Introduction to Western Civilization Final
Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Western Civilization explores the major political, social, intellectual, and cultural developments that have shaped Europe from ancient times to the modern era. Through the examination of key events, influential thinkers, and transformative movements from classical Greece and Rome, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and Reformation, to the Enlightenment and the rise of modern nation-states students gain a foundational understanding of the concepts, institutions, and traditions that have influenced Western society. This course emphasizes critical thinking about historical sources and encourages connections between the past and present.
Recommended Textbook
Western Heritage The Volume 1 11th Edition by Donald M. Kagan
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14 Chapters
1118 Verified Questions
1118 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Birth of Civilization
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80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In 550 b.c.e., which king captured the capital at Ecbatana and united the Medes and Persians under his rule?
A) Herodotus
B) Cyrus I
C) Cambyses
D) Cyrus II
Answer: D
Q2) The Jews conceived of their god as ________.
A) human
B) supernatural
C) human in shape but not nature
D) a force of nature
Answer: B
Q3) The Sumerians invented the writing system known as ________.
A) Coptic
B) hieroglyphic
C) script
D) cuneiform
Answer: D
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Page 3
Chapter 2: The Rise of Greek Civilization
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80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Greek colonies, established for the good of the colonists, were sponsored by ________.
A) the colonists themselves
B) the mother city
C) rich merchants
D) nobility
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following correctly identifies the four classes in Homeric society?
A) Mycenaeans, Minoans, slaves, and nobles
B) nobles, shepherds, thetes, and indentured servants
C) knights, landless laborers, thetes, and shepherds
D) nobles, thetes, landless laborers, and slaves
Answer: D
Q3) After the withdrawal of the Spartans from Athens, Clisthenes, who had lost his political power to nobility, took the unprecedented action of ________.
A) turning to the people for political support
B) challenging the nobility to a debate
C) asking King Cleomenes I to intervene on his behalf
D) marrying the daughter of one of the nobles
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Classical and Hellenistic Greece
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80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Alexander the Great avenged the earlier Persian invasion of Greece by ________.
A) burning down Persepolis, the capital of Persia
B) destroying all Persian ships
C) destroying all religious statuary in Persepolis
D) refusing to allow the Persian people to live in their native land
Answer: A
Q2) Plato believed that the way to harmony was to destroy the causes of strife.Which of the following would he consider to be a cause of strife?
A) one's family and property
B) the polis
C) leisure activities
D) politics
Answer: A
Q3) What was most significant about the hoplite class being made eligible for the archonship?
A) Noncitizens could finally assume positions of political power.
B) The move signaled that the office would be open to all Athenians.
C) It created a class-blind society.
D) It militarized Athenian society.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Rome: From Republic to Empire
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80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compare the First and Second Triumvirates.Which was more effective? Why? What led to the dissolution of each?
Q2) Tiberius Gracchus ran for reelection but ________.
A) was disqualified because his petition was submitted too late
B) he won without a single vote from the assembly
C) he lost
D) was killed in a riot during the election
Q3) Rome's defeat by Carthage in 216 proved that ________.
A) Carthage had incurred disastrous debt
B) an alliance between the two powers was inevitable
C) Carthage would control the Mediterranean
D) Rome's control of Italy was not unshakeable
Q4) Spartacus, a gladiator, led a rebellion of ________ against the Roman nobles in 73 b.c.e.
Q5) Julius Caesar's assassins included ________.
A) Brutus
B) Crassus
C) Cleopatra
D) Pompey
Q6) Was Rome part of the Hellenistic world? Support your answer with details.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: The Roman Empire
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80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Augustus introduced laws intended to proscribe moral behavior.What sort of behavior was codified, and who do you think would have suffered the most prosecution from these laws?
Q2) Although differences in doctrine had the potential to splinter the early Christian church into dozens of sects, a unity of belief and ritual was maintained by a ________.
A) single religious leader known as the pope
B) group of secret nuns
C) network of bishops
D) regular publication of current thought
Q3) As the Roman government became more efficient, it took on more functions.To pay for these services, Rome ________.
A) instituted "sin" taxes on tobacco and alcohol
B) minted fewer coins, hoping speculators would take them out of circulation
C) imposed taxes on farmers who lived outside of Italy
D) sold bonds
Q4) Augustus's imperial reign is known as the "Principate" after his title princeps, meaning "first ________."
Q5) Jesus of Nazareth was named christos by his followers, meaning "________."
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Chapter 6: Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages:
Creating a New European Society and Culture (476 1000)
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80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The capital of the Muslim world moved from Mecca in Saudi Arabia to Damascus in Syria and then to ________ in Iraq.
Q2) ________, with his wife Theodora at his side, expanded the Byzantine Empire and ruled it with a strong hand.
Q3) The Merovingian Dynasty was founded by the warrior chieftain ________.
A) Charlemagne
B) Clovis
C) Lothar
D) Merovich
Q4) Charlemagne created a center of learning in ________, where pure scholarship was taught alongside administrative skills for royal bureaucrats.
A)Aachen
B)Paris
C)Arles
D)Rome
Q5) Imagine you are a peasant living in the year 798.You have been given a choice as to where to live: Constantinople, Aachen, or Cordoba, Spain.Where would you live? Why? Argue against the other choices.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: The High Middle Ages: The Rise of European Empires
and States
(1000 1300)
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80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss the rise of the German empire and the accomplishments of Otto I.Why was he able to become so powerful?
Q2) ________ teachings were teachings that, although not necessarily heretical, nonetheless challenged church orthodoxy.
Q3) What was the Domesday Book?
A) a county-by-county survey of property
B) a book of theories as to how Armageddon would occur
C) an account of the battle of Hastings and the conquest of Britain
D) instructions on how to blend monarchical and parliamentary elements of government
Q4) Which of the following distinguished Gothic from Romanesque architecture?
A) rounded arches
B) heavy columns
C) flying buttresses
D) commonly used for church buildings
Q5) After 962, the western church ________.
A) broke away from the control of Otto I
B) established an army of its own
C) gained control of the Papal States
D) fell under the political control of Otto I
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Chapter 8: Medieval Society: Hierarchies, Towns,
Universities, and Families (1000 1300)
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80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Monopolies held by the landowners (and that tenants had to use) were known as
A) manors
B) banalities
C) coloni
D) tenancy
Q2) Until recently, historians were inclined to believe that parents were emotionally ________ from their children during the Middle Ages.
Q3) With the appearance of cathedral schools, the ________ began to lose its monopoly on higher education.
Q4) The infanticide chronicled by the Roman historian ________ continued to be practiced in the early Middle Ages.
A) Socrates
B) Aristotle
C) Tacitus
D) Spartacus
Q5) What were the key tenets of Abelard's teachings? Why did they get him into trouble? How did his perspective change in later life?
Page 10
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Chapter 9: The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political
Breakdown (1300 1453)
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80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What were the social and economic consequences of the Black Death? Which groups in medieval society benefited the most from the altered social and economic landscape?
Q2) Which of the following statements most aptly applies to the bull Ausculta fili?
A) The church and state are one.
B) The church has authority over the state.
C) The church and state are separate but equal entities.
D) The state is set above the church.
Q3) Which of these statements best summarizes trends in England and France in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries?
A) Royal power centralized and national consciousness was extinguished by warfare and the plague.
B) Royal power centralized and national consciousness grew.
C) Royal power waned as townspeople asserted their new identity.
D) Royal power and national consciousness both suffered a steep decline.
Q4) One of the most extreme reactions to the spreading plague were processions of __________, religious fanatics who beat themselves in ritual penance.
Q5) In 1309, Clement V moved the papal court to ___________, an imperial city on the southeastern border of France.
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Chapter 10: Renaissance and Discovery
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80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) How did the Dominican preacher Girolamo Savonarola convince the Florentines to allow King Charles VIII of France to enter Florence without resistance?
A) He told them that the king's arrival was divine vengeance on their immorality.
B) He promised to ask the king to leave all the land to the Florentines.
C) He explained that Charles VIII had only the best intentions for the Florentines.
D) He delivered a heartfelt speech on the merits of good international relations.
Q2) Who is considered the "father of Renaissance painting"?
A) Donatello
B) Raphael
C) Michelangelo
D) Giotto
Q3) After the Black Death reduced the supply of laborers everywhere in Western Europe, the demand for _________ soared.
Q4) The Concordat of Bologna helped to keep France Catholic after the breakout of the ________.
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12
Chapter 11: The Age of Reformation
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78 Verified Questions
78 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) How did the Peace of Augsburg affect the spread of Calvinism throughout Europe? Do you believe it acted as a driving or hindering force? Explain.
Q2) Luther's theology was illustrated by his attack on five of the traditional sacraments; he rejected them because they were _________.
A) Catholic B) not supported by the Bible C) more about ritual than piety
D) medieval
Q3) In what ways did the Reformation take "steps toward the emancipation of women"? What were the reformers' views of marriage and on the education of women? Do you think the Reformation improved the lives of sixteenth-century women? Explain.
Q4) The __________ first met in 1545 to reform the Catholic Church, but made no doctrinal concessions to the Protestants.
Q5) The long-entrenched __________ system of the medieval church had permitted important ecclesiastical posts to be sold to the highest bidders.
Q6) The Jesuit order, which was essential to the Counter-Reformation's success, was founded by __________.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: The Age of Religious Wars
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80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ______________ sponsored a centralized episcopal church system hierarchically arranged from pope to parish priest and stressing unquestioning obedience to the person at the top.
Q2) Explain the goals of the engagement of Spanish military in the Netherlands.What events occurred in the conflict that advanced or delayed the achievement of those goals? Finally, explain the outcome of the Spanish efforts and tell whether those goals were met.
Q3) What event elevated the conflict between Huguenots and the French monarchy into an international issue?
A) the death of Coligny, the leader of the French resistance
B) the famous work First Blast of the Trumpet against the Terrible Regiment of Women by John Knox
C) the elevation of Henry of Navarre to the throne
D) the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Q4) Rulers who tended to subordinate theological doctrine to political unity, urging tolerance, moderation, and compromise-even indifference-in religious matters were known as _____________.
Q5) Many French aristocrats found ______________ religious convictions useful to their political goals.
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Chapter 13: European State -Consolidation in the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth
Centuries
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80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The seven provinces that became the United Provinces of the Netherlands emerged as a nation in 1572 after revolting against ________.
A) France
B) Spain
C) England
D) Germany
Q2) Which of the following events completed the Glorious Revolution?
A) Charles I was executed.
B) William and Mary were proclaimed English monarchs.
C) George II became king of Great Britain.
D) The Secret Treaty of Dover was signed between England and France.
Q3) Which these were the major components of the Habsburg lands in the 1700s?
A) Bohemia, Austria, Hungary
B) Hungary, Poland, Austria
C) Spain, Austria, Poland
D) Brandenburg, Hungary, Bohemia
Q4) In contrast to the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century French monarchies or English parliamentary system, the Netherlands was formally a _________.
Q5) The ________ dynasty ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917.
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Chapter 14: New Directions in Thought and Culture in the
Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
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80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bernini was hired by Urban VIII to decorate ________.
Q2) Francis Bacon argued that there were two books of divine revelation, the Bible and nature, and that the two books must be compatible because both shared the same ____________.
Q3) In the early sixteenth century, the standard explanation of the place of the earth in the heavens combined the works of ________.
A) Ptolemy and Aristotle
B) Plato and Aristotle
C) Aquinas and Bacon
D) Socrates and Plato
Q4) Who published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres and rejected the notion of an earth-centered universe?
A) Tycho Brahe
B) Nicolaus Copernicus
C) Galileo Galilei
D) Johannes Kepler
Q5) During the era of the scientific revolution, _____________ knowledge was only in the process of becoming science as we know it today.
Page 16
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