Introduction to Western Civilization Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Western Civilization explores the major events, ideas, and cultural developments that have shaped Western societies from antiquity to the modern era. Students will examine the political, philosophical, religious, and artistic contributions of civilizations such as Ancient Greece and Rome, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and the Enlightenment, assessing their enduring impact on contemporary Western thought and institutions. The course encourages critical analysis of primary and secondary sources, fostering an understanding of the complexities and interactions that have influenced the trajectory of Western history.
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Making Europe The Story of the West 2nd Edition by Frank L. Kidner
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Origins of Western Civilization in the Ancient
Near East,3000-1200 BCE
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Q1) Stone Age art devoted to fertility rituals indicate that,in some cases,society may have been
A) organized around gender division of labor.
B) patriarchal.
C) matriarchal.
D) promiscuous.
E) monogamous.
Answer: C
Q2) Mycenaeans were better defended than Minoans.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Women in Egyptian society had all of the following rights except A) arranging her marriage.
B) owning property.
C) divorce.
D) inheritance.
E) asserting legal rights in court.
Answer: A
Page 3
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Q1) Zoroastrianism was based in a dualistic world that promised
A) an afterlife for everyone who could cross the River Styx.
B) separation of the dead into the good and bad, with the good rewarded.
C) rebirth into a new life cycle based on karma.
D) punishment for nonbelievers in eternal dust and torment.
E) paradise for those of noble birth.
Answer: B
Q2) The earliest people to work with iron were probably the A) Assyrians.
B) Hittites.
C) Hyksos.
D) Egyptians.
E) Nubians.
Answer: B
Q3) The strongest of the successor states to the Assyrian Empire was the newly commercial state of Egypt.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 4
Chapter 3: The Rise of Greek Civilization,1100-387 BCE
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Q1) In Greek unconditional warfare,the losing men were
A) sold as slaves.
B) retained as prisoners of war for ransom.
C) forced to join their captors' armies.
D) killed without mercy.
E) shamed and humiliated.
Answer: D
Q2) Why is Greece considered by many historians to be the cradle of western civilization?
Answer: In addition to the geographic location on continental Europe,as opposed to earlier civilizations in the Near East,several historical and epic sources distinguish Greece as being Western in contrast to the Asians of Persia or the Near East,specifically,Homer's
The Iliad as well as Herodotus' Histories.But the specific characteristics that historians use to distinguish Greece from the other areas we've studied to this point include a division of society and government from religion and law;an emphasis on "the triumph of rationalism" because Greeks invented philosophy and the quest for rational explanations rather than supernatural explanations;the development of democracy as a characteristic similar to Western political forms;and the development of Golden Age literature.
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Chapter 4: From Polis To Cosmopolis: The
World,387-30 BCE
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Q1) What were the reasons for the failure of the Alexandrian Empire and the success of the Hellenistic world?
Q2) From the more Hellenistic perspective,analyze the transition in the Greek world from polis to cosmopolis.
Q3) In the post-Alexandrian territories of the Seleucid,Antigonid and Ptolemaic kingdoms,how important was the maintenance of a Greek sense of identity? What challenges or compromises were made?
Q4) The Jewish faction that opposed Hellenism and wanted rigorous enforcement of Jewish law was
A) the Sadducees.
B) the Pharisees.
C) the Essenes.
D) the Sanhedrin.
E) none of these.
Q5) Compare the philosophies and beliefs within Stoicism,Epicureanism,and Cynicism as embraced by the individuals.Why did these philosophies impart comfort that was separate from the mystery cults?
Page 6
Q6) Explain the significance of the Maccabean revolt.
Q7) How did philosophy differ from the Hellenic to the Hellenistic Age?
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Chapter 5: The Rise of Rome,753-27 BCE
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Q1) The final conflict between Octavian and Marc Antony was the Battle of
A) Lepidus.
B) Philippi.
C) Zama.
D) Actium.
E) Charonaea.
Q2) The First Triumvirate consisted of
A) Pompey, Cicero, and Catiline.
B) Julius Caesar, Cicero, and Catallus.
C) Crassus, Octavian, and Spartacus.
D) Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey.
E) Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Marius.
Q3) In which of the following ways were women in Rome better off than women in Greece?
A) They could work in a variety of jobs.
B) They could appear in public without a chaperone
C) They could serve in the military.
D) They could hold public office.
E) They were exempt from slavery.
Q4) What crises faced by Rome led to the development of dictatorships?
Page 7
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Chapter
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Q1) Most grain grown for trade within the empire was transported on a grain fleet that came from
A) Alexandria.
B) Syria.
C) Marseilles.
D) Carthage.
E) Spain.
Q2) Most religions within the empire were
A) monotheistic.
B) polytheistic.
C) agnostic.
D) focused on the imperial cult.
E) henotheistic.
Q3) Cities,even in provinces,became the focal point for disseminating Roman civilization.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Why did Christianity embrace the status of martyrdom,and use this for expansion of the religion?
Q5) What accounts for changes in the population of slaves in the Roman Empire?
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Chapter 7: Late Antiquity,284-527
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Q1) Clovis was accepted by the Romans because
A) he was baptized under the Nicene Creed.
B) he continued the use of the Roman law code.
C) he fought against the Vandals.
D) they were afraid of his conquests.
E) None of these.
Q2) Which of the following was not one of Constantine's ways of showing the Christians favor?
A) exempting priests from duty on city councils.
B) recognizing Sunday as a day of rest
C) forbidding Jews to keep Christian slaves
D) building new churches
E) exempting Christians from military service
Q3) A significant problem that Constantine encountered in giving preferred status to Christianity within the Empire was that
A) Christians were not uniform in their beliefs.
B) Christians demanded the exclusion of all other religions.
C) Christians would not recognize Constantine as supreme authority.
D) Some of the Christian hierarchy accepted Constantine, others did not.
E) Christians wanted a tax exemption as a sign of favor from Constantine.
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Q1) The Seljuk Turks moved in to attack the Byzantines and as a result the Byzantine Empire lost its core territory.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Analyze the expansion of the Islamic Empire in terms of its development and assimilation.
Q3) Islamic intellectual development in math included all of the following except A) the concept of a zero.
B) calculus.
C) algebra.
D) non-Euclidian geometry.
E) the system of Arabic numerals.
Q4) One segment of Justinian's Code of Law prescribed different social status between A) slave and free man.
B) clergy and laity.
C) Christian and Jew.
D) Arab and European.
E) men and women.
Q5) What were the significant military reforms made in the Byzantine Middle Period?
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Chapter 9: The Kingdoms of Western Europe,500-1000
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Q1) A bishop's authority rested mainly on
A) how many converts he brought to Christianity.
B) how much land and wealth he held.
C) an aura of holiness.
D) how large a diocese he commanded.
E) recognition by the pope.
Q2) What was a significant problem within the Frankish kingdoms in ensuring political stability?
A) The king not naming a successor.
B) The expectation of proving one's military prowess to earn the title.
C) Obtaining a consensus of the noble families for who should lead.
D) Equally dividing up the territory among all sons.
E) Exclusion of daughters from the lines of inheritance.
Q3) The Divine Office was a term for the religious aspirations held by a person entering a monastery.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain the system of feudalism and its obligations of social reciprocity.
Q5) What criteria allowed bishops to become so powerful? What were their areas of authority and related duties?
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Chapter 10: The High Middle Ages,1000-1300
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Q1) Which of the following was not a restriction placed on Jews by the Fourth Lateran Council?
A) Jews must wear distinctive clothing in public.
B) Jews could not hold public office.
C) Jews could not live in Spain.
D) Jews who converted could not return to their previous religion.
E) None of these were restrictions placed on Jews.
Q2) What happened to the People's Crusade?
A) It was called off by Pope Urban II.
B) It conquered Jerusalem.
C) Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus sold them into slavery.
D) Seljuk Turks massacred them.
E) They joined forces with the First Crusade.
Q3) How did the Capetian dynasty in particular engage in the centralization of authority?
Q4) What contributed to the growth of universities in the Middle Ages?
Q5) Thomas Aquinas was a Franciscan monk and philosopher.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Discuss the restrictions placed on Jews after the Fourth Lateran Council.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Reversals and Disasters,1300-1450
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Q1) The two major regions for trade were the
A) Baltic and Black Seas.
B) Black and Mediterranean Seas.
C) Baltic and Balkan coasts.
D) Mediterranean and Baltic Seas.
E) Mediterranean and African coasts.
Q2) Physicians dealing with the plague at this time tried all of the following except A) blood-letting.
B) astrology.
C) herbal medicine.
D) prayer.
E) isolation.
Q3) All of the following were reasons for the laity's dissatisfaction with the church except A) the opulence of the papacy.
B) the emphasis on raising money
C) contested claims of higher authority than secular rulers.
D) sought-after positions within the church which generated income.
E) lack of secular participation in selecting a new pope.
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Chapter 12: The Renaissance in Italy and Northern
Europe,1350-1550
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Q1) How was the image of chivalric tradition transmitted in the fifteenth century,and to what purpose?
Q2) In his travels as an ambassador for the Pope in Avignon,where did Petrarch rediscover many forgotten texts?
A) libraries.
B) private collections.
C) archives.
D) museums.
E) monasteries.
Q3) The Golden Bull,issued by Holy Roman emperor Charles IV,declared that A) future Holy Roman emperors must be chosen by seven permanent electors between church and state.
B) the emperor could only come from the principality of Bohemia.
C) the principalities of the Holy Roman Empire must unite and declare war against the Ottoman Empire.
D) the Hanseatic League would function as municipal governments in the eastern territories.
E) the emperor could issue decrees in the name of the pope.
Q4) What was the political structure of the Italian states during the Renaissance?
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Europes Age of Expansion, 1450 1550
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Q1) Europeans justified African slavery using all of the following arguments except A) Las Casas's Eurocentric belief in African inferiority.
B) Aristotle's defense of what he called natural slaves.
C) the existence of slavery in the Bible.
D) allegations that Africans were descendants of Noah's son Ham,who was himself enslaved.
E) demonstrations that slavery was a logical extension of the male hegemony of the household.
Q2) The first European explorers to sail to India and China were from A) France.
B) Portugal.
C) Spain.
D) England.
E) Italy.
Q3) How did the definition of women's work change with the onset of the commercial revolution?
Q4) Bartolomé de las Casas argued against the use of indigenous "Indians" as slave labor in the New World.
A)True
B)False
Page 15
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Chapter
14: Reform in the Western Church,1490-1570
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Q1) Why was the missionary work by Jesuits working in Asia considered a mixed success?
Q2) How was the creation of new religious orders for men and women within Catholicism different in the sixteenth century than in the earlier church reforms?
Q3) Ignatius Loyola wrote which treatise on religion?
A) "In Defense of the Catholic Faith"
B) The First Blast Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women
C) In Praise of Folly
D) "The Thirty-nine Articles"
E) Spiritual Exercises
Q4) John Knox,founder of Presbyterianism in Scotland,argued that A) a different form of Protestantism was necessary in Scotland to combat the Church of England.
B) Scotland needed a real reformation because Henry VIII's conversion to Protestantism was for political purposes only.
C) England had no business in Scotland, religious or political.
D) women were not empowered to rule in the government because it was unnatural.
E) Scotland must rely on France to expel the English, even if they were Catholic.
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Chapter 15: A Century of Crisis,1550-1650
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Q1) A dissident group in England known as the Levellers wanted to establish England as a democratic republic.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What was the cause of the war in Poland-Lithuania that broke out in 1648?
A) The Cossack rebellion in Ukraine.
B) The attempt by Russia to force Russian Orthodoxy on Catholic Poland.
C) A violent dispute over access to the Baltic that opened hostilities with Sweden.
D) The expulsion from Poland of German merchants.
E) Poland's refusal to participate in the Peace of Westphalia.
Q3) How were the Wars of Religion in the eastern section of Europe comparable to the Wars of Religion that took place earlier in western Europe?
Q4) The main city for commodities trading in Europe was
A) Paris.
B) London.
C) Seville.
D) Amsterdam.
E) Venice.
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Chapter 16: State-Building and the European State
System,1648-1789
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Q1) Robert Walpole became the leader of the Whigs under George I because of all of the following except he
A) was an excellent public speaker.
B) declined to serve in the House of Lords.
C) opposed George as a candidate for kingship, instead choosing James III.
D) believed in the power of centralized government.
E) appealed to both Whigs and moderate Tories.
Q2) How did the idea of "balance of power" fuel the European wars of the seventeenth and eighteenth century?
Q3) Why was Leopold unable to develop absolutism like Louis XIV of France?
A) There were too many different nationalities within the Empire.
B) There was religious differentiation.
C) There was a more traditional hierarchy of magnates and serfs.
D) There was considerably less centralization of his bureaucracy.
E) All of these.
Q4) Why is Peter the Great seen as the modernizer of Russia?
Q5) King Frederick William I was a Calvinist and an absolutist.
A)True
B)False
Q6) How was the sense of collective identity in France established and retained? Page 18
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Chapter 17: The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment,1550-1790
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Q1) The places where women could participate in the reading revolution on an equal footing were
A) salons.
B) coffeehouses.
C) universities.
D) businesses.
E) royal circles.
Q2) Most of the early scientists in the Scientific Revolution refused any royal patronage for fear of losing their autonomy in discoveries.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Descartes and Locke argued that,via Cartesian dualism,men and women were of equal intellectual potential.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Why was New Science considered revolutionary and how did it constitute a new shift in intellectual thinking?
Q5) How were the ideas of Abbé Raynal regarding the New World inhabitants perceived and refuted?
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Chapter 18: Trade and Empire,1700-1800
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Q1) Population growth was inhibited by the European fear to take regular baths in the eighteenth century.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What was accomplished in the Treaty of Madrid in 1750?
A) The Bourbon dynasty was recognized as the legitimate ruler of Spain.
B) Spain and Portugal united in war against Britain over domination of the sugar trade.
C) It readjusted the boundaries for Portugal in the New World.
D) It arbitrated trade monopolies on certain New World products between Spain and Portugal.
E) It reaffirmed the territories allocated by the Treaty of Tordesillas.
Q3) Due to the market revolution and the transformation of class structure,the peerage in eighteenth century Britain became obsolete and disappeared.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which had the greatest effect on transforming Europe in the eighteenth century: the agricultural,demographic,or Industrial Revolution?
Q5) How did the putting-out system transform commercial manufacturing?
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Chapter 19: Revolutionary France and Napoleonic
Europe,1775-1815
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Q1) Napoleon's massive armies were obtained by
A) volunteers to the revolutionary ideal.
B) playing on nationalist fervor within France.
C) conscription.
D) paying professional mercenaries.
E) impressment of foreign prisoners of war.
Q2) Maximilien Robespierre led which political faction?
A) Jacobins
B) Sans-culottes
C) Feuillants
D) Girondins
E) Montagne
Q3) The first French Constitution was issued in 1791.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The Vendée was a bastion of support for the Revolutionary government outside of Paris.
A)True
B)False
Page 22
Q5) Why did the French National Assembly reconsider the issue of slavery?
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Chapter 20: Restoration and Reform: Conservative and Liberal Europe,1814-1847
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Q1) Which ruler in nineteenth-century Europe could be accurately described as politically moderate?
A) Nicholas I of Russia
B) Louis Philippe of France
C) Charles X of France
D) Frederick William III of Prussia
E) None of these
Q2) Charles X abdicated because he
A) was voted out by popular referendum.
B) refused to allow free worship for Catholics in France.
C) delegated too much authority to the Chamber of Deputies.
D) attempted to dissolve the legislature and restrict voting criteria.
E) was thwarted by the legislature in implementing a modern economy under central control.
Q3) According to Jeremy Bentham,a practical application of law was one that
A) rewarded the individual for contributing to the common good.
B) reduced poverty as a moral injustice.
C) created the greatest happiness for the greatest number of citizens.
D) transformed society in a widely meaningful way.
E) avoided disruption of the market economy.
Page 23
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Chapter 21: Industrialization and Society,1800-1850
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Q1) Specific goals outlined in The Communist Manifesto included all of the following except
A) a progressive income tax.
B) free education.
C) state control of credit and transportation.
D) complete abolition of all private ownership.
E) an end to the distinction between urban and rural by spreading culture and education beyond cities.
Q2) Class consciousness can best be attributed to
A) the education of the middle classes.
B) the identification of the urban worker.
C) the privileges of the nobility.
D) the demand for universal male suffrage.
E) one's relationship to the economy.
Q3) What changes in western Europe had the longest lasting effect in the nineteenth century?
Q4) Conditions for peasants were worst in Europe in Ireland after the potato famine.
A)True B)False
Q5) What was different about the ideas proposed by socialism and communism?
Page 24
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Chapter 22: The Triumph of the Nation-State,1848-1900
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Q1) The most significant of the Great Reforms in Russia was
A) open access to universities regardless of political affiliation.
B) broad-scale religious toleration for all religions including Jews.
C) the issuance of a constitution.
D) liberation of the serfs.
E) termination of conscription in the army.
Q2) To help Italy unify as a nation,Camille Cavour utilized the strategy of A) rallying around the Catholic Church as the most common element within the Italian states.
B) allying with France to help drive Austria out of the Italian states.
C) supporting Mazzini as a patriot rather than harassing him as a radical.
D) liberalist economic reforms to modernize the states of Italy and form an economic union.
E) a constitutional monarchy based around the kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
Q3) The only European nation to achieve statehood by peaceful means was
A) Bulgaria.
B) Serbia.
C) Greece.
D) Norway.
E) Poland.
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Chapter 23: The Culture of Industrial Europe,1850-1914
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Q1) The first air travel was achieved by which nation in 1900?
A) Germany
B) America
C) Britain
D) Italy
E) China
Q2) Industrial growth went hand in hand with what demographic event?
A) Population increase
B) Population decrease
C) Urbanization
D) Decreased child mortality rates
E) Later age of marriage
Q3) Which of the following was one of the most popular entertainments using new technology?
A) Magic Lantern shows
B) cabaret
C) serialized books in mass papers
D) dance clubs with electric lights
E) vulcanized rubber in sports equipment
Q4) How did Auguste Comte influence the social sciences? What made his theories new?
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Chapter 24: The Age of Imperialism,1870-1914
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Q1) Why did the weakening of the Ottoman empire pose a diplomatic problem for Europe?
Q2) What represented the most important of the native rebellions against European imperialism?
Q3) British colonial power in India was extremely organized and detailed in planning.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What were the critical needs of Europe that pushed for imperialism in the late nineteenth century?
A) Expanded territory for the excess population
B) Resources to support a largely urbanized European population
C) Raw materials to maintain and further the economy based on industrialization
D) Promoting European superiority
E) Spreading Christianity throughout the world
Q5) How was missionary work often used as an extension of European colonialism in the nineteenth century?
Q6) The common language in India under the Raj was English.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 25: War and Revolution,1900-1918
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Q1) The only empire remaining at the end of the war was
A) the Ottoman Empire.
B) the Russian Empire.
C) the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
D) the Balkan Empire.
E) none of these.
Q2) The Balfour Declaration was controversial in the Middle East because
A) it proposed that the Ottoman Empire be partitioned between England and France.
B) it allowed for the creation of a Jewish home state in Palestine.
C) it gave Britain permanent control over Egypt and access to the Suez Canal.
D) France received little assistance in controlling North Africa.
E) None of these.
Q3) The Bolsheviks were able to seize power because
A) they had a political majority within the Provisional Government.
B) Alexander Kerensky was assassinated by anarchists.
C) they promised peasants land in exchange for support.
D) the German government agreed to their terms for peaceful withdrawal from the war.
E) they were endorsed by France and Britain.
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Chapter 26: A Decade of Revolutionary Experiments,1918-1929
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Q1) How did the visual arts change in response to the effects of the war?
Q2) After the war,women obtained the right to vote in all of the following areas except A) England.
B) Germany.
C) France.
D) Russia.
E) Norway.
Q3) After World War I,members of the Triple Entente sent troops and financial assistance to defeat the Bolsheviks in Russia.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What kind of revolutionary movements occurred after World War I?
Q5) Britain promoted full independence of which protectorate nation in 1932?
A) Palestine
B) Iraq
C) Iran
D) Arabia
E) Egypt
Q6) How did the return to peacetime affect women's places in the public sphere?
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Chapter 27: Democracy Under Siege,1929-1945
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Q1) What was the purpose of the conferences attended by Churchill,Stalin,and Roosevelt? What was accomplished?
Q2) What happened to the Soviet economy during the Great Depression?
A) It was severely damaged because the United States recalled all foreign loans.
B) There was an ongoing crisis after the end of NEP.
C) There was no effect on Russia because it was not part of the Dawes Plan.
D) Russia struggled to create a balanced economy.
E) War communism was extended from 1918 to 1939.
Q3) Hitler's policies on racial purity put which race at the highest point of supremacy?
A) Aryans
B) Slavs
C) Jews
D) Gypsies
E) Caucasians
Q4) The Manhattan Project sought to launch a massive Allied assault on the beaches of Normandy.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Why did the policy of appeasement fail?
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Chapter 28: Europe Divided,1945-1968
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Sample Questions
Q1) Conflicts between the East and West were most dangerous during A) the Cuban Missile Crisis.
B) the failure of Charles de Gaulle to participate in the UN.
C) the construction of the Berlin Wall.
D) the proxy wars of containment.
E) none of these.
Q2) The United States risked conflict with the Soviet Union to support the Hungarian Uprising.
A)True
B)False
Q3) All of the following were the economic advantages offered by the European Coal and Steel Community except
A) lifting of trade tariffs between members.
B) an open border policy allowing workers to find employment in member communities.
C) cross-investment in each other's heavy industries.
D) openings for multinational corporations.
E) creating a trans-national trade union with universal applications.
Q4) How did decolonization affect the balance of power in the world during the cold war?
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Sample Questions
Q1) The German chancellor who sought normalization of relations between East and West Germany was
A) Helmut Kohl.
B) Helmut Schmidt.
C) Konrad Adenauer.
D) Willy Brandt.
E) Angela Merckel.
Q2) What was the difference between glasnost and perestroika as proposed by Gorbachev?
Q3) The guest worker program encouraged immigration from former European colonies in Africa,Asia,and the West Indies.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How did terrorist organizations utilize public dissatisfaction with European politics to advance their more radical politics on both the right and left sides?
Q5) The Brezhnev Doctrine focused on suppressing any dissent against Communism in the Eastern bloc.
A)True
B)False
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Partnerships for Peace project was designed to do what?
A) Oversee integration of Turkey into the EU.
B) Supervise political enforcement of the human rights initiatives in Bosnia.
C) Initiate a grassroots campaign for ending terrorism with Muslim extremists in Western Europe.
D) Expand the Schengren Agreement amnesty program.
E) Extend NATO into eastern Europe to assist postcommunist countries.
Q2) Who bombed the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade?
A) Serbians
B) Albanians
C) French
D) Americans
E) Russians
Q3) After the fall of the Soviet Union,the Russian economy underwent what transformation?
A) Nationalization
B) Transfer of government owned industries to IPOs
C) A political coup against a free market economy
D) Privatization
E) Liquidation
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