Introduction to Statistics
Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Statistics provides students with a foundational understanding of statistical concepts, methods, and reasoning. The course covers topics such as data collection and analysis, descriptive statistics, probability, sampling distributions, hypothesis testing, correlation, and simple regression. By applying these statistical tools, students learn to interpret data, draw meaningful conclusions, and make informed decisions in a variety of real-world contexts. The course emphasizes critical thinking, problem-solving, and practical application of statistical techniques across diverse fields.
Recommended Textbook Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 3rd Edition by Gregory J. Privitera
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) A population can be ______ group of interest to a researcher.
A) any
B) only one
C) only a small
D) only a large
Answer: A
Q2) A score on a multiple-choice exam (0-100 points)is a ratio scale measurement.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) A researcher compares the amount of college debt (in dollars)that undergraduate students incur up to their 4-year degree.College debt is on what scale of measurement?
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval
D) ratio
Answer: D
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Summarizing Data: Frequency Distributions in
Tables and Graphs
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Sample Questions
Q1) The sum of the frequencies for a distribution is 100.This means that fewer than 100 persons were counted.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a rule for constructing a simple frequency distribution?
A) The number of intervals should equal the number of values measured.
B) Each interval is equidistant.
C) No class interval overlaps.
D) At least five class intervals are included.
Answer: A
Q3) When cumulating frequencies from the bottom up,the data are discussed in terms of
A) at most.
B) less than.
C) at or below.
D) all of these.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Summarizing Data: Central Tendency
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Sample Questions
Q1) The median would be used to describe which of the following variables?
A) gender
B) ethnicity
C) rankings
D) brand name
Answer: C
Q2) The ______ is the middle value in a distribution of scores that are listed in numeric order.
A) mean
B) median
C) mode
D) range
Answer: B
Q3) Multiplying or dividing each score in a distribution by the same constant will A) cause the mean to change by that constant.
B) not change the mean at all because each score is multiplied or divided by the same constant.
Answer: A
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5
Chapter 4: Summarizing Data: Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why is it important to divide by df to compute sample variance?
A) Doing so makes the sample variance an unbiased estimator of the population variance.
B) Doing so ensures that the value for sample variance varies between 0 and 1.
C) Doing so minimizes the likelihood that the sample variance will be a negative value.
D) It is not important; there is no advantage for dividing by df.
Q2) If SS = 50 for a data set of 10 scores in a population,then the standard deviation is equal to 5.0.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Suppose a researcher observes a population of 12 people and computes SS = 192.In this example,the standard deviation is 4.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A measure of the average squared distance of scores from the mean is called the A) range.
B) IQR.
C) variance.
D) sum of squares.
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Chapter 5: Probability
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Sample Questions
Q1) While the expected value of the mean estimates the average outcome,the standard deviation of a probability distribution estimates the distance that all other outcomes deviate from the mean.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The probability that a parent rewards a child with a dessert for eating a healthy meal is .07.Assuming independent outcomes,the probability that two parents reward their child's healthy eating equals ______.
A) .07
B) .14
C) .05
D) .005
Q3) The mean of a probability distribution is called the
A) expected value of the mean.
B) mathematical expectation.
C) expected value of the mean and mathematical expectation.
D) none of these.
Q4) Probability ranges between 0 and 1 and is never negative.
A)True
B)False
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Probability, normal Distributions, and Z Scores
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Sample Questions
Q1) It is appropriate to use the normal approximation of the binomial distribution with a sample of 100 participants,where p = .07 and q = .93.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A researcher determines that students are active about 60 ± 12 (M ± SD)min/day.Assuming these data are normally distributed,what is the z score for students being active 48 min/week?
A) 1.0
B) -1.0
C) 0
D) There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q3) For a set of data with 25 ± 2.5,at least 95% of scores fall between 20 and 30.
A)True B)False
Q4) Most behavioral phenomena are believed to approximate the normal distribution. A)True B)False
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8
Chapter 7: Probability and Sampling Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher selects a sample of 49 participants from a population with a mean of 12 and a standard deviation of 3.5.What is the probability of selecting a sample mean that is at least equal to the population mean?
A) .50
B) equal to the probability of selecting a sample mean that is at most equal to the population mean
C) .50 and equal to the probability of selecting a sample mean that is at most equal to the population mean
D) none of these
Q2) A researcher selects two samples of 25 participants each.In the first sample,the population mean was 32 and the variance was 8.In the second sample,the population mean was 4 and the variance was 8.Which sample will be associated with a larger standard error of the mean?
A) Sample 1
B) Sample 2
C) None, both samples will have the same value for standard error.
D) There is not enough information to answer this question.
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Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Significance,effect Size,and
Power
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements regarding the null hypothesis is true?
A) The null hypothesis always makes statements about a population parameter.
B) A decision in hypothesis testing is made about the alternative hypothesis, not the null hypothesis.
C) The null hypothesis is the only hypothesis stated in hypothesis testing.
D) All of these.
Q2) The criteria for a decision regarding the value stated in a null hypothesis is set by the A) level of significance.
B) p value.
C) probability value.
D) level of significance and p value.
Q3) A researcher reports that the standard deviation in Population A is \(\sigma\) = 2.3 and the standard deviation in Population B is \(\sigma\) = 4.3.Which population is associated with the highest power to detect an effect?
A) Population A
B) Population B
C) They are associated with the same level of power.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Testing Means: One-Sample and
Two-Independent-Sample T Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) Measures of proportion of variance are computed the same for all t tests.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following summarizes a t test that was significant and associated with a large effect size?
A) t(22) = 3.02, p < .05, d = .36
B) t(30) = 1.03, p > .05, d = .20
C) t(60) = 1.76, p > .05, d = .45
D) t(12) = 2.95, p < .05, d = .82
Q3) A researcher records the number of distracters (such as noises)that preschool-aged children ignore while watching a popular Sunday morning cartoon show.Assuming that the population variance is unknown,what type of t test is appropriate for this study?
A) one-sample t test
B) two-independent-sample t test
C) There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q4) A t test is associated with n - 1 degrees of freedom.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Testing Means: Truehe Related-Samples T Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an assumption for computing the related-samples t test?
A) The population being sampled from is normally distributed.
B) The population variance of difference scores is unknown.
C) Samples are related or matched between groups, but not within groups.
D) All of these.
Q2) A researcher computes the mean difference in locomotion in a sample of 12 rats before and 30 min after an injection of amphetamine.Rats were placed in a box with infrared beams.The number of times rats crossed the beams was used as a measure of locomotion.The mean difference in locomotion was 6.2 ± 8.4 (M<sub>D </sub>± S<sub>D</sub>)and this difference was significant.What is the effect size for this result using estimated Cohen's d?
A) d = 0.74 (medium effect)
B) d = 1.36 (medium effect)
C) d = 0.74 (large effect)
D) d = 1.36 (large effect)
Q3) To summarize a related-samples t test,we report the test statistic,critical values,and p value.
A)True
B)False
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Estimation and Confidence Intervals
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Sample Questions
Q1) The estimation formula for the one-sample z is M ± z( \(\sigma\)<sub>M</sub>).
A)True
B)False
Q2) If the null hypothesis is inside the confidence interval,then the decision was likely to ______ using hypothesis testing.
A) reject the null hypothesis
B) retain the null hypothesis
Q3) A point estimate is typically reported with an interval estimate.Why?
A) Using only a point estimate is associated with low certainty.
B) The interval estimate gives researchers a higher level of confidence.
C) The interval estimate adds certainty to the estimate of the population mean.
D) All of these.
Q4) A researcher estimates the 95% CI for a sample with a mean of M = 9.0 and a standard error ( \(\sigma\)<sub>M</sub>)of 1.03.What is the confidence interval at this level of confidence?
A) 95% CI 7.3, 10.7
B) 95% CI 8.0, 10.0
C) 95% CI 7.0, 11.0
D) There is not enough information to answer this question.
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Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance: One-Way
Between-Subjects Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher conducts a study in which k = 4 and n = 22 in each group.What are the degrees of freedom for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA?
A) (3, 84)
B) (4, 88)
C) (4, 22)
D) (3, 18)
Q2) A researcher conducts two studies on child health.In Study 1,30 children consume either a low-,moderate-,or high-fat meal (n = 10 per group).In Study 2,the researcher conducts the same study,except that a No Meal control group is added,with n = 10 in each group.If F<sub>obt</sub> = 3.11 in both studies,then in which study will the decision be to reject the null hypothesis at a .05 level of significance for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA?
A) Study 1
B) Study 2
C) both
D) none
Q3) A mean square is a sample variance.
A)True
B)False
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Analysis of Variance: One-Way Within-Subjects
Repeated-Measuresdesign
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Sample Questions
Q1) How many sources of error are present in a one-way within-subjects ANOVA?
A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3
Q2) The Bonferroni procedure is well adapted for which of the following research designs in which the same participants are observed in each group?
A) a between-subjects design
B) a within-subjects design
C) an independent samples design
D) none of these
Q3) When participant responding is not consistent,the one-way within-subjects ANOVA can actually have less power to detect an effect than the one-way between-subjects ANOVA.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The Bonferroni test controls for experimentwise alpha.
A)True
B)False
15
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Chapter 14: Analysis of Variance: Two-Way
Between-Subjects Factorial Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) A two-way between-subjects ANOVA is appropriate for analyzing differences in the combination of levels for two or more factors.
A)True
B)False
Q2) An A * B interaction is associated with 8 degrees of freedom in a 2 * 4 between-subjects ANOVA.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A ______ is the combination of one level from each factor.
A) factor
B) cell
C) main effect
D) interaction
Q4) The following APA summary of a significant main effect is correctly stated: "The main effect of comprehension level was significant,F(2,30)= 3.77,p < .05 (R<sup>2</sup> = .18)."
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Correlation
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Sample Questions
Q1) The coefficient of determination is a measure of significance.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A researcher measures the following correlation between number of years of education and life satisfaction: r = +.08.What is the value of the coefficient of determination?
A) .08
B) .16
C) .01
D) .11
Q3) A researcher measures the relationship between narcissism and willingness to help.If SS<sub>XY</sub> = 240,SS<sub>X</sub> = 320,and SS<sub>Y</sub> = 410,then what is the value of the correlation coefficient?
A) 0.002
B) 0.02
C) 0.66
D) 0.69
Q4) The correlation coefficient can be converted to a chi-square statistic.
A)True
B)False
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Linear Regression and Multiple Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) The "left-over" or remaining variation attributed to error in an analysis of regression is called residual variation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The value of b<sub>1</sub> and b<sub>2</sub> are referred to as ______.
A) unstandardized beta coefficients
B) standardized beta coefficients
C) regression variation
D) residual variation
Q3) In a sample of 28 participants,suppose we conduct an analysis of regression with one predictor variable.If F<sub>obt</sub> = 4.28,then what is the decision for this test at a .05 level of significance?
A) X significantly predicts Y.
B) X does not significantly predict Y.
C) There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q4) The degrees of freedom residual is equal to the number of criterion variables.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Nonparametric Tests: Chi-Square Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) A chi-square goodness-of-fit test is used to determine how well a set of observed frequencies "fits" with what was expected.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Nonparametric tests do not make inferences about population parameters,although these tests can be used to test hypothesized relationships in the population.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The formula for the chi-square test measures the size of the discrepancy between observed and expected frequencies.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A 2 * 3 chi-square test for independence has 2 degrees of freedom.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The degrees of freedom for the chi-square test for independence are k - 1.
A)True
B)False
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Page 19
Chapter 18: Nonparametric Tests: Tests for Ordinal Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following nonparametric tests can be computed using a normal appropriation formula?
A) related-samples sign test
B) Wilcoxon signed-ranks T test
C) Mann-Whitney U test
D) all of these
Q2) For the Wilcoxon signed-ranks T,when T is less than the critical value,we decide to ______.
A) retain the null hypothesis
B) reject the null hypothesis
C) not enough information
Q3) The test statistic for the Friedman test is largest when ______.
A) the ranks for each participant are consistent across groups
B) the mean difference between groups is largest
C) the ranks for each participant are not consistent across groups
D) the value of the test statistic is less than or equal to .05
Q4) For a Wilcoxon signed-ranks T test,we decide to reject the null hypothesis when T is larger than the critical value.
A)True
B)False
Page 20
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