Introduction to Sociology Practice Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Sociology offers a foundational understanding of human society, social behavior, and the structures that shape interactions among individuals and groups. This course explores key concepts such as culture, socialization, social institutions, class, race, and gender, while examining how these elements influence everyday life and societal change. By analyzing real-world issues through the lens of sociological theories and research methods, students develop critical thinking skills and gain insight into the complexities of social relationships and organizations in a rapidly changing world.
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The Art and Science of Social Research 1st Edition by Deborah Carr
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Art and Science of Social Research: An Introduction
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Q1) Twila designs a sociology research study about gender-based violence.After she proposes the study,she decides that she really wants it to be applied research.Accordingly,she refines the study to
A)make a contribution to theories of human violence.
B)be grounded in a mixed-method approach to data collection.
C)evaluate a local nonprofit organization devoted to reducing domestic violence. D)be grounded in political science instead of sociology,so it can have a policy outcome.
Answer: C
Q2) Sociologists are more interested in ________,whereas psychologists are more interested in ________.
A)the past;the present
B)the global scene;local communities
C)groups and societies;individuals
D)social problems;cultural relativism
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Research Foundations: Linking Sociological
Theory to Research
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Q1) Juan wants to study the relationship between economic inequality and political extremism,with economic inequality as the independent variable.Which of the following is a proper hypothesis?
A)How does economic inequality influence political extremism?
B)Economic inequality leads to political extremism.
C)Political extremism leads to economic inequality.
D)What is the relationship between economic inequality and political extremism?
Answer: B
Q2) Larry records all of his dreams in a journal for 50 years.From time to time,he looks them over to see if he notices any personal growth over time.A sociologist would call Larry's approach
A)the scientific method.
B)the looking-glass self.
C)dust-bowl empiricism.
D)status characteristics theory.
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Ethical Issues in Social Science Research
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Q1) Genetic material that is donated now could be relevant for an individual's health in the future.Which of the following do sociologists consider a realistic possibility for protecting people's health with regard to genetic data,years after the initial study?
A)pass a federal law requiring destruction of genetic data shortly after the initial study
B)do not create shared data sets with genetic data
C)de-identify the data immediately,so it won't be a problem in the future
D)re-contact subjects or their descendants when necessary
Answer: D
Q2) The Belmont Report states the importance of treating people as autonomous agents with the right to decide whether to participate in a study.This principle is referred to as A)consent.
B)respect.
C)beneficence.
D)justice.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: From Concepts to Models: Hypotheses,
Operationalization, and Measurement
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Q1) Write two paragraphs distinguishing the formation and timing of the operational definition in the research design process for a researcher who wants to study family norms for (1)a quantitative study (such as a survey),and (2)a qualitative study (such as ethnography).
Q2) Chenguang has been very careful to clearly define the construct of job satisfaction in her study of employed parents.This is an important step to ensure that A)she and those reading her study are thinking of the same meaning of job satisfaction.
B)those reading her study are clear what population is being studied.
C)she has not violated any ethical considerations regarding social science research.
D)the key data points can be compared within her study.
Q3) Josephina is designing a study on how school-level graduation rates predict students' risk of illegal drug use.Her research question is focused on the effect of being A)a student with a higher risk of using illegal drugs.
B)a student with a certain likelihood of graduation.
C)a college-bound senior.
D)in a school with a certain graduation rate.
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Chapter 5: Evaluating Research: Reliability and Validity
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Q1) Classroom quality can be measured in many different ways.If a researcher is careful to map out each dimension of classroom quality,and observers have a clear plan for how to determine classroom quality when they see it,what have the researchers accomplished?
A)They have increased the reliability of their research method.
B)They made it possible to identify which kinds of classrooms are more likely to be effective.
C)They created a fair assessment tool for determining which classrooms are problematic.
D)They made it possible to determine that a classroom quality scale will have a high alpha.
Q2) Ordinary least squares (OLS)regression is a statistical procedure that does what?
A)tests the face validity of the measures
B)estimates how well changes in the independent variables predict changes in the dependent variable
C)makes sure the statistical operations of a study are in line with basic statistical laws and guidelines
D)proves that the right operational definitions were used in the study
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Chapter 6: Sampling Strategies
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Q1) Dr.Stephens has interviewed Betty five times over the course of his fieldwork studying heroin users in Appalachia.Betty has had strong insights that have helped him further develop his project.What role has Betty served for Dr.Stephens?
A)deviant case
B)key informant
C)random informant
D)typical case
Q2) Why do social scientists believe that the U.S.Census would have higher-quality results if it used a sophisticated probability sample?
A)because the census wants to collect detailed demographic,legal,and attitudinal questions
B)because the census often undercounts poor people,urban residents,and people who move frequently
C)because the census often overcounts poor people,urban residents,and people who move frequently
D)because the census does not contact individuals directly
Q3) Use an example to illustrate the difference between a typical case and a deviant case.
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Chapter 8: Experimental Research
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Q1) Propose an experiment that demonstrates the three key features of experiments.In your answer,
(1)identify the independent variable and dependent variable, (2)discuss how the independent variable will be manipulated, (3)identify the experimental condition and control condition, (4)discuss how subjects will be randomly assigned into the experimental group and control group, (5)discuss how other factors are controlled,and (6)discuss how your experiment addresses the question of demonstrating causality.
Q2) What is a double-blind study?
A)a study where the participant is not aware of which condition the participant is in but the researcher is
B)a study where the researcher is not aware of which condition the participant is in but the participant is
C)a study where neither the researcher nor the participant is aware of which condition the participant is in
D)a study where both the researcher and the participant are aware of which condition the participant is in
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Chapter 9: Evaluation Research
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Q1) In the Student/Teacher Achievement Ratio (STAR)study,why did the researchers create two separate intervention groups?
A)The sample size was too large to only accommodate one intervention group.
B)The study could also evaluate the effectiveness of a cheaper intervention-teacher's aides.
C)The central evaluation question was whether larger class sizes improved student learning.
D)Since the cost of the project was so low,researchers evaluated multiple interventions.
Q2) What is the term for when treatment and control groups are formed by a procedure other than randomization?
A)external validity
B)randomized field experiment
C)selection bias
D)nonequivalent comparison design
Q3) In 1-3 sentences,propose an intervention aimed at alleviating a major social problem where you live.Then,list at least one ethical,one logistical,and one political concern researchers may encounter in carrying out the study.
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Chapter 10: Ethnography
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Q1) Dr.Silverstein knows he has reached saturation in his ethnographic study of shark attack survivors when
A)the research subjects are reluctant to participate in additional interviews.
B)he reaches his goal of interviewing a certain number of people.
C)additional data are no longer yielding new insights.
D)his intuition,or "gut," says the project is reaching completion.
Q2) Cyberethnography,or netnography,refers to
A)the use of computers to contact research subjects for in-person interviews.
B)the study of how people behave in the online world.
C)the dissemination of research online.
D)online research in which the researcher-subject division is completely erased.
Q3) Margaret Mead's ethnography in the Admiralty Islands represents anthropology more than sociology because,at the time,anthropologists
A)were more often female,and sociologists were more often male.
B)conducted fieldwork,but sociologists did not.
C)studied families,whereas sociologists studied individuals.
D)studied people from different cultures,while sociologists studied their own societies.
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Chapter 11: In-Depth Interviewing
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Q1) Jaime is a graduate student conducting a study of high-school marching band leaders.His adviser tells Jaime to look at his sample not as a group of 50 leaders but as a set of 50 individual instances to be analyzed.This way of thinking is called
A)qualitative research.
B)case study logic.
C)oral history orientation.
D)sampling for range.
Q2) Changing interview questions after a research study has started is
A)acceptable for most in-depth interviews,but not acceptable for a survey.
B)preferred,for both in-depth interviews and surveys.
C)acceptable but worrisome for both in-depth interviews and surveys.
D)forbidden for both in-depth interviews and surveys.
Q3) Sherry conducts in-depth interviews about how campers adjust to rainy conditions.Her sample was not based on a probability sample;therefore,she CANNOT know
A)what campers actually do;she only knows what they say they do.
B)the true thoughts and feelings of the campers.
C)whether her findings are true of all campers.
D)whether a focus group approach would have yielded different findings.
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Page 12
Chapter 12: Materials-Based Methods
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Q1) Quantitative data analysis always involves
A)the discipline of sociology.
B)critical content analysis.
C)numerical data.
D)materials-based methods.
Q2) Mishon's sociological study of W.E.B.DuBois's work with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)follows the typical steps in the historical-comparative research process.Which question represents Mishon's first step?
A)Who is a particularly influential person in African American history?
B)How might the sociological concept of "organizational leadership" help shed light on this period of history?
C)Should this research ultimately be published as an article or a book?
D)Where are the archives that store material related to NAACP history?
Q3) Why would a researcher conduct critical content analysis on materials such as speeches or journalistic reports?
A)to determine what really happened in history
B)to identify societal blind spots
C)as a supplement to big data approaches
D)as a follow-up to purposive sampling
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Page 13
Chapter 13: Social Network Analysis
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Q1) Marie plans a social network analysis of a town in Vermont.She plans to study the connections between unemployed persons,employed persons,employers,and businesses.Her adviser encourages her to study
A)only the people,because businesses cannot be considered social actors.
B)all these groups,because all of them are considered social actors.
C)only employed persons and employers,because neither businesses nor unemployed persons are social actors in relationship with employed persons and employers.
D)only one of these groups,because social network analysis can only include one set of social actors.
Q2) Dr.Kline studies sexually transmitted diseases.He is generating a social network analysis of people who could possibly be infected by a particular disease.He wants to map nondirected network ties,so he asks people whether
A)they have had sex with others in the network.
B)their sexual activity constituted a reciprocal relationship.
C)one person initiated the sexual relationship.
D)anyone directed them toward particular sexual partners.
Q3) List and describe two significant drawbacks of collecting social network data via electronic networks.
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Chapter 14: Univariate and Bivariate Analysis of Quantitative Data
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Q1) Julia has collected data on how students at her university feel about the legalization of marijuana.Answers ranged from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree." She wants to create a graph to display the distribution of responses.What type of graph should she create?
A)pie chart
B)line graph
C)histogram
D)bar graph
Q2) Bivariate regression analysis expresses the ________ as a simple function of the
A)independent variable;dependent variable
B)dependent variable;independent variable
C)row percentage;column percentage
D)column percentage;row percentage
Q3) If a distribution of scores is skewed to the right,this indicates that the outliers
A)have especially high scores.
B)have especially low scores.
C)create a bimodal distribution above the mean.
D)create a bimodal distribution below the mean.
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Chapter 15: Multivariate and Advanced Quantitative Methods
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Q1) Consider the results of a study that suggest more frequent marijuana use is associated with a higher number of hours of TV viewing.If the study tests whether both the frequency of marijuana use and the number of hours of TV viewing are predicted by whether respondents are employed,the study has tested whether employment
A)is actually the dependent variable.
B)has a practical level of significance.
C)is a confounding variable.
D)is a suppressor variable.
Q2) A third variable that is related to two other concepts/variables in a way that makes them appear to be related even in cases when they are not is called a(n)
A)inverse association.
B)exogenous variable.
C)interaction variable.
D)confounding variable.
Q3) Which of the following would be an example of an inverse association?
A)Health and employment are related in a way that suggests reverse causality.
B)Fewer hours of sleep are associated with less weekly exercise.
C)More hours of weekly reading are associated with higher grades.
D)More education is associated with a lower likelihood of poverty.
Page 16
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Chapter 16: Analysis of Qualitative Data
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Q1) When Mary Waters analyzed her data from Hurricane Katrina survivors,what surprised her?
A)Survivors described more post-traumatic growth than Waters expected.
B)The interviewer effect was stronger than she expected.
C)The data could not be effectively coded because natural disasters are so chaotic.
D)A positivist approach to research highlighted the positivity of respondents.
Q2) Codes that represent broad categories or topics related to a research question are called ________ codes.
A)grounded
B)index
C)analytic
D)attribute
Q3) The process of tagging or labeling segments of data as an example of,or related to,a theoretical idea or theme is called
A)tagging.
B)coding.
C)de-identifying.
D)grounding.
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Chapter 17: Communicating Social Science Research
Findings
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Q1) Sari reads a research report by Dr.Williams,a study that uses interviews to investigate stress in correctional officers.Sari wants to explore the replicability of Dr.Williams's study,so she
A)uses a survey to investigate stress in correctional officers.
B)reproduces Dr.Williams's study with the same methodology,but in a different city.
C)contacts Dr.Williams's participants and interviews them again.
D)reads all the sources cited in Dr.Williams's literature review.
Q2) Both structured abstracts and unstructured abstracts
A)are used with qualitative research,not quantitative.
B)are used with quantitative research,not qualitative.
C)explain the hypothesis in simple terms.
D)summarize the entire research report.
Q3) A research report is different from an essay,argument paper,or newspaper article because it must
A)report original research.
B)include a clear hypothesis.
C)be written by a scholar with a PhD.
D)be in monograph or book form.
Q4) What is the difference between a policy brief and an amicus brief?
Page 18
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