Introduction to Statistics
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Statistics provides students with a foundational understanding of statistical concepts and their real-world applications. The course covers descriptive statistics, including measures of central tendency and variability, as well as graphical data representation. Students will also explore probability theory, random variables, sampling methods, and the principles of statistical inference, such as hypothesis testing and confidence intervals. Emphasis is placed on interpreting data, making data-driven decisions, and using statistical software tools. By the end of the course, students will be equipped to analyze datasets and draw meaningful conclusions from statistical evidence.
Recommended Textbook
Answering Questions With Statistics 1st Edition by Robert F. Szafran
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Q1) For the following pair of variables, which is the more likely INDEPENDENT variable: current residence and place of birth?
A) current residence
B) place of birth
Answer: B
Q2) The variable "percent of a police department's officers who are female" (attributes: 0%, 1%, 2%, 3% 99%, 100%) has what level of measurement?
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval/ratio
Answer: C
Q3) For the following pair of variables, which is the more likely INDEPENDENT variable: occupation and race?
A) occupation
B) race
Answer: B
Q4) What are the three levels of measurement used in the text?
Answer: nominal, ordinal, and interval/ratio
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3
Chapter 2: Data Sets
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Q1) What are two ways to get location-specific help in SPSS?
Answer: Use the help button on a dialog or position the cursor over a feature in the dialog and click the right mouse button to see if there is quick information available for that feature.
Q2) Convert this number from scientific notation into normal notation: 1.23E 03
A) 1230
B) .00123
C) .00123
D) 1230
Answer: C
Q3) What are some of the SPSS rules regarding variable names?
Answer: Two variables in the same data set may not have the same name. The name can be up to 64 characters long. The name must begin with a letter or @. (Under certain circumstances, names may also begin with # or $.) The name may include letters, numbers, and some symbols (for example, #, $, _, @). Letters can be upper or lower case in variable names. Spaces are not permitted within variable names
Q4) What characters can SPSS variable names begin with?
Answer: SPSS variable names must begin with a letter or @. Under certain circumstances, names may also begin with a # or $.
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Chapter 3: Frequency Tables and Univariate Charts
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Sample Questions
Q1) Answer the questions that follow this SPSS output:
Certain entries in this frequency table have been replaced by letters. What numbers should appear in the table?
aaaa _____
bbbb _____
cccc _____
dddd _____
Answer: aaaa = 5
bbbb = 8.0
cccc = 25.0
dddd = 95.0
Q2) What is the lowest level of measurement for which you can legitimately use a bar chart?
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval/ratio
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Central Tendency and Dispersion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Name five different univariate descriptive statistics.
Q2) Which of the following is a measure of central tendency?
A) mode
B) range
C) standard deviation
D) variance
Q3) What univariate statistics are usually used to describe the distribution of cases on a nominal variable?
Q4) The admissions office has ordinal-level data on parental income levels of enrolled students. What would an appropriate measure of central tendency be to report?
A) mean
B) median
C) percent distribution
D) standard deviation
(Note: * indicates
Q5) A researcher takes a sample of three students from a playground and asks each of them what grade they are in. The students' answers are 3, 3, and 3. What is the variance for this data?
variance: __________
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Chapter 5: Creating New Variables
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Q1) Why are z-scores useful?
Q2) A researcher uses the Compute procedure to create two new variables. The two new variables are called NEW1 and NEW2. The first case in the data set has a value of 10 on VARA and 2 on VARB. What values will that first case have on the two new variables?
A) if NEW1 = (VARA - 8) / VARB then for the 1<sup>st</sup> case NEW1 = _____
B) if NEW2 = VARA - 8 / VARB then for the 1<sup>st</sup> case NEW2 = _____
Q3) To divide the cases in a data set into separate subgroups in order to perform a particular statistical procedure on each subgroup, you would use which SPSS procedure?
A) Compute
B) Recode
C) Select Cases
D) Split File
Q4) You want to Compute a new variable that is the number of years older the firstborn child is than the lastborn child. Write out the numeric expression that would accomplish this. (Variables: FIRSTBORN, LASTBORN)
Q5) How can missing data be handled when constructing an index?
Q6) When would you use Select Cases and when would you use Split File?
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Comparing Group Means
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Q1) A(n) _____ is when there are differences in means on the dependent variable for groups formed by the attributes of an independent variable.
A) interaction effect
B) main effect
C) net effect
D) symmetry
Q2) Based on the following output, which subgroup averaged the least EDUC (years of schooling)?
A) 1980 GSS young men
B) 1980 GSS middle-age men
C) 2010 GSS young women
D) 2010 GSS middle-age women
Q3) You want to see if average life expectancy differs by occupation and within occupations by race. Race should be the _____ when setting up the Means procedure.
A) dependent variable
B) 1<sup>st</sup> layer independent variable
C) 2<sup>nd</sup> layer independent variable
D) 3<sup>rd</sup> layer independent variable
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Chapter 7: Crosstab Tables
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Q1) If you combine all four groups together in the following Crosstabs, which political orientation is the largest?
A) liberals
B) moderates
C) conservatives
D) all three are equally large
Q2) In the CROSSTABS procedure, the lowest level of measurement that the column variable can be is
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval/ratio
Q3) A crosstab is created with the independent variable as the column variable and the dependent variable as the row variable. In order to determine the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable, should you use
A) column percentages
B) row percentages
C) total percentages
D) it doesn't matter which percentages you use
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Chapter 8: Nominal and Ordinal Measures of Association
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following tau-b coefficients indicates the strongest relationship?
A) .90
B) .55
C) .00
D) .45
Q2) The value of Cramer's V is .65. This indicates what type of relationship?
A) strong and positive
B) strong
C) very strong and positive
D) very strong
Q3) You want to see if there is a positive relationship between social class and number of friends. Which type of analysis should you do?
A) create a frequency table for each variable
B) compute the mean for each variable
C) compute a measure of association
D) compute the variance for each variable
(Note: * indicates
Q4) How do you decide for a pair of variables whether you need a nominal, ordinal, or interval/ratio measure of association?
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Chapter 9: Pearsons Correlation and Bivariate Regression
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Q1) The unstandardized regression coefficient (slope) indicates
A) the strength of an independent variable's net effect
B) the direction of an independent variable's net effect
C) both "a" and "b"
D) neither "a" nor "b"
Q2) For each of the following cases, the case's actual value on the dependent variable is shown along with the case's predicted value on the dependent variable based on a regression equation. For each case, what is the value of the regression residual?
Q3) Final college GPA was regressed on entering college SAT score. On the basis of the resulting regression equation, regression residuals were calculated for four recent graduates. Which graduate most exceeded expectations?
A) Person A with a residual of .75
B) Person B with a residual of .00
C) Person C with a residual of .25
D) Person D with a residual of .50
Q4) How does a scatterplot indicate the direction of the relationship between two variables?
Q5) What information does a regression residual provide?
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Chapter 10: Multiple Regression
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Q1) How can a nominal variable with three attributes be used as a regression independent variable?
Q2) If you want to see which factor (age at marriage, educational level, or income) had the strongest net effect on marital happiness, what is an appropriate statistical technique to use?
A) Bivariate Correlation
B) Compute
C) Explore
D) Linear Regression
Q3) What kinds of questions can you answer using multiple regression?
Q4) If you want to see the net effect of gender on academic achievement after controlling for age and parents' social class, what is an appropriate statistical technique to use?
A) Bivariate Correlation
B) Compute
C) Frequencies
D) Linear Regression
Q5) What information does a standardized coefficient provide?
Q6) What is multicollinearity and why is it a problem?
Q7) What is a net effect?
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Chapter 11: Sampling Distributions and Normal Distributions
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Q1) That sampling distributions based on large samples are normal distributions is proven by
A) the Central Limit Theorem
B) Gauss' Axiom
C) the Thomas Theorem
D) Zipf's Law
Q2) One-thousand professors each estimate the average number of books read last year by students by asking 500 randomly-selected students. The distribution of results from the 1,000 samples has a mean of 10 books and a standard error of 1 book. Of the 1000 professors, what percent will probably get an estimate
A) Above 12 books? __________
B) Between 10 and 12 books? __________
C) Below 10 books? __________
D) Is this problem about a frequency distribution or a sampling distribution? (frequency / sampling)
Q3) What is the difference between a frequency distribution and a sampling distribution?
Q4) What three things affect the size of the standard error?
Q5) What does the central limit theorem say about sampling distributions?
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Chapter 12: Hypothesis Testing and One-Sample T Tests
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Q1) Which of the following mathematical operators would indicate a research hypothesis?
A) =
B) >
C) <
Q2) What is the difference between a two-tailed hypothesis test and a one-tailed hypothesis test?
Q3) If the probability of something happening is .001, it will happen
A) 1 in 10 times
B) 1 in 100 times
C) 1 in 1,000 times
D) 1 in 10,000 times
Q4) If the two-tailed significance level is .080, what is the one-tailed significance level?
Q5) If at Step 2 in hypothesis testing, the sample results are consistent with the research hypothesis, what do you do? If consistent with the null, what do you do?
Q6) What are the four steps in hypothesis testing?
Q7) What kinds of questions can you answer using a one-sample t test?
Q8) When is a one-sample t test used?
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Chapter 13: Paired and Independent-Samples T Tests
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Q1) You are testing a one-tailed independent-samples t test hypothesis. The sample results are consistent with the research hypothesis. Based on the following results, the significance level is _____ and you _____ the null hypothesis.
A) .701 do not reject
B) .698 do not reject
C) .3505 do not reject
D) .349 do not reject
Q2) Which would be an appropriate statistical procedure to test the hypothesis that Americans listen to radio an average of 200 minutes a day?
A) independent-samples t test
B) one-sample t test
C) paired-samples t test
Q3) What is the largest risk of making a Type I error that social scientists will usually take?
A) 5% chance
B) 68% chance
C) 95% chance
D) 99.7% chance
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Chapter 14: Analysis of Variance
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Q1) You are doing a one-way ANOVA. Your sample size is 500. Your factor (independent) variable has six categories. How many degrees of freedom will your F-ratio have? __________ and __________ degrees of freedom
Q2) When are post hoc multiple-comparison results examined and when are they not examined?
Q3) Your research hypothesis is "In the population, college graduates have a higher average self-confidence than those same persons had when they were just high school graduates." What type of hypothesis test should be used?
A) one-sample t test
B) paired-samples t test
C) independent-samples t test
D) one-way ANOVA
E) two-way ANOVA
Q4) Which of the following is NOT a possible stopping point in a two-way ANOVA problem?
A) If the overall model is not significant.
B) If the interaction effect is significant.
C) If the first main effect you examine is not significant.
D) If the second main effect is significant.
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Chapter 15: Chi-Square
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Questions
Q1) Your research hypothesis is "In the population, the average SAT score of persons the second time they take the test is higher than the average of those same persons the first time they took the test." What type of hypothesis test should be used?
A) one-sample t test
B) paired-samples t test
C) independent samples t test
D) two-way ANOVA
E) chi-square
Q2) What does a positive residual in a crosstab cell mean?
A) The two variables are negatively associated.
B) There were more cases with that combination of traits than expected.
C) There were fewer cases with that combination of traits than expected.
D) You should not reject the null hypothesis.
Q3) What can you do if the expected cell frequencies are too small for a chi-square hypothesis test?
Q4) A statistical guideline that is widely accepted is not to use chi-square if even one cell has an expected count of _____ or if more than _____ of the cells have expected counts of less than 5.
Q5) What kinds of questions can you answer using a chi-square hypothesis test?
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Chapter 16: Hypothesis Testing With Measures of
Association and Regression
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Q1) In SPSS output the significance levels for regression coefficients are not marked as one- or two-tailed. That means they are
A) one-tailed significance levels
B) two-tailed significance levels
C) universal significance levels (the same value for one- and two-tailed tests)
Q2) Which SPSS procedure would you use to answer the question "Do the countries of North America, South America, Europe, and Oceania significantly differ in average national life expectancy?"
A) Bivariate Correlation
B) Independent-Sample T Test
C) One-way ANOVA
D) Two-way ANOVA
Q3) Which SPSS procedure would you use to answer the question "Is there a significant positive correlation between strength of attachment to a religion and amount given to charity?"
A) Bivariate Correlation
B) Chi-square
C) One-Sample T Test
D) One-way ANOVA
Page 18
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