Introduction to Sustainability
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Sustainability explores the fundamental concepts and principles of sustainability in a global context, emphasizing the interconnectedness of environmental, social, and economic systems. The course examines pressing challenges such as climate change, resource depletion, biodiversity loss, and social inequality, while highlighting innovative strategies for building resilient communities and businesses. Students will engage with case studies and critical perspectives to understand the roles individuals, organizations, and governments play in advancing sustainability and will gain foundational tools for assessing and improving sustainable practices across various sectors.
Recommended Textbook
Living in the Environment 3rd Canadian Edition by G. Miller
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Environmental Problems, Their Causes, and Sustainability
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Q1) What does the difference in ecological footprint between India and the Netherlands mean?
Answer: India's overall effect on the environment is more severe than that of the Netherlands.
Q2) David Suzuki has been called the face of environmental science for Canada.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) How can sustainable development be distinguished from economic development in terms of its emphasis?
A)intergenerational equity
B)setting limits on human population growth
C)meeting the needs of people
D)use of economic systems and the earth's resources
Answer: A
Q4) ___________________________________ is the ability of the environment to function indefinitely.
Answer: Environmental sustainability
Answer: pollution Page 3
Q5) The consequence of volcanic eruptions and burning coal is
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Page 4
Chapter 2: Environmental History: Learning From the Past
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Q1) During most of their existence, humans have been hunter-gatherers.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) The industrial-medical revolution led to both increased air pollution and groundwater depletion.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) In which year was CITIES created?
A)1965
B)1975
C)1978
D)1985
Answer: B
Q4) The information-globalization revolution can lead to homogenizing of the Earth's surface.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 5
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Chapter 3: Science, Systems, Matter, and Energy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which option is most effective for dealing with nondegradable pollutants?
A)Reuse them.
B)Remove them from contaminated air.
C)Remove them from contaminated water.
D)Remove them from contaminated soil.
Answer: A
Q2) Which statement is the bestexample of synergism?
A)The combined effects of alcohol and a depressant produce a greater effect than would be expected from adding their individual effects.
B)When the exponential growth of the human population exceeds the carrying capacity, a massive dieback will occur.
C)The use of alcohol reduces the effectiveness of a blood thinner.
D)Secondary smoke may increase chances of lung cancer in a nonsmoker.
Answer: A
Q3) ____________________ reasoning involves using logic to arrive at a specific conclusion based on a generalization or premise.
Answer: Deductive
Q4) A(n) ____________________ occurs when ice melts into a liquid. Answer: physical change
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Chapter 4: Ecosystems: What Are They and How Do They
Work
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Q1) Hydrocarbons and simple carbohydrates are ______________________________.
Q2) What is a biotic factor?
A)light
B)pH
C)bacteria
D)temperature
Q3) Another word for consumer is ____________________.
Q4) One member of a system analysis team likes to manipulate variables to see the potential effects of trying different solutions, and this person likes to engage fully in the study of cause and effect.To which stage of system analysis would a system manager assign this person?
A)system measurement
B)system modeling
C)system optimization
D)system simulation
Q5) What best represents the 10% efficiency rule?
A)the productivity circle
B)the energy pyramid
C)the mass pyramid
D)the cultural pyramid Page 7
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Page 8
Chapter 5: Evolution and Biodiversity
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Sample Questions
Q1) What benefit does the size of the earth serve?
A)Its size keeps it in orbit at a constant distance from the sun.
B)Its size provides enough mass to gravitationally attract the atmosphere.
C)Its size keeps the iron-nickel core solid.
D)Its size prevents transfer of geothermal energy to the surface of the planet.
Q2) Most of the individuals in a bat population possess moderate length wings, although some have long wings and some have short wings.Over the course of time, the frequency of moderate wing lengths has increased.What is the most likely cause for most of the bat population having moderate wing lengths?
A)stabilizing natural selection
B)directional natural selection
C)continuous natural selection
D)diversifying natural selection
Q3) What process refers to the change in the gene pool in one species that may occur over the course of time as a result of a change in the gene pool of another species?
A)coevolution
B)macroevolution
C)convergent evolution
D)diversifying natural selection
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Page 9
Chapter 6: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity
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Q1) What poses the least threat to desert ecosystems?
A)groundwater depletion
B)overgrazing
C)a nomadic lifestyle
D)irrigation and salinization
Q2) What are the four major factors that determine global air circulation?
Q3) On average, how many tornadoes can you expect in Canada per annum?
A)30
B)80
C)200
D)over 1,000
Q4) What would NOT be found below the roots of a big tree in a tropical rain forest?
A)a deep, vertical taproot
B)roots that spread out through the nutrient-poor, moist, thin soil layer
C)a buttress root
D)a shallow root system
Q5) Mountains suffer degradation of natural capital through increased tourism.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Mountain biomes are often high-elevation islands of ____________________.
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Chapter 7: Aquatic Biodiversity
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Q1) In the summer in many temperate lakes, the ________________________ separates the epilimnion from the hypolimnion.
Q2) Which characteristics do estuaries exhibit?
A)constant temperature and variable salinity
B)constant temperature and salinity
C)variable temperature and salinity
D)variable temperature and constant salinity
Q3) ____________________________ have a low supply of nutrients.
Q4) The top layer of a lake near the shoreline is called the ____________________ zone.
Q5) What percentage of the world's freshwater supply is located in Canada?
A)about 20%
B)about 25%
C)about 30%
D)about 35%
Q6) What is a characteristic of an oligotrophic lake?
A)It has low net primary productivity.
B)It has murky brown or green water.
C)It has a dense fish population.
D)It has an abundance of phytoplankton.
Page 11
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Chapter 8: Community Ecology
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Questions
Q1) Which category are sea otters, dung beetles, and gopher tortoises generally considered to belong to?
A)keystone species
B)native species
C)specialist species
D)non-native species
Q2) Which statement is characteristic of a specialist species?
A)It is very adaptable.
B)It eats a wide variety of food.
C)It is more likely to become extinct.
D)It tolerates a wide range of environments.
Q3) The introduction of a non-native species-for example, kudzu-results in a negative impact on the environment.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which natural change would be considered gradual rather than catastrophic?
A)fire
B)drought
C)climate change
D)landslide
Page 12
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Chapter 9: Population Ecology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is among the age structure categories?
A)proreproductive
B)reproductive
C)elderly
D)antireproductive
Q2) The human population can continue yielding a J-shaped growth curve because of technology.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A life table shows the number of individuals at each age on a survivorship curve.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which letter in the graph corresponds to the portion of the graph representing the number of reindeer that can be sustained indefinitely in a given area?
Q5) Which letter in the graph corresponds to the portion of the graph representing the number of reindeer that exceeded the capacity of their environment?
Q6) Most large mammals and birds of prey are ____________________ -selected species.
Q7) Which letter in the diagram represents a population's capacity for growth?
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Chapter 10: Applying Population Ecology: the Human Population
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Q1) Which category is lacking in population age structure diagrams?
A)reproductive
B)postreproductive
C)infant
D)prereproductive
Q2) Which letter in the graph corresponds to the number of children a couple would have to have in order to maintain a constant rate of population growth?
Q3) Which statement describes family planning in India?
A)Families in India have a strong preference for female children.
B)Indian women still have an average of 2.1 children.
C)India's government pensions have eliminated the need for large families.
D)Many cultural norms in India favour large families.
Q4) According to the diagram, at which stage do death rates decrease but birth rates remain high?
Q5) The ______________________________ is viewed as the best single measure of a society's quality of life because it reflects a country's general health.
Q6) Two advantages of ______________________________ are the resulting decreases in both birth rates and abortions.
Page 14
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Chapter 11: Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: Managing and Protecting Ecosystems
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Q1) A(n) ______________ ________________ contains a diverse array of species, including more than half of the world's terrestrial plants and animals.
Q2) Selection cutting and strip cutting are not effective tools for forest management.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which area contains no tropical forests?
A)Australia
B)Canada
C)Asia
D)United States
Q4) The difference between a nature reserve and a wilderness area is that people are allowed to visit nature reserves.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Ecologists classify tree farms as cropland rather than forestland.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Describe the aspen parkland in Canada.
Page 15
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Chapter 12: Sustaining Biodiversity: the Species Approach
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Q1) What is a limiting factor of CITES?
A)It only applies to larger urban centres.
B)It is unclear which species are covered.
C)Much of the illegal wildlife trade occurs in countries that have not signed the treaty.
D)Member countries cannot exempt themselves from protecting any species.
Q2) Which term did biologist E.O.Wilson give to the sense of affinity that most people feel toward the natural world?
A)technophobia
B)biophobi
C)technophilia
D)biophilia
Q3) Some species are good ___________________________________ because they live in all biomes and climates, respond promptly to changes in the environment, and are easy to mark and recapture.
Q4) A secondary cause of depletion of wild species is climate change.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are the characteristics of a successful invader species?
Q6) ____________________ is diminished by extinction.
Page 16
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Chapter 13: Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity
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Q1) ____________________% of the prairie pothole region has been lost due to human activities.
Q2) The Eurasian ruffe is native to Canadian aquatic ecosystems.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Seaweeds and other organisms are sources of some chemicals used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Where is most marine biodiversity found?
A)in tide pools
B)in salt flats
C)on coral reefs
D)on the deep ocean floor
Q5) What situation is being faced by Canada's wetlands?
A)Over 20% of the wetlands in southern Ontario have been converted to farms.
B)Less than 25% of the prairie pothole region is gone.
C)Wetlands are diminishing in Canada.
D)There are no staunch defenders of wetlands in Canada.
Q6) Do international agreements work in protecting fish stocks?
Page 17
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Chapter 14: Food and Soil Resources
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Q1) Although __________________________________________________ is usually organic and utilizes few pesticides, it is not always a sustainable form of agriculture because techniques such as slash and burn may be used.
Q2) ____________________ reduces soil oxygen levels, causes accumulation of gases that are toxic to plants, and alters the concentration of nutrients around plant roots.
Q3) ___________________________________ integrates three main goals-environmental health, economic profitability, and social and economic equity.
Q4) What is the main reason for the increase in global food production since 1950?
A)the blue revolution
B)the red revolution
C)the yellow revolution
D)the green revolution
Q5) Which country is the world leader in aquaculture?
A)Japan
B)North Korea
C)China
D)Brazil
Q6) What environmental damage is associated with a trawler?
Page 18
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Chapter 15: Water Resources
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Q1) ____________________, which involves replacing grasses with native plants, sharply reduces water use on a site.
Q2) What is water scarcity called that occurs due to increasing numbers of people relying on fixed levels of runoff?
A)desiccation
B)drought
C)aridity
D)water stress
Q3) Drinking is the biggest use of water worldwide.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What percentage of global freshwater consumption, according to the World Resources Institute, is wasted through evaporation, leaks, and other losses?
A)75 to 80%
B)65 to 70%
C)45 to 50%
D)25 to 30%
Q5) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to an area that replenishes an aquifer by precipitation?
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Chapter 16: Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
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Q1) What is the fraction of ore containing waste minerals called?
A)tailings
B)spoil
C)gangue
D)hazardous waste
Q2) The outermost and thinnest zone of the Earth is called the ____________________.
Q3) Where do the majority of the Earth's earthquakes and volcanoes occur?
A)along the edges of continents
B)in the open ocean
C)on oceanic islands
D)in the interior areas of continents
Q4) _________________________ mining is used on hilly or mountainous terrain.A power shovel cuts a series of terraces into the side of a hill.
Q5) Market prices clearly reflect dwindling mineral supplies.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to the process that could involve movement by wind?
Q7) Why are high-strength plastics and composite materials replacing steel?
Q8) Slate, marble, and quartzite are examples of ____________________ rock. Page 20
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Chapter 17: Nonrenewable Energy Resources
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Q1) Because there is no combustion, emissions from fuel cells are low.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What percentage of globally extracted oil is consumed by the United States each year?
A)about 2%
B)about 4%
C)about 14%
D)about 24%
Q3) How many large CANDU reactors are currently operating in Canada?
A)0
B)11
C)22
D)55
Q4) Which statement best describes breeder reactors?
A)The use of a breeder reactor would not extend the supplies of uranium in the world.
B)If a breeder reactor's safety system failed, the reactor would be fine.
C)Many experimental breeder reactors are safe.
D)A breeder reactor would generate more fuel than it would consume.
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Chapter 18: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
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Q1) Which entity would most likely support large-scale funding of hydrogen research?
A)sustainable developers
B)electric utility companies
C)fossil fuel companies
D)automobile manufacturers
Q2) What is the world's fastest growing energy resource?
A)wind power
B)solar power
C)nuclear power
D)hydroelectric dams
Q3) Small hydropower projects emit more carbon dioxide, and are therefore less desirable, than larger projects.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What would happen if the Canadian government required that all vehicles must be able to travel 17 kilometres per litre of fuel?
Q5) One of the four keys to sustainability based on learning from nature is to rely mostly on renewable ____________________ energy.
Q6) What are some of the advantages of micropower?
Page 23
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Chapter 19: Risk, Toxicology, and Human Health
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Q1) The overwhelming consensus in the scientific community is that the nicotine contained in inhaled tobacco smoke is not addictive for humans.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The three types of toxic chemicals are mutagens, teratogens, and carcinogens.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What are some activities that have led to antibiotic resistance?
Q4) Research has indicated that long-term exposure to some chemicals at low doses may disrupt the immune, nervous, and endocrine systems of humans.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is a carcinogen?
Q6) What is a leading cause of death in developed countries?
A)bacteria
B)vectors
C)environmental and lifestyle factors
D)viruses
Q7) Why is biomagnification an environmental problem?
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Chapter 20: Air Pollution
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Q1) Which compound is NOT one of the four most dangerous indoor air pollutants?
A)sulphur dioxide
B)cigarette smoke
C)asbestos
D)radon-222
Q2) What rating would experts in risk analysis give to indoor air pollution?
A)It is a low-risk health problem for humans.
B)It is a medium-risk health problem for humans.
C)It is a high-risk health problem for humans.
D)It is a high-risk ecological problem for humans.
Q3) According to the image, which chemicals are primarily responsible for lowering the pH of rain?
Q4) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to the layer that represents part of the middle atmosphere in which temperatures vary greatly with altitude?
Q5) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to the substance that can result from the addition of water to nitrogen dioxide?
Q6) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to SO , HNO , H SO , H O , O , PANs, most NO ?, and SO ? salts.
Q7) Describe the sources of primary pollutants.
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Chapter 21: Climate Change and Ozone Loss
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Q1) According to the diagram, what processes interact to influence the Earth's climate?
Q2) Which of the following is a potential effect of global warming on human health?
A)sanitation systems in coastal cities may be flooded
B)increased skin cancer rates
C)insect-borne diseases would likely decrease in today's temperate zones
D)increased deformities in amphibians
Q3) UV-A rays can easily be blocked by window glass.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How long did glacial periods, which occurred over the last million years, last?
A)10 to 100 years
B)100 to 1 000 years
C)1 000 to 10 000 years
D)10 000 to 100 000 years
Q5) Increases in ultraviolet radiation will cause an increase in the incidence of skin cancers and eye cataracts, and will suppress the human immune system.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Is the projected change of the surface temperature of the Earth worrisome? Why?
Page 26
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Chapter 22: Water Pollution
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Q1) What percentage of Canada's surface freshwater is contained in the Great Lakes?
A)about 30%
B)about 50%
C)about 70%
D)about 90%
Q2) Which of the following is a nonpoint source of water pollution?
A)a logged area
B)a coal mine
C)a sewage treatment plant
D)an electric power plant
Q3) Which of the following is a point source of water pollution?
A)a livestock feedlot
B)urban land
C)cropland
D)an offshore oil well
Q4) To which category do nitrates and phosphates belong?
A)organic plant nutrients
B)disease-causing agents
C)oxygen-demanding wastes
D)inorganic plant nutrients
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Chapter 23: Pest Management
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Q1) Integrated pest management is an ecological approach to controlling insects.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Genetic resistance can put farmers on a ___________________________________ whereby they pay more and more for pest control.
Q3) What is one advantage of biological control?
A)It is toxic to nontarget species.
B)It maximizes genetic resistance.
C)It saves money in the long term compared to the use of pesticides.
D)It requires little research and development.
Q4) Sex attractants do not help control insect pests.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How can governments get farmers to switch to integrated pest management?
Q6) Of pesticides applied to crops by aerial spraying, only about 1% actually reach the target pest.
A)True
B)False
Page 28
Q7) Fungicides are used to kill ____________________.
Q8) What is integrated pest management?
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Chapter 24: Solid and Hazardous Waste
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Q1) The products of composting can be used in agriculture to slow soil erosion, retain water, and improve crop yields.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The ecoindustrial revolution sacrificed ecological concerns for the operational needs of heavy manufacturing.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In a resources exchange web, the heat waste from power plants could be used to heat nearby industries and homes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the most likely product of composting?
A)landfill by-products
B)soil conditioner and organic fertilizer
C)manure
D)pure garbage
Q5) Why is recycling an output approach for environmental concerns?
Q6) Explain how recycling reduces energy demand and makes fuel supplies last longer.
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Chapter 25: Sustainable Cities
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Q1) What is the general population trend for the Maritime provinces?
A)a south-to-north movement of population
B)a west-to-east movement of population
C)a decreasing population
D)an increasing population
Q2) How does vegetation affect the quality of life in urban areas?
A)by warming the air
B)by producing carbon dioxide
C)by providing habitat for wildlife
D)by reducing oxygen
Q3) What is one disadvantage of bus systems?
A)Buses are unreliable.
B)Buses produce more air pollution per capita than cars.
C)Buses require high capital investment and have operating costs.
D)Buses are noisy and uncomfortable.
Q4) How many megacities exist in the world today?
A)9
B)18
C)29
D)39
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Chapter 26: Economics, Environment, and Sustainability
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Q1) Neoclassical, ecological, and environmental economists believe a balance must exist between economic growth and environmental preservation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The goods and services produced by the Earth's natural processes and which support all life are called ______________________________.
Q3) The Netherlands' Green Plan includes integrated life cycle management and public awareness programs.
A)True
B)False
Q4) ____________________ has numerous harmful health and environmental effects and has been identified as one of the major causes of society's environmental problems.
Q5) Environmentalists think that _____________________________________________ can encourage companies to develop products and processes that can increase economic development.
Q6) According to the diagram, what was the approximate percentage change in the GDP between 1990 and 2000?
Page 32
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Chapter 27: Politics, Environment, and Sustainability
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Q1) What would environmentalists expect anti-environmental forces to do?
A)influence the media and deny that environmental problems exist
B)collect and publish data about environmental issues
C)NOT build up a good environmental image
D)NOT exploit the limitations of science
Q2) What is the first step or level that a proposed Canadian law must pass through on its way to becoming official?
A)Legislators are lobbied to vote or act in favour of the proposed law.
B)A government minister creates a bill hoping to pass it into law.
C)The appropriate government department draws up regulations.
D)Lawmakers acknowledge that there is a problem.
Q3) Laws enforced by environmental leaders are usually composed of policies, regulations, and funding.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to the economic ___________________________________ hypothesis, a country, or a place within a country, often has an advantage over other areas in producing or selling one or more types of goods or services.
Q5) What is the precautionary principle?
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Chapter 28: Environmental Worldviews, Ethics, and Sustainability
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Q1) What is likely to occur as worldviews move from being human-centred to more Earth-centred?
A)intrinsic values will become less important
B)instrumental values will play a lesser role
C)wild species will have value only if they are useful to humans
D)worldviews will become more utilitarian
Q2) What is the basis of the "no problem" variation of the planetary management worldview?
A)the general belief that an ethical responsibility to "tend our garden" would improve most technological-economic growth worldviews
B)the general belief that pure capitalism should be used to make economic decisions
C)the general belief that better management and technology, and more economic growth, can fix humanity's problems
D)the general belief that a mixture of market-based competition, improved technology, and government intervention can solve humanity's problems
Q3) ____________________ is a spectrum of views on the relationships of women to the Earth and to male-dominated societies.
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