.
D) Heraclius.
E) Justinian.
Q5) At the synod of Whitby in 664, the English church accepted the Irish practices rather than the Roman.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Hagia Sophia and Hippodrome
Q7) Visigoths and Ostrogoths Page 9
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Page 10
Chapter 8: european Civilization in the Early Middle Ages, 750-1000
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Q1) A comparison of Islam and Western Civilization in the eighth and ninth centuries shows
A) the west's clear superiority in urban culture.
B) Muslim creation of a brilliant and sophisticated urban culture while western society remained a world of petty and violent agricultural villages.
C) a common fascination with decorative arts depicting living things.
D) a greater respect for ancient civilizations and their cultures in the west.
E) western supremacy because of the institutions of feudalism and manorialism.
Q2) scriptoria
Q3) The Swedish Vikings tended to concentrate on conquests and trade in
A) Spain
B) Russia
C) Scotland
D) France
E) Ireland
Q4) Carolingian Renaissance
Q5) Cordoba
Q6) Danelaw and Normandy
Q7) Photian schism
Q8) the Battle of Lechfeld Page 11
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Chapter 9: the Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High Middle Ages
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Q1) Students in medieval universities
A) came strictly from the upper class.
B) usually started their instruction while in their late twenties.
C) often engaged in quarrels with one another and in confrontations with townspeople.
D) were both male and female.
E) learned in the vernacular.
Q2) the liberal arts
Q3) The most important six-times-a-year trade fair during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries was sponsored by the counts of
A) Languedoc.
B) Provence.
C) Gascony.
D) Champagne.
E) Flanders.
Q4) What were the causes and what were the consequences of the development of the early medieval universities?
Q5) chivalry
Q6) Thomas Aquinas' Summa Theologica
Q7) commercial capitalism
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Chapter 10: the Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church
Power
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Q1) The investiture controversy was resolved in 1122 by a compromise agreement known as the Concordat of
A) Rome.
B) Canossa.
C) Verdun.
D) Worms.
E) Cologne.
Q2) What accounted for the frequent discords between popes and monarchs? Was there a universal cause of friction?
Q3) the Battle of Manzikert
Q4) Female monasticism in the twelfth century
A) was a new phenomenon.
B) was a refuge for women of all classes.
C) declined due to the changing, negative view of women.
D) saw the number of women joining religious houses increase significantly.
E) was found only in France.
Q5) Within Europe, the most popular sites for Christian pilgrims were Rome and Jerusalem.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: the Later Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in
the Fourteenth Century
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Q1) Because of the resulting economic depression, the price of labor was drastically reduced in the aftermath of the Black Death.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Statute of Laborers
Q3) In the conduct of the Hundred Years' War, a sure sign of feudalism's decline was the
A) inability of feuding kings to raise armies of knights.
B) reliance of kings on artillery as the main component of royal armies.
C) decisive role of peasant foot soldiers rather than mounted knights.
D) clear intention of kings to destroy the estates of their own vassals.
E) use of heavier armor and larger horses.
Q4) clocks, eyeglasses, and paper
Q5) Brothers of the Common Life
Q6) What major problems did European states face in the fourteenth century? How are these problems evident in the history of England, France, and the Holy Roman Empire?
Q7) good deeds and pilgrimages
Q8) Giovanni Boccaccio's Decameron
Q9) Avignon Page 15
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Page 16
Chapter 12: recovery and Rebirth: the Age of the Renaissance
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Q1) In what ways did the European world experience an economic recovery in the fifteenth century? Did the revived economy differ greatly from what it had been?
Q2) Donatello's David
Q3) Peace of Lodi and balance of power
Q4) Northern Renaissance
Q5) Botticelli's Primavera
Q6) The results of the Hundred Years' War
A) reinvigorated and strengthened the French monarchy.
B) caused economic turmoil in England.
C) temporarily strengthened the nobility in England.
D) a and b
E) all of the above
Q7) Sistine Chapel's David
Q8) Machiavelli's The Prince
Q9) According to Jacob Burckhardt, the Renaissance in Italy represented
A) the greatest period of economic recovery in the history of civilization.
B) a period of moral decline.
C) an era of tremendous graft and corruption in Italian government.
D) a continuation of the culture of the High Middle Ages. Page 17
E) a distinct break from the Middle Ages and the true birth of the modern world.
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Chapter 13: reformation and Religious Warfare in the
Sixteenth Century
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Q1) transubstantiation
Q2) the sacraments
Q3) Union of Utrecht
Q4) Luther's pamphlet, The Babylonian Captivity of the Church,
A) attacked the sacramental system of the church.
B) outlined the doctrine of Luther in German.
C) explained the Lutheran liturgy.
D) attacked abuses of the Catholic clergy in north Africa.
E) justified transubstantiation.
Q5) Henry's marriage to Anne Boleyn ended when he executed her for A) talking out against his reign.
B) heresy.
C) bigamy.
D) adultery.
E) infertility.
Q6) Johann Tetzel and indulgences
Q7) Catholic Reformation
Page 19
Q8) Desiderius Erasmus's The Praise of Folly
Q9) Spanish Armada
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1500-1800
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Q1) The Chinese dynasty which replaced the Ming in the seventeenth century and which came from Manchuria was the
A) Tang.
B) Song.
C) Yuan.
D) Qin.
E) Qing.
Q2) Spice Islands
Q3) The financial center of Europe in the seventeenth century was A) Paris.
B) London.
C) Rome.
D) Vienna.
E) Amsterdam.
Q4) "sugar factories"
Q5) Bartholomeu Dias
Q6) the Gold Coast
Q7) Boers and Capetown
Q8) Dutch East India Company
Page 21
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Chapter 15: state Building and the Search for Order in the
Seventeenth Century
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Q1) All of the following were part of the "military revolution" in the century after 1560 except
A) the increased use of militias and volunteer soldiers.
B) standing armies based upon conscription.
C) increased use of the musket and bayonet.
D) larger sailing ships, known as "ships of the line."
E) the education of officers in military schools.
Q2) Gustavus Adolphus, who led the Lutheran armies in the Thirty Years' War until he was killed at Lützen, was king of
A) Poland.
B) Sweden.
C) Denmark.
D) Hungary.
E) Austria.
Q3) absolutism
Q4) Why did England move toward a limited monarchy while places like Prussia, Austria, and Russia moved toward a more robust and absolutist monarchy?
Q5) What were the economic and social problems that troubled Europe from 1560 to 1650? Do these problems constitute a "crisis"?
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Q1) Newton's contribution to astronomy was to prove that A) the planets obey the same laws as do objects on earth.
B) accurate observation is the foundation of sound theory.
C) the earth is at the center of the solar system.
D) nothing can ever really be proven.
E) the moon is not made of green cheese.
Q2) Paracelsus revolutionized the world of medicine in the sixteenth century by
A) disproving Galen's ancient theory of two separate blood systems.
B) dissecting human rather than animal cadavers.
C) advocating the chemical philosophy of medicine.
D) rejecting the medieval medical philosophy of the four humors.
E) discovering the circulation of blood throughout the body.
Q3) Newton's major work was
A) Novum Organum.
B) Principia.
C) On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.
D) Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy.
E) Utopia.
Q4) How was the new scientific knowledge spread in the seventeenth century?
Q5) "natural philosophers"
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Chapter 17: the Eighteenth Century: an Age of Enlightenment
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Q1) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Q2) How do the art and literature of the eighteenth century reflect the political and social life of the period?
Q3) Carnival was celebrated in the weeks leading up to A) Christmas.
B) Easter.
C) Lent.
D) Pentecost.
E) All Saints.
Q4) Physiocrats
Q5) What specific contributions did Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot make to the age of the Enlightenment? Compare and contrast their political ideas with Thomas Hobbes and Machiavelli.
Q6) Although many European rulers desired to emulate the size and grandiosity of Versailles, they usually adopted the Baroque-Rococo architectural style rather than the French classical style of Louis XIV's palace.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Mary Wollstonecraft
25
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Chapter 18: the Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change
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Q1) Politically, the period from 1715 to 1789 witnessed
A) the rise of the masses in politics as advocated by the philosophes.
B) the waning of monarchical power.
C) the continuing process of centralization in the development of nation-states.
D) "enlightened absolutism" establish its deepest roots in France.
E) a decline in bureaucratic structures and more laissez-faire types of government.
Q2) Grand Tour
Q3) Frederick II the Great
Q4) War of the Austrian Succession
Q5) Louis XIV, who died in 1715, left France with larger territories than when he ascended the throne, but also with an enormous national debt, an unhappy populace, and his five-year-old great-grandson as his successor.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Sofia Copola
Q7) John Law's "bubble"
Q8) coitus interruptus and infanticide
Q9) Patriots v. the Orangists
Page 26
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Chapter 19: a Revolution in Politics: the Era of the French Revolution
and Napoleon
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Q1) During the Reign of Terror, the majority of the victims were A) nobles.
B) clergy.
C) middle class.
D) peasant and laboring classes.
E) the bourgeoisie.
Q2) The German philosopher who initially welcomed the French Revolution, turned against it, becoming instead an advocate of a German national spirit was
A) Goethe.
B) Fichte.
C) Hegel.
D) Kant.
E) Schiller.
Q3) By the eighteenth century, the French bourgeoisie and nobility were
A) growing further apart in social status.
B) increasingly less distinguishable from each other.
C) rapidly losing social status to the third estate.
D) openly hostile and frequently involved in street battles.
E) almost completely dominated by the clergy of the First Estate.
Q4) the taille
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Chapter 20: the Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society
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Q1) Women who worked in the early factories of the Industrial Revolution
A) were given the same pay as men.
B) instigated dramatic change in pre-industrial kinship patterns.
C) never represented a large percentage of the workers in textile factories.
D) did not result in a significant transformation in female working patterns.
E) increased their social status.
Q2) Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain?
Q3) One of the differences between British and Continental industrialization was that
A) government played a larger role in British industrialization.
B) Britain relied upon railroads while Continental nations primarily made use of rivers and canals.
C) government played a larger role in Continental industrialization.
D) Continental industrialization relied more upon textile manufacturing than did Britain.
E) none of the above
Q4) By 1870, most of the world had begun to industrialize according to the models established in western Europe and the United States.
A)True
B)False
Page 29
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1815-1850
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Q1) On the Subjection of Women
Q2) The Monroe Doctrine, promulgated by the United States, asserted that European powers should not meddle in Latin America a statement of American regional hegemony.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which one of the following brought an end to the Federalist party in the United States?
A) Thomas Jefferson.
B) a scandal involving Federalists accepting bribes from foreign intriguers.
C) the War of 1812, which Federalists had opposed.
D) the Lewis and Clark expedition, which Federalists had not wanted to fund.
E) Nothing; the party continued through the Jacksonian era.
Q4) Giuseppe Mazzini and Young Italy
Q5) The man long regarded as the George Washington of Latin America is
A) José de San Martín.
B) Simón Bolívar.
C) Guillermo Pelgrón.
D) Simón Carreño.
E) George Washington.
Page 30
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Chapter 22: an Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850-1871
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Q1) Kansas-Nebraska Act
Q2) Count Otto von Bismarck
Q3) During the Franco-Prussian War
A) Napoleon III successfully defended the French homeland.
B) the French were decisively defeated at the Battle of Sedan.
C) Bismarck allowed the Prussian army to fall into a subordinate position.
D) a military standoff resulted between the two great armies.
E) a truce was finally agreed to, giving Germany the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine, while France gained Schleswig and Holstein.
Q4) Franz Liszt
Q5) Queen Victoria
Q6) Charles Dickens, whose novels focused upon the English lower and middle classes, was the greatest of the Victorian novelists in realistically portraying urban industrial society, as in The Old Curiosity Shop.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Louis Pasteur
Q8) battles of Sadowa and Sedan
Q9) Giuseppe Garibaldi and the Red Shirts
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Chapter 23: mass Society in an "Age of Progress," 1871-1894
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Q1) V.A. Huber
Q2) music halls and dance halls
Q3) Graham Bell
Q4) Aletta Jacob and "family planning"
Q5) Because of the increased employment opportunities for women as clerks, typists, secretaries, and salesclerks, prostitution almost entirely disappeared from Europe's largest cities.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Between 1871 and 1894, two major domestic political issues involved the achievement of liberal practices and the growth of political democracy. To what extent were these realized in Great Britain, France, Spain, and Italy?
Q7) Alexander III and Nicholas II
Q8) Coney Island and Blackpool
Q9) Guglielmo Marconi
Q10) Eduard Bernstein
Page 32
Q11) To what extent did the emergence and development of socialist parties and trade unions meet the needs of the working classes between 1871 and the end of the century?
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Chapter 24: an Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and Imperialism,
1894-1914
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Q1) The Meiji Restoration in Japan
A) successfully accomplished the expulsion of all foreigners from the country.
B) created a political system democratic in form but rigidly authoritarian in practice.
C) concentrated on the reestablishment of feudal principles of decentralized government and native Japanese values.
D) sent many Japanese abroad to be educated in the ways of the west and adopted many western reforms in political and military organization.
E) b and d
Q2) By the end of the nineteenth century, the United States had become the world's third richest nation and greatest industrial power, behind Great Britain and Imperial Germany.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring
Q4) Boxer Rebellion
Q5) Pan-German League
Q6) How did "bearing the white man's burden" affect European society in modern times?
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Chapter 25: the Beginning of the Twentieth-century Crisis: War and Revolution
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Q1) Yugoslavia
Q2) First Battle of the Marne
Q3) soviets
Q4) Germany's War Raw Materials Board
Q5) Why can 1917 be viewed as the year that witnessed the decisive turning point of World War I?
Q6) Discuss the course of the first two years of World War I: Why did many people expect a short war? Why was it not a short war? Why did World War I become a "war of attrition"? Why did the warring nations, worn out by the end of 1916, not make peace?
Q7) Leon Trotsky
Q8) Discuss the effects of World War I on political life, economic affairs, the social classes, and women.
Q9) Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg and the Free Corp
Q10) the "April Theses"
Q11) the Cheka
Q12) Article 231 Page 34
Q14) Reds and Whites
Q15) Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points
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Chapter 26: the Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between
the Wars, 1919-1939
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Q1) The most famous and spectacular of the Nazi mass demonstrations were held in the city of
A) Berlin.
B) Munich.
C) Augsburg.
D) Hamburg.
E) Nuremberg.
Q2) Which one of the following states first adopted fascism?
A) Germany
B) Spain
C) Italy
D) Russia
E) Canada
Q3) The physicist Walter Heisenberg was most noted for
A) proposing that uncertainty was at the bottom of all physical laws.
B) being among the first team to split the atom.
C) resurrecting the scientific predictability of classical physics.
D) the development of the atomic bomb.
E) correcting Einstein's errors in the latter's theory of relativity.
Q4) Arnold Schoenberg and atonal music
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Chapter 27: the Deepening of the European Crisis: World
War Ii
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Sample Questions
Q1) It can be argued that this key decision early in the war by Adolf Hitler made the defeat of Germany inevitable:
A) abandoning the Battle of Britain
B) dividing France into a zone of German occupation and a French national puppet government at Vichy
C) immediately declaring war on the United States after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
D) snubbing British proposals for an armistice in 1941
E) invading Scandinavia.
Q2) Wannsee Conference
Q3) How many people were employed by the Manhattan Project?
A) 1,000
B) 130,000
C) 1 million
D) 157
E) the number has never been released to the public.
Q4) Great Patriotic War
Q5) "phony war"
Q6) Manhattan Project
Q7) Discuss Japan's motives political, economic, and social for going to war. Page 37
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Chapter 28: cold War and a New Western World, 1945-1965
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121 Verified Questions
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Q1) NATO is
A) a trade agreement.
B) a fabrication designed by the Central Intelligence Agency to mislead the Soviets.
C) an emergency relief agency.
D) a military alliance.
E) an international banking system.
Q2) In the postwar world, Canada
A) experienced many of the same developments as the United States.
B) saw much of the economic growth financed by European investors.
C) refused to join NATO.
D) did not become a member of the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD).
E) because of fear of being dominated by the United States, refused to have any relations with its more powerful neighbor.
Q3) Nikita Khrushchev
Q4) Mao Zedong
Q5) Martin Luther King and "white backlash"
Q6) Ingmar Bergman, Francois Truffaut, and Federico Fellini
Q7) CENTO and SEATO
Q8) Bay of Pigs
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Chapter 29: protest and Stagnation: the Western World, 1965-1985
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Q1) The Reagan Revolution extended welfare benefits to the poor and balanced the federal budget.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Identify and discuss the causes and the consequences of the student rebellions of the 1960s and 1970s.
Q3) Between 1965 and 1985, did new technologies and new scientific discoveries do more to benefit or to harm the planet and its inhabitants?
Q4) Postmodernism in art could include all of the following except
A) an eclectic mingling of historic tradition and Modernist innovation.
B) an architecture of complexity and contradiction.
C) blurring the distinction between the arts, including film, performance, and popular culture.
D) "happenings."
E) Photorealism.
Q5) the "four olds" and "permanent revolution" and the Red Guards
Q6) Brezhnev Doctrine
Q7) permissive society
Q8) Italy's Eurocommunism
Page 40
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Chapter 30: after the Fall: the Western World in a Global Age
(Since 1985)
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129 Verified Questions
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Q1) Baader-Meinhof gang/Red Army Faction, the Red Brigades, the IRA
Q2) What are the basic problems and antagonisms between Serbia and the other countries that once made up Yugoslavia Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, and Slovenia? What forces in the post-Cold War world enabled this dangerous and bloody conflict to escalate so terribly?
Q3) Tony Blair and Gordon Brown
Q4) During the 1960s and 1970s, church membership in the United States jumped dramatically.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How and why did the Cold War end? Did anyone "win" this conflict? Who? Why?
Q6) As general secretary of the Communist Party, Mikhail Gorbachev abolished Article 6 of the Soviet Constitution, which had guaranteed the "leading role" to the Communist Party.
A)True
B)False
Q7) The first president of the Soviet Union was Boris Yeltsin.
A)True B)False
Q8) NGOs Page 42
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