Introduction to Sociology Final
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Course Introduction
Introduction to Sociology offers students a comprehensive overview of the fundamental concepts, theories, and methods used in the study of human society. The course explores the structures, patterns, and dynamics of social life, examining how individuals interact within groups, organizations, and broader communities. Topics include culture, socialization, social stratification, institutions such as family and education, and issues like race, gender, and class. By analyzing real-world examples and current events, students gain critical insight into the complex forces shaping human behavior and social change in contemporary society.
Recommended Textbook Essentials of Sociology 6th Edition by Richard P. Appelbaum
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Chapter 1: Sociology: Theory and Method
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Q1) A(n) ________ enables a researcher to test a hypothesis under highly controlled conditions established by the investigator.
A) ethnographic study
B) experiment
C) quantitative study
D) psychological method
Answer: B
Q2) In two to three sentences, define sociology and how it differs from psychology.
Answer: The response should define sociology as a science that typically studies humans and human behavior in groupings of some sort. This can be juxtaposed in any number of ways to psychology as a discipline because psychology has a tendency to study humans as individuals. The best responses might mention personal troubles being the typical realm of psychology and public issues being the realm of sociology.
Q3) Why is a larger random sample more desirable in survey research?
A) People take big numbers more seriously.
B) Larger samples are more likely to be representative of the population.
C) Larger samples, by their nature, include more women and minorities.
D) Small samples cannot be used for any kind of sociological research.
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Culture and Society
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Q1) Danny studies winks, waves, language, smiles, frowns, laughs, and any other kind of symbolic communication. What is he researching?
A) material culture
B) signifiers
C) tools
D) cultural relativism
Answer: B
Q2) Why might sociologists criticize the idea that the world is made up of many isolated cultures?
A) The idea assumes that we can provide a reasonably coherent definition of culture.
B) Sociologists might note the rise of the Internet and globalization as features of different cultures being connected.
C) Sociologists would likely criticize the idea because of its underlying multiculturalism.
D) The idea suggests that human communities actually have different cultures, when we have shown that culture is the same everywhere.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Socialization, the Life Course, and Aging
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to George Herbert Mead, children develop a sense of self by:
A) going through distinct stages of sensorimotor development.
B) going to school and learning to read.
C) going to church and gaining a soul.
D) imitating other people.
Answer: D
Q2) Chelsea started playing video games three hours a day, and her mother is scared that Chelsea's grades will suffer as a result. Would sociologists support Chelsea's mother's fears?
A) Yes, research has shown a strongly negative correlation between video games and school performance.
B) No, research has shown a strongly positive correlation between video games and school performance.
C) No, research shows there is no direct correlation between video games and school performance.
D) Perhaps. Research has shown both positive and negative correlations between video games and school performance.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Social Interaction and Everyday Life in the Age
of the Internet
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Q1) Lenhart's 2015 study showed that the majority of teens had made new friends through online communication. This ability to establish new relationships without the benefit of face-to-face interaction challenges what Boden and Molotch (1994) called:
A) the importance of nonverbal communication.
B) the compulsion of proximity.
C) unfocused interaction.
D) focused interaction.
Q2) The social positions that a person occupies determine that person's:
A) social roles.
B) ideas.
C) gender identity.
D) racial identity.
Q3) Arrive to class on time, raise your hand before speaking, turn in assignments on time-these expectations are part of the ________ of students.
A) status marker
B) social role
C) stereotype
D) identity
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Chapter 5: Groups, Networks, and Organizations
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Q1) A large grouping of people that engages in concerted collective actions to achieve specific objectives is called:
A) an oligarchy.
B) an organization.
C) a primary group.
D) a peer group.
Q2) Jugal spends most of his time at school and work, which leaves him with little time to socialize with family and friends. Lately, Jugal is feeling socially isolated because he:
A) is working too hard at school and his job.
B) has friends and family who do not understand his time commitments.
C) does not like the people at school and work.
D) is interacting mostly with large and impersonal secondary groups.
Q3) In three to five sentences, please describe one organization that provides you with bridging social capital and explain why it does. In another couple of sentences, describe another organization that provides you with bonding social capital and explain why it does.
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Chapter 6: Conformity, Deviance, and Crime
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Q1) A subculture whose members hold values that differ substantially from those of the majority is called:
A) a social control group.
B) a deviant subculture.
C) a median subculture.
D) a normative subculture.
Q2) Which of the following statements concerning victims and perpetrators of crime is true?
A) Men are more likely to be victims and perpetrators of crime compared with women.
B) Older people are more likely to be victims and perpetrators of crime compared with young people.
C) Whites are more likely to be victims and perpetrators of crime compared with African Americans.
D) Residents of the suburbs are more likely to be victims and perpetrators of crime compared with inner-city residents.
Q3) Compare and contrast differential association theory with control theory. Which theory do you think better explains crime? Please explain your answers in three to five sentences.
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Chapter 7: Stratification, Class, and Inequality
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Q1) When sociologists examine how far an individual moves up or down the socioeconomic scale in his or her lifetime, they are studying:
A) absolute poverty.
B) social reproduction.
C) life change.
D) intragenerational mobility.
Q2) Although official estimates show that relatively few elderly people live in poverty, these statistics may be misleading because:
A) they do not consider the large number of elderly people who go hungry.
B) they do not consider the large number of elderly people who live alone.
C) they do not consider the vast gender, race, and marital status differences of older adults.
D) they do not consider the high cost of rent.
Q3) Answer the following questions in a few sentences. What is the difference between income and wealth? How are income and wealth related?
Q4) According to the textbook, what three main characteristics do social systems of stratification share? Provide an example of each.
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Chapter 8: Global Inequality
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Q1) In three to five sentences, describe how world-systems theory explains global inequality.
Q2) In a short paragraph, describe how dependency theorists explain global inequality.
Q3) In two to three sentences, describe how market-oriented theories explain global inequality.
Q4) Mary studies countries that were among the first to industrialize. It is likely that she is studying ________ countries.
A) high-income
B) middle-income
C) low-income
D) socialist
Q5) What is the role of technology in deepening existing global inequalities? Please explain in three to five sentences.
Q6) According to the textbook, the middle-income countries are primarily located in:
A) North America.
B) continental Europe.
C) east and southeast Asia.
D) sub-Saharan Africa.
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Chapter 9: Gender Inequality
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Q1) Which form of feminist theory believes that unequal access to civil rights and certain social resources produces gender inequality?
A) liberal feminism
B) radical feminism
C) black feminism
D) Parsonian functionalism
Q2) Which of the following positions do all schools of feminist thought share?
A) Women have an unequal position in society.
B) Gender has little influence on social life.
C) Gender inequality can never be eradicated.
D) Gender inequality is a social construction.
Q3) In one to two sentences, describe female labor-force participation patterns over the past fifty years. In two to three more sentences describe how this pattern can be explained.
Q4) In a short paragraph, discuss the influence of nature and nurture in the formation of gender identity. How do arguments that biology primarily influences gender differ from sociological views of gender socialization?
Q5) In two to four sentences, explain what criticisms black feminists make about the feminist movement.
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Chapter 10: Ethnicity and Race
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Q1) Jody is a white woman who has Irish ancestry on her father's side and enjoys celebrating St. Patrick's Day in her hometown of Boston. In most aspects of Jody's life, however, being Irish American has no meaningful impact on her day-to-day life. This example illustrates that:
A) ethnicity has become less important in the United States.
B) tension between racial and ethnic groups has declined over time.
C) whites in the United States have a choice of whether or not to be ethnic.
D) pluralism is growing in the United States.
Q2) Your textbook notes that racial discrimination can occur at the individual behavioral level but also at the institutional/societal level. One context in which both forms of racial discrimination might occur is in hiring for employment. Consider a scenario in which two job candidates are being considered for a position and the racial-ethnic identity of each candidate is known. Construct a hypothetical scenario in which racism is occurring at the individual level and at the institutional level (institutional racism), giving specific examples of each type of racism. Explain how each example of racism illustrates either individual or institutional racism.
Q3) According to the textbook, Cuban Americans are relatively more successful than Mexican Americans. How can this difference be explained? Please answer in a few sentences.
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Chapter 11: Families and Intimate Relationships
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Q1) The Blog of the Institute for Family Studies recently reported that young people are cautious about marriage but not cohabitation. Based on what you've read about cohabitation in this Chapter, why might that be?
A) The United States has lost touch with family values and very few people desire marriage.
B) Cohabitation is considered edgy and boundary-breaking, which is why many young people do it.
C) Cohabitors have unease about the meanings associated with marriage and about what marriage does to the relationship.
D) Most cohabitors treat cohabitation as a step toward marriage and usually become engaged before cohabitating.
Q2) In the 2012 summer issue of Atlantic magazine, Anne-Marie Slaughter, who was the first female director of policy planning at the State Department, wrote an article titled "Why Women Still Can't Have It All." In the article, she argues that women today still struggle to balance a family and their career. In a couple of sentences, please explain how a feminist perspective on the family may help shed light on this issue.
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Chapter 12: Education and Religion
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Q1) Lorna's research shows a steady decline in religious participation in her small community in Texas and, thus, a decline in the social and political power of religious institutions there. Sociologists refer to this process as:
A) secularization.
B) fundamentalism.
C) socialization.
D) religious economy.
Q2) Émile Durkheim's theory of religion is a good example of the ________ tradition in sociology.
A) conflict theory
B) feminist
C) interactionist
D) functionalist
Q3) ________ describes an activist Catholic religious movement that combines Catholic beliefs with a passion for social justice for the poor.
A) Liberation theology
B) Monasticism
C) Agnosticism
D) Asceticism
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Politics and Economic Life
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Q1) What are the main features of capitalism? Answer in two to four sentences.
Q2) According to the textbook, which of the following statements is true about political action committees (PACs)?
A) They are committees made up of senators who work together on financial issues that the president recommends.
B) They have little influence on presidential elections.
C) They provide about a third of the funding for congressional elections.
D) They are legally barred from giving political opinions publicly during the months leading up to an election.
Q3) What term refers to carrying out tasks that require mental and physical effort, with the objective of the production of goods and services that cater to human needs?
A) technology
B) work
C) power
D) authority
Q4) In a short paragraph, compare and contrast pluralist theories of modern democracy and the power elite model.
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Chapter 14: The Sociology of the Body: Health, Illness, and Sexuality
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Q1) How do social class and race affect health? Please explain your answer in a short paragraph.
Q2) How do functionalist theorists and symbolic interactionists differ in their perspectives on health and illness? Please explain your answer in a short paragraph.
Q3) In three to five sentences, compare complementary and alternative medicine.
Q4) How do some sociologists explain the fact that although Hispanics in the United States have fewer socioeconomic resources than whites, studies have shown that their health-and especially the health of their infants-is just as good as, if not better than, that of whites?
A) Hispanics have more genetic resistance to many diseases than whites.
B) Whites are more socially cohesive than Hispanics.
C) Studies of the health of Hispanics in the United States focus on those who successfully migrated and who may be in better health than those did not migrate.
D) For cultural reasons, Hispanics are more devoted to healthy activities, such as playing sports, than whites.
Q5) In a short paragraph, provide at least two explanations for the gender gap in health.
Q6) In three to five sentences, explain what sexual orientation is.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Urbanization, Population, and the Environment
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Q1) In the 1980s, Williamsburg, Brooklyn, was a predominantly Latino and black area of New York City, but since the mid-1990s, landlords have pushed out tenants, renovated buildings, and rented out units for dramatically higher prices. This process is called:
A) conurbation.
B) metropolization.
C) gentrification or urban renewal.
D) urbanization.
Q2) Thomas Malthus was one of the original writers to show concern for population growth. Demographers, economists, politicians, sociologists, and others have continued to debate his ideas for more than two hundred years, but many do not share his concern for the natural limits to population growth. Which of the following challenged Malthus's predictions?
A) increases in food production due to new technologies such as machinery and genetics
B) increases in the rate of population growth in developed countries
C) worries about population growth in countries such as the United States
D) using up all the earth's natural resources
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Chapter 16: Globalization in a Changing World
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Q1) Which perspective in the globalization debate argues that regionalization within the world economy produces less integration and that national governments continue to play a vital role in the economy?
A) the skeptics
B) the hyperglobalizers
C) the transformationalists
D) the critics
Q2) Which perspective in the globalization debate takes a middle position and sees many old patterns persisting while the broader global order is transforming in a dynamic process that is open to influence and change?
A) the skeptics
B) the hyperglobalizers
C) the critics
D) the transformationalists
Q3) Compare and contrast the ways in which the "global justice movement" and organizations such as the World Trade Organization view the relationship between free trade and global inequality. Which view do you agree with and why?
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