Introduction to Statistics Exam Practice Tests
Course Introduction
Introduction to Statistics explores the fundamental concepts and methods used to collect, analyze, interpret, and present data. The course covers topics such as descriptive statistics, probability theory, random variables, sampling techniques, statistical inference, hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, and correlation. Emphasis is placed on real-world applications and critical thinking, providing students with the skills needed to understand and use statistical information in various academic, professional, and everyday contexts. The course also introduces common statistical software tools for data analysis.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for People Who Think They Hate Statistics Excel 2010 Edition 3rd Edition by Neil
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18 Chapters
532 Verified Questions
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Page 2
J. Salkind
Chapter
1: Statistics or Sadistics? Its Up to You
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is a function?
Answer: A function is a predefined formula.
Q2) Which of following formulas averages the values of 6, 5, 7, 4, and 10?
A) AVERAGE(A4:A10)
B) SUM(4,5,6,7,10)
C) AVERAGE (10,4,5,6,7)
D) 6+5+7+4/10
Answer: C
Q3) When might a person use inferential statistics?
Answer: Inferential statistics are used when you want to make an inference about the population based on a sample.
Q4) Where will the results of the formula appear when you hit the Enter key?
A) in the selected cell
B) in the formula bar
C) in the toolpak
D) in the operator
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Means to an End: Computing and Understanding Averages
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the mean of the following set of scores? 10, 15, 12, 18, 19, 16, 12
Answer: The mean is 14.57
Q2) Calculate the median of the following set of scores: 10, 15, 12, 18, 19, 16, 12
Answer: The median is 15
Q3) Determine the mode of the following set of scores: 10, 15, 12, 18, 19, 16, 12
Answer: The mode is 12
Q4) What are the measures of central tendency discussed in the textbook?
Answer: Mean, median, mode
Q5) When might you want to use the moving average tool?
Answer: A moving average might be used when you have a distribution that has outliers in order to obtain a more accurate representation.
Q6) To identify the point in a distribution at which 50% of scores fall above and 50% fall below a given score, which measure of central tendency would you report?
A) average
B) mean
C) mode
D) median
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Vive La Différence: Understanding Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you intend to use a sample as an estimate of a population parameter, which standard deviation is the best to calculate?
A) biased
B) unbiased
C) squared deviation
D) mean deviation
Answer: B
Q2) In the formula for computing the standard deviation, what does the Greek letter "?" represent?
A) summation
B) sample size
C) mean value of the group
D) individual scores
Answer: A
Q3) What is the s² of the following set of scores? 10, 15, 12, 18, 19, 16, 12
Answer: The variance is 11.29
Q4) What is the s² of the following set of scores? 20, 24, 26, 22, 18, 16, 18
Answer: The variance is 12.95
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Chapter
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the definition of a cumulative frequency distribution?
Q2) What is the difference between skewness and kurtosis?
Q3) In order to create a histogram in Excel, you must identify the "bins" you want. To what are the bins referring?
A) Polygon
B) Tally marks
C) Histogram
D) Class interval
Q4) Which of the following refers to a distribution's curve that is relatively flat in comparison to a normal curve?
A) Platykurtic
B) Leptokurtic
C) Positive skew
D) Negative skew
Q5) If you have a distribution of 50 scores and you want 10 intervals, what should be the size of your class interval?
Q6) Name the four ways that distributions can be different from one another.
Q7) If you have a distribution of 100 scores and you want 20 intervals, what should be the size of your class interval?
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Chapter 5: Ice Cream and Crime: Computing Correlation
Coefficients
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Sample Questions
Q1) The correlation between variable X and variable Y is represented by which of the following?
A) R(xy)²
B) r??
C) r????
D) R?/?
Q2) If the coefficient of determination between two variables is .81, what is the Pearson correlation coefficient?
A) .19
B) .34
C) .66
D) .90
Q3) What would you use to represent a correlation visually?
A) Histogram
B) Polygon
C) Line graph
D) Scatterplot
Q4) If the correlation between variables is .60, what is the coefficient of alienation?
Q5) Write the formula for the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient.
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Chapter 6: Just the Truth: An Introduction to Understanding
Reliability and Validity
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Sample Questions
Q1) What would the interrater reliability be for a 50-item measure in which the number of agreements between Rater 1 and Rater 2 was 45?
A) 0.45
B) 80%
C) 0.90
D) 95%
Q2) If you correlate scores from your test with some other valid measure that assesses the same set of abilities, what type of validity evidence are you collecting?
A) Criterion validity
B) Content validity
C) Construct validity
D) Internal consistency
Q3) If the measures associated with a test are said to be consistent, you might conclude that the measure is which of the following?
A) Standard
B) Valid
C) Reliable
D) Concurrent
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Chapter 7: Hypotheticals and You: Testing Your Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) What type of hypothesis posits a difference between groups where the difference is specified?
A) Directional hypothesis
B) Nondirectional hypothesis
C) Research hypothesis
D) Null hypothesis
Q2) What are the basic criteria for judging the quality of hypotheses?
Q3) What are the different types of research hypotheses? What are they testing?
Q4) What type of hypothesis posits a difference between groups, but the difference is not specified?
A) Directional hypothesis
B) Nondirectional hypothesis
C) Research hypothesis
D) Null hypothesis
Q5) Which of the following represents a null hypothesis?
A) \(H _ { 1 } : \bar { X } _ { 1 } > \bar { X } _ { 2 }\)
B) \(H _ { 0 } : \mu _ { 1 } = \mu _ { 2 }\)
C) \(H _ { 1 : } : \bar { X } _ { 2 } \neq \bar { X } _ { 2 }\)
D) \(H _ { 0 } : \mu _ { 1 } > \mu _ { 2 }\)
Q6) What is a hypothesis?
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Chapter 8: Are Your Curves Normal? Probability and Why It
Counts
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following characteristics is associated with the "tails" of the normal curve?
A) Asymptotic
B) Symmetry
C) Probability
D) Bell-shaped
Q2) In a distribution with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, what is the probability that a score will be 115 or higher?
A) 16%
B) 34%
C) 50%
D) 84%
Q3) What percent of all scores fall above a z score of +1?
A) 16%
B) 34%
C) 50%
D) 84%
Q4) What percentage of scores will fall between the mean and 1 standard deviation above the mean?
10
Q5) What do standard scores allow researchers to do that raw scores cannot?
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Chapter
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Q1) What does 1 - ? represent?
A) Alpha level
B) Type I error
C) Type II error
D) Power
Q2) An error that cannot be controlled is called a?
A) Type I error
B) Chance
C) Type II error
D) Probability
Q3) In order to determine whether or not you will reject the null hypothesis, what must the test statistic be compared against?
A) Critical value
B) Significance level
C) Obtained value
D) p value
Q4) What is the definition for significance level?
Q5) What is the formula for calculating power?
Q7) What are the Greek letters associated with Type I and Type II error? Page 11
Q6) List the steps to take when applying a statistical test to the null hypothesis.
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Chapter 10: Only the Lonely
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Sample Questions
Q1) A Z Test is preferred when the population (n) is?
A) >30
B) <30
C) =30
D) 30
Q2) The Array is also known as the?
A) Sigma
B) Mean score
C) AVERAGE
D) Mu
Q3) A good reason to use a one sample Z-test is to know if the sample values are different from a given?
A) sample
B) value
C) collection
D) population
Q4) If n > 30, what should the distribution be?
Q5) A test is conducted for H?: ? = 20, with ? = 4. A sample of size 36 has \(\bar { X }\) = 21.4. Calculate the Z Test.
Q6) If the n is less than 30, what should the distribution be?
Page 13
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Chapter 11: t(ea) for Two (Again): Tests Between the Means of Related Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) In order to compute the test statistic or t value, you must first approximate the sample size through calculating which of the following?
A) Pooled variance
B) Standard deviation
C) Degrees of freedom
D) Mean score
Q2) If the obtained value is less than the critical value, what should you do?
A) Reject the null hypothesis
B) Accept the null hypothesis
C) Reduce the p value
D) Decrease your sample
Q3) In a t test for dependent samples that examine the difference between a pretest and posttest, what type of hypothesis is used?
A) Nondirectional
B) Directional
C) Null
D) Research
Q4) What is the formula for calculating a t value for a dependent samples test?
Q5) What does the t test for dependent samples allow you to examine?
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Chapter 12: t(ea) for Two (Again): Tests Between the Means of Related Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the following, what are the degrees of freedom: t???? = 2.001, p < .05?
A) 29
B) 30
C) 31
D) 32
Q2) What is another term that statisticians use when talking of dependent tests? Explain.
Q3) What Excel function requires that you enter the t value, degrees of freedom, and the number of tails?
A) TTEST
B) TEST2
C) TDIST
D) TDIST2
Q4) What does t critical one-tail represent?
Q5) Explain the difference between a test of dependent and independent means.
Q6) In the formula that computes a t value, what does n?D represent?
A) Sum of the difference between groups
B) Sum of the means for Group 1
C) Sum of the means for Group 2
D) Sum of the differences squared
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Chapter 13: Two Groups Too Many? Try Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) When interpreting F??, ??? = 8.80, p < .05, what is the total sample size examined?
A) 30
B) 29
C) 3
D) 2
Q2) If the total sample size was 50 and three groups were examined, what is the between-groups degrees of freedom?
Q3) What is the MS between value?
Q4) What is the first step in the computation of the F statistic?
A) Setting the level of risk
B) Selection of the appropriate test
C) Computing the obtained value
D) Stating the null and research hypotheses
Q5) Which of the following is the formula for computing the F statistic?
A) F = MS between/MS within
B) F = SS between/SS within
C) F = SS within/SS between
D) F = MS within/MS between
Q6) What is the MS within value?
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Chapter 14: Two Too Many Factors: Factorial Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) If your analysis notes that participants in a weight loss program differ in amount of weight lost based on the type of weight program used, what type of effect is this called?
A) Interaction effect
B) Factor effect
C) Level effect
D) Main effect
Q2) What type of design includes an ANOVA where one factor is repeated and the other is not?
A) Repeated design
B) Between-group design
C) Mixed design
D) One-way ANOVA
Q3) When analysis of data reveals a difference between levels of a factor, this is called the:
A) Interaction effect
B) Factor effect
C) Level effect
D) Main effect
Q4) What is the main effect in factorial analysis of variance?
Page 17
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Chapter 15: Cousins or Just Good Friends? Testing
Relationships Using the Correlation
Coefficient
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the correlation between two variables is .496, how much of the variance has not been accounted for?
Q2) What does a correlation coefficient represent?
Q3) If the correlation between two variables is .496, how much of the variance has not been accounted for?
A) 24.6%
B) 49.6%
C) 50.4%
D) 75.4%
Q4) What is another term for a positive correlation?
A) Indirect
B) Nondirectional
C) Direct
D) Unidirectional
Q5) What two test statistics can be used to test the significance of a correlation coefficient?
Q6) What are the considerations/requirements one must follow in order to know that a test of the correlation coefficient is the appropriate statistic?
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Q7) What are the null and research hypotheses for testing a correlation coefficient?
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Chapter 16: Predicting Wholl Win the Super Bowl: Using
Linear Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is like a standard deviation for all error scores in regression?
A) Error of the estimate
B) Error standard deviation
C) Standard error of estimate
D) Precision of error
Q2) How is the symbol Y? interpreted?
A) Y intercept
B) Y predictor
C) Y prime
D) Y score
Q3) In order to use two predictor variables, what must be the case concerning the variables?
Q4) Explain what the regression line represents by naming three things that it allows us to examine.
Q5) How would you represent the predicted score of Y based on a known value of X?
A) Y
B) y-intercept
C) Y?
D) Y = Xa
Page 19
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Chapter 17: What to Do When Youre Not Normal:
Chi-Square and Some Other Nonparametric Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to examine the correlation between ranks?
A) Mann-Whitney
B) Wilcoxon rank
C) Spearman rank
D) Fisher's exact
Q2) How are the degrees of freedom associated with the one-sample chi-square calculated?
Q3) How is a nonparametric test different from a parametric test?
Q4) Explain when you would want to use a one-sample chi-square?
Q5) What do the symbols in the one-sample chi-square test represent?
Q6) Which of the following is the correct formula for the one-sample chi-square?
A) \(Y = \Sigma ( E + O ) ^ { 2 } / E\)
B) \(\chi ^ { 2 } = \Sigma ( E - O ) ^ { 2 } / E\)
C) \(\chi ^ { 2 } = \Sigma ( E + O ) ^ { 2 } / E\)
D) \(Y ^ { 2 } = \Sigma ( E - O ) ^ { 2 } / E\)
Q7) What does the CHIDIST function in Excel compute?
Q8) What is a parametric test?
Q9) Why is "goodness of fit" a commonly used name for the one-sample chi-square Page 20
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Chapter 18: Some Other (Important) Statistical Procedures
You Should Know About
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Sample Questions
Q1) Of the following, which procedure is sometimes referred to as a "data reduction" method because it allows a researcher to explore how items on a particular measure cluster together?
A) Path analysis
B) SEM
C) Factor analysis
D) MANOVA
Q2) For which of the following procedures can you use the Excel Data Analysis Toolpak procedure ANOVA: Two Factor with Replication?
A) ANOVA
B) ANCOVA
C) Repeated measures
D) MANOVA
Q3) The major difference between SEM and other advanced techniques, such as factor analysis, is that SEM is what type of technique?
A) confirmatory
B) exploratory
C) compensatory
D) factorial
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