Introduction to Sociology
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Introduction to Sociology offers students an in-depth exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and methods that define the field of sociology. The course covers key topics such as culture, socialization, social structure, groups, institutions, and social stratification, examining how these elements shape individuals and societies. Students also investigate issues related to race, gender, class, and globalization, gaining insight into how social forces influence human behavior and societal development. Through lectures, discussions, and case studies, this course provides the analytical tools necessary to critically assess social phenomena and understand the complexities of social life.
Recommended Textbook
The Sociology Project Introducing the Sociological Imagination 1st Edition by Jeff Manza
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Chapter 1: The Sociological Imagination
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Q1) Social movements are characterized by __________ action.
A)solitary
B)collective
C)defensive
D)impulsive
Answer: B
Q2) What impact has sociology had on the development of other social science disciplines? What does it mean that sociology is an incubator for new areas of investigation?
Answer: Sociology has given birth to a number of other disciplines,including African American studies,women's studies,industrial relations,demography,and criminology.There was a time when all the content of these disciplines was studied within sociology departments.Once these content areas grew into department-sized disciplines,new avenues of theory and research began to be to be explored.Furthermore,there is no reason to believe that sociology is done giving birth to new disciplines.There are currently a number of new areas of research within sociology that could spin off to become their own fields.For this reason sociology excites broad-minded academics and researchers interested in interdisciplinary study.
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Chapter 2: Studying the Social World
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Q1) As sociologists are social scientists,careful adherence to the scientific method is critical in all sociological research.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) What is informed consent? Why is informed consent particularly important when working with human subjects?
Answer: Informed consent is the act of making research subjects aware that they are being researched.Research subjects must be aware of the possible risks their participation could expose them to and what the researcher is doing to minimize them.Sociologists must also recognize the possibility of unduly pressuring human subjects to participate in studies owing to researchers' positions as expert authorities.All participation should be voluntary,not induced.
Q3) Quantitative research relies on __________.
A)interviews or surveys
B)words,observations,or pictures
C)statistical analysis of data
D)extended cases
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Social Interaction
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Sample Questions
Q1) Your evening is not going as planned.While at a bar,you accidentally knock over a man's drink.Although the spill was an accident,it has ruined his date's clothing and he is very angry.What is the most likely next step in this conflict's interaction ritual chain?
A)You get punched in the face.
B)He begs you for mercy.
C)You get insulted.
D)A full-scale bar fight breaks out.
Answer: C
Q2) What policy change did David Rosenhan's study "Being Sane in Insane Places" lead to?
A)The study contributed to the deinstitutionalization movement.
B)The study caused a cultural shift in how mainstream Americans view mental illness.
C)The study raised many ethical research concerns,resulting in the establishment of institutional research boards.
D)The study renewed long-terminated funding for mental hospitals and other similarly structured institutions.
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Social Structure
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Q1) What are social structures? How do they shape our society?
Q2) Rich people work harder and take better advantage of opportunities than poor people.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What argument do structuralists make about human behavior?
A)They argue that social structure is the primary determinant of behavior.
B)They argue that behavior is inherently irrational.
C)They argue that behavior is self-interested and rational.
D)They argue that attitudes structure behavior.
Q4) These are the basic rules of society that help us know what is and what is not appropriate to do in any situation.
A)roles
B)laws
C)norms
D)mores
Q5) Explain the interplay between social hierarchy and privilege.What role does discrimination play in controlling the opportunities of subordinate groups?
Q6) How do the institutions of government impact social structure?
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Chapter 5: Culture, media, and Communication
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Q1) Tastes help maintain status boundaries between different groups.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Most linguists and cultural sociologists believe that language __________ culture.
A)influences
B)determines
C)is not closely related to
D)needs to be spoken to have an influence on
Q3) Examples of counterpublics include all of the following EXCEPT __________.
A)observatory decks of tall buildings
B)union halls
C)African American churches
D)on-campus LBGT centers
Q4) Your __________ consists of your education,attitudes,and preference (or tastes).
A)economic capital
B)social capital
C)cultural capital
D)class capital
Q5) What is cultural capital? How do people demonstrate their cultural capital?
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Chapter 6: Power and Politics
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Q1) In the _________ dimensional view of power,we see power at work when power holders prevent subordinates from raising issues that challenge power holders' power.
A)one-
B)two-
C)three-
D)four-
Q2) Sociologists define status as __________.
A)the prestige accorded to individuals and to important social or economic roles
B)the views of individuals who have important social or economic roles
C)a classification system that dominates the upper levels of society
D)the right to lay claim to special rewards
Q3) The research indicates that it is presently better to be a rich person in the United States than at any other time or in any other part of the world.Explain this statement by discussing the tax code and the distribution of income and wealth.
Q4) People's confidence in the government has declined significantly over the past 35 years.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Markets, organizations, and Work
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss several characteristics of high-trust occupations.
Q2) Why do markets need social ties?
A)to maintain alliances of kinship and friendship
B)to maintain levels of trust necessary to carry out economic transactions
C)to facilitate repeated transactions
D)to diminish the influence of random,one-shot transactions on market exchanges
Q3) Max Weber's theory of bureaucracy is criticized because bureaucracies have been found to function in ways that Weber did not anticipate.Evidence of the variances between Weber's theory and reality include all of the following EXCEPT __________.
A)rules that are routinely broken or ignored
B)managers who are unable to effectively supervise subordinates
C)bureaucrats who treat their jobs as a calling
D)bureaucrats who are self-interested
Q4) In terms of job satisfaction,people almost universally tend to rate jobs as better when they __________.
A)are stress free
B)involve conformity and sameness
C)pay more
D)involve self-expression
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Chapter 8: Cities and Communities
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Q1) In Manhattan,about __________ of all households are occupied by a single individual.
A)one-quarter
B)a third
C)half
D)two-thirds
Q2) Global cities are hubs of international finance and technology in a world where business activity crosses national boundaries easily.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Why are cities such as London,New York,Tokyo,Sao Paulo,and Moscow called global or globalizing cities?
Q4) __________ is classified as a megacity because its population exceeds
A)Denver;1 million
B)Jacksonville;2 million
C)Houston;5 million
D)Lagos;10 million
Q5) Why have social networks caused traditional definitions of community to expand?
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Chapter 9: Social Stratification, inequality, and Poverty
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Q1) Skill-biased technological change (SBTC)refers to the ways in which technological advancements create jobs that require high skill.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The median family income in the United States in 2009 was approximately
A)$40,000
B)$50,000
C)$60,000
D)$70,000
Q3) Explain how families,labor markets,and government policies are correlated in social inequality,specifically in terms of how it impacts children.
Q4) When did homelessness begin to grow into a serious problem in the United States?
A)1950s
B)1960s
C)1970s
D)1980s
Q5) Why is it important to make the distinction between income and wealth?
Q6) Explain how the system of slavery perpetuated social inequality.
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Chapter 10: Race and Ethnicity
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Q1) African American men account for 40 percent of the U.S.prison population.
A)True
B)False
Q2) ___________ are more likely to die of coronary heart disease than any other racial group in the United States.
A)African Americans
B)Latino Americans
C)Native Americans
D)White Americans
Q3) Acts of racial or ethnic discrimination can be classified as __________.
A)individual or intentional
B)individual or institutional
C)institutional or intentional
D)institutional or structural
Q4) Hispanics have the highest rate of infant mortality in the United States.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain what is meant by the color-coded hierarchy of race and explain when it was first conceived.
Q6) What is meant by the essentialist view of race?
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Gender and Sexuality
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Q1) What does it mean to define a gender system as patriarchal?
Q2) __________ is a term sometimes applied to lesbian or heterosexual women who choose to challenge sex and gender categories by dressing conventionally male.
A)Bi-curious
B)Bisexual
C)Transgender
D)Transsexual
Q3) Male peer groups tend to ostracize boys who are not __________.
A)stereotypically biased against gays
B)stereotypically biased against girls
C)stereotypically m sc l n n gh
D)stereotypically hypermasculine
Q4) Since 1980,women's median annual income __________,in relation to the median annual income of men.
A) has fallen
B) has risen
C) has stagnated
D) has cycled through rather large ups and downs
Q5) What do sociologists mean when they refer to the social construction of gender?
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Chapter 12: Immigration
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Q1) Foreign-born persons living in the United States who become citizens have undergone what process?
A)immigration
B)legalization
C)naturalization
D)repudiation
Q2) Numerically unlimited LPR status is granted to which group or groups of people?
A)spouses of adult U.S.citizens
B)spouses and children of adult U.S.citizens
C)spouses,children,and parents of adult U.S.citizens
D)spouses,children,siblings,and parents of adult U.S.citizens
Q3) What percentage of PhDs in science working in the United States were born abroad?
A)20 percent
B)30 percent
C)40 percent
D)50 percent
Q4) Explain the concept of spatial concentration and what it tells us about immigrant assimilation.
Q5) What are the four major classes of foreign-born persons in the United States?
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Chapter 13: Families and Family Life
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Q1) Families tend to ignore the economic value of care,especially when it is performed by a family member without a wage or salary attached to the work.
A)True
B)False
Q2) During the polarizing trend in gender roles that proceeded from industrialization,the process in which women became responsible for emotional and caretaking duties to the exclusion of men has been termed __________.
A)the second shift
B)the female burden
C)instrumentation
D)the feminization of love
Q3) The gender restructuring perspective on family change recognizes that __________ has(have)changed but __________ has(have)not.
A)the structure jobs and careers;the care-taking needs of families
B)women;men
C)mothers;fathers
D)the care-taking needs of families;the structure of jobs and careers
Q4) What impact does the family have on our lives?
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Chapter 14: Sociology of Religion
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Q1) Which religious faith has the most adherents worldwide?
A)Buddhism
B)Christianity
C)Hinduism
D)Islam
Q2) In "the Unity of the Three Religions" Chinese religious scholars taught that __________ were equivalent and complementary.
A)Buddhism,Confucianism,and syncretism
B)Buddhism,Confucianism,and Taoism
C)Confucianism,syncretism,and Taoism
D)Confucianism,Christianity,and Buddhism
Q3) Why are American churches so segregated?
Q4) In the context of the sociology of religion,the worship of the U.S.Constitution or reverence for the sayings of Chairman Mao can be construed as __________.
A)civil actions
B)civil disobedience
C)civil religion
D)civil engagement
Q5) Explain what is meant by civil religion.
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Chapter 15: Education
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Q1) The growing use of digital technologies outside of school will ___________ in education and society.
A)likely have no impact on existing inequalities
B)likely eliminate existing inequalities
C)likely narrow existing inequalities
D)likely magnify existing inequalities
Q2) What are the social implications of tracking? Should society ignore the social consequences of tracking?
Q3) The United States __________ the world in the amount of education its citizens receive.
A)matches
B)leads
C)for the first time in history leads
D)no longer leads
Q4) Sociologists commonly assess educational attainment using all the following measurements EXCEPT __________.
A)standardized test scores and grade point averages
B)college attendance and graduation rates
C)hours spent working at jobs
D)rates of placement in gifted or special education programs
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Crime, deviance, and Social Control
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Q1) Simply put,to be a "deviant" entails __________.
A)a range of outsider activities,most often sexual in nature
B)violating religious commandments
C)doing something as innocent as not tucking in your shirt
D)violating a rule that brings with it the disapproval of others
Q2) For several years,a manufacturing plant had been knowingly polluting a nearby river with chemical waste,resulting in serious illnesses and at least three deaths among area residents.When the source of the pollution was proven to be plant waste,charges and lawsuits were filed,but the company's CEO was never held officially accountable.This situation is an example of __________.
A)retribution
B)social control
C)state deviance
D)white-collar crime
Q3) How do groups,especially those outside the family,exert pressure to force individuals to conform and so not deviate?
Q4) What do the stories of Prohibition and the campaign against opium explain about the structural forces that shape who gets to be normal and who gets labeled as deviant?
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Chapter 17: Social Movements and Revolutions
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Q1) According to Mancur Olson's theory of biographical availability,which of the following groups might be most suited for participation in a social movement?
A)students in grade school
B)young people without children
C)clergy
D)retired people
Q2) The early view was that protesters came from the marginalized sectors of society.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following might contribute to the lack of a strong labor or leftist political party in the United States?
A)The Republican Party serves this role.
B)American individualism-the belief that people can and should take care of themselves.
C)Americans tend to be fundamentally conservative.
D)Americans have an inordinate fear of communism,which is another label for socialism.
Q4) When organizing a protest,how are tactical choices typically made?
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Chapter 18: Environmental Sociology
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Q1) In just 200 years,humans have sped up the process of global warming so much that they may have pushed the Earth into a new geologic era.What do geologists propose to call this new era?
Q2) When we say that Marx and Engels are determinists in the environmental sense,what is meant?
Q3) Climate change is a more accurate categorization than global warming. A)True B)False
Q4) The field of __________ revealed how so-called primitive societies __________ nature.
A)anthropology;are dependent on B)environmental sociology;are interdependent on C)ecology;are based on D)archaeology;worship
Q5) People interact with the environment not just in an economic sense,but in a social sense.
A)True B)False
Q6) What are the nonrenewable sources of fossil fuel? How much of the world's output comes from these sources?
Page 20
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Chapter 19: Population, aging, and Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hispanics are substantially __________ to smoke.
A)less likely than African Americans
B)more likely than non-Hispanic whites
C)more likely than African Americans
D)less likely than African Americans or non-Hispanic whites
Q2) Why might healthy life expectancy be important to know for social planners building retirement communities?
Q3) If fertility in a population were to remain just a bit below replacement,population decline would be very rapid.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Of the following,which group has the highest suicide rate?
A)non-Hispanic white men
B)Hispanic women
C)non-Hispanic black women
D)Hispanic men
Q5) Does the United States have the most doctors per 1,000 people? How many health workers does the World Health Organization recommend for that many people?
Q6) Why do chronic diseases in the elderly place a special burden on society?
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Chapter 20: Globalization
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Sample Questions
Q1) How long is the actual working day for Chinese laborers in export processing zones?
A)8 hours
B)8 hours,with occasional overtime
C)10 to 11 hours a day
D)10 to 14 hours a day
Q2) In the era of deglobalization,__________ was uncommon.
A)insourcing
B)downsizing
C)outsourcing
D)rightsizing
Q3) What derailed the process of globalization in the early twentieth century and why was the period of deglobalization that followed so enduring?
Q4) Which of the following features of the capitalist system distinguishes it from other systems?
A)rising prices
B)market independence
C)market dependence
D)expanding transportation infrastructure
Q5) Why does a tariff increase the price of a traded good?
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Chapter 21: Social Theory
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Q1) Rising rates of intermarriage across ethnic lines is an indication that social distance between ethnicities is eroding.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When analytical sociologists refer to the micro side of social life,to what are they referring?
A)the arguments that explain why an idea is logical
B)the factors that motivate individual beliefs and action
C)the hallmarks that identify the patterns in a dynamic relationship
D)the signals that convey information about societal norms
Q3) How did neo-Marxists rethink the classical Marxist understanding of social class?
Q4) Conflict theory rejects the idea that society is influenced by a power elite.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Why did a new generation of social theories emerge in the 1960s and early 1970s?
A)in response to new data collection methods developed at the time
B)in response to a resurgence of Marxist scholarship at the time
C)in response to the social movements of the time
D)in response to the threat of communist infiltration at the time
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