Introduction to Sociology Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Sociology explores the foundational concepts, theories, and methods used by sociologists to study human society, social behavior, and group dynamics. The course examines key topics such as culture, socialization, social structures, inequality, and institutions, providing insight into how individuals interact within social contexts and how societal forces shape daily life. Emphasizing critical thinking and empirical analysis, students will engage with classic and contemporary readings, discuss pressing social issues, and develop a deeper understanding of the complexities of social life on both local and global scales.
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Exploring Marriages and Families 2nd Edition by Karen T. Seccombe
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Chapter 1: Why Study Families and Other Close Relationships?
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Q1) Clay is writing a paper for his class about the ways in which marriage is interconnected with the rest of society and with other social institutions. He argues that relationships are not isolated entities, but are interconnected with social, cultural, economic, and political forces. Which perspective is he using?
A)macro-level
B)secondary analysis
C)empirical
D)micro-level
E)symbolic interaction
Answer: A
Q2) Jason is analyzing some data collected by the Census Bureau for his senior project. What type of research is he doing?
A)experiment
B)secondary analysis
C)survey
D)in-depth interview
E)focus group
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Social Status: Sex, Gender, Race, Ethnicity, and Social Class
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Q1) People who share specific cultural features are referred to as a/an:
A)ethnic group.
B)race.
C)extended group.
D)institutional group.
E)minority group.
Answer: A
Q2) __________ represents culture, whereas __________ attempts to represent biological heritage.
Answer: (1)Ethnicity; (2)race
Q3) Ernesto is a Cuban-American living near Miami in South Florida. Which of the following statements about Ernesto is correct?
A)His race is Hispanic.
B)His ethnicity is Cuban.
C)His ethnicity is Caucasian.
D)He is not a minority because of the large numbers of Cuban-Americans living in South Florida.
E)He doesn't have an ethnicity.
Answer: B
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Building Relationships
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Q1) Romantic relationships tend to be ___________; in other words, we spend most of our time with people who look like us, act like us, and think like us.
A)selective
B)homogamous
C)at the macro-level
D)spurious
E)cohabiting
Answer: B
Q2) People who cohabit with their partner before marriage are less likely to divorce.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Jack and Emma are about the same age, have the same racial and ethnic background, are both from middle-class families, and are both about to graduate from college. We would say that their relationship is homogamous.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Love and Loving Relationships
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Q1) Men are more likely than women to be in or looking for committed relationships, and they report falling in love sooner and with more people than do women.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The "romantic love ideal" developed during the 18th and 19th centuries includes five core beliefs. Which is NOT one of them?
A)love at first sight
B)there is one "true love" for each person
C)love is a struggle
D)the beloved is (nearly)perfect
E)we should marry for love
Q3) Briefly provide two reasons that explain negative consequences of adolescent romance, such as poor academic performance, conflict with parents, and depression.
Q4) According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, when the relationship contains all three components, and is all that love can be, it is called ___________.
Q5) Who is more interested in love, according to the research, men or women?
Q6) The dictionary defines love as __________.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Sexual Identity, Behavior, and Relationships
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Q1) When do we become sexual beings?
A)infancy
B)young childhood (ages 5 to 7)
C)preteen (ages 11-12)
D)puberty
E)adulthood
Q2) _____________ is, in many ways, the female counterpart of the penis. One difference, however, is that it serves no known purpose but providing sexual pleasure.
Q3) Which number is higher, the percentage of adults who believe extramarital sex is not wrong at all, or the percentage of adults who have engaged in extramarital sex? Provide the numbers for evidence.
Q4) Compare and contrast the sexual scripts for men and women. How do you relate to your sexual script?
Q5) Most married people are sexually active, and most report being quite satisfied with the sexual aspects of their relationship.
A)True
B)False
Q6) List four sexually transmitted infections.
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Chapter 6: Communication, Conflict, and Power in Our Relationships
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Q1) Xuan and Suong have different opinions about how to discipline their children, ages 6 and 8. Xuan believes that you should never spank children, but Suong sees spanking as an appropriate punishment when their children misbehave. This difference is causing conflict in their marriage. What type of conflict are they experiencing?
A)regulated conflict
B)unregulated conflict
C)ego conflict
D)value conflict
E)violent conflict
Q2) The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that:
A)language shapes our culture, and at the same time, our culture shapes our language. B)men and women communicate differently because they have been socialized differently.
C)in an individualist culture like China, emphasis is placed on getting to know one another before engaging in a transaction.
D)conflict can be both positive and negative.
E)bypassing can enhance verbal communication if both partners are willing.
Q3) SAE and AAE stand for __________.
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Chapter 7: Marriage
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Q1) How have attitudes toward interracial and interethnic marriages changed over the last 30 or 40 years?
Q2) Does marriage benefit everyone equally?
A)Yes, marriage offers equal benefits across sex, race, and social class.
B)Marriage may benefit men and women equally, but it benefits Whites more than Blacks.
C)Marriage may benefit women more than men, and Blacks and Hispanics more than Whites.
D)Marriage may benefit women more than men, but equally across races and social classes.
E)Marriage may benefit men more than women, and Whites more than Blacks.
Q3) Many changes have occurred to marriage in the past generation, including:
A)fewer people support same-sex marriage, but more support civil unions.
B)fewer people have nonmarital sex.
C)large increases in the number of people who never marry.
D)more couples want to share the breadwinning role.
E)fewer dual-earner households.
Q4) Compare and contrast the marital decline perspective with the marital resiliency perspective. Give examples of each.
Q5) List three personal traits that can improve your odds of a successful marriage.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Thinking About Parenthood
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Q1) Historically, total fertility rate in the U.S:
A) has steadily increased since the turn of the 20 century.
B)rose around the Great Depression and then deceased during the 1950s.
C)has steadily decreased since the turn of the 20th century.
D)fell during the Great Depression and then rose in the 1950s.
E)have remained relatively consistent.
Q2) The medicalization of childbirth began around:
A)the end of the 18 century.
B)the middle of the 19 century.
C)during the Great Depression.
D)during the sexual revolution of the late 1960s.
E)the 1990s.
Q3) Which of the following has NOT been shown to be a factor that makes the transition to childbearing so challenging?
A)pronatalism
B)lack of experience
C)adjusting to time away from work
D)the abruptness of the change
E)changes in the parents' relationship
Q4) List two social reasons for delayed parenthood.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Raising Children
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Q1) The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC):
A)is found in Canada and most of Western Europe.
B)is designed to partially offset taxes that low-income persons would otherwise pay, thereby serving as an inducement to work.
C)offers a monthly cash grant from the government to help offset the cost of raising children.
D)is available to all families, regardless of income.
E)reaches all targeted families.
Q2) Mead elaborated on Cooley's concept of the "looking-glass self' by describing "role taking," which is __________.
Q3) Research shows that father involvement is important because it can enhance children's social, emotional, and cognitive well-being.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Parents raise children in relative isolation in Western societies.
A)True
B)False
Q5) According to Sigmund Freud, the id is the part of the personality that __________.
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Chapter 10: Families and the Work They Do
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Q1) Determining the effects of mothers' employment and childcare on the well-being of children is a complex task for many reasons, according to your text. Which is NOT one of the reasons?
A)There are different measures of child well-being.
B)There are different types of childcare settings and they may have varying quality.
C)Mothers' temperaments vary.
D)Mother's work hours, shifts, and working conditions vary.
E)Mothers and children have varying kinds of relationships, regardless of employment or childcare, and fathers may play different roles.
Q2) Jobs are being outsourced to other countries because Americans are less willing to work in those industries.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What has been the trend in mothers' labor force participation since 1970?
Q4) Are the consequences of childcare for child well-being mostly positive, negative, or something else?
Q5) Give an example of routine and occasional household labor.
Q6) Describe the "doing gender" explanation for the division of household labor.
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Chapter 11: Family Stress and Crisis: Violence Among Intimates
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Q1) Which of the following is TRUE regarding child abuse?
A)Nearly 60 percent of perpetrators are a parent.
B)Countries with higher corporal punishment rates have students with lower IQs.
C)Parents who earn less than $20,000 per year are about twice as likely to abuse their children than are high-income parents.
D)White children, compared to children of other racial or ethnic groups, are the least likely to be abused.
E)All forms of child abuse are clear-cut and obvious.
Q2) Define and critique the Conflict Tactics Scale. Is there a sex bias?
Q3) Single parents are more likely to abuse children than are two-parent families, but there are no significant differences by race, ethnicity, or social class.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is/are the most common forms of elder abuse?
A)Sexual abuse
B)Physical abuse and money laundering
C)Neglect and sexual abuse
D)Financial abuse and neglect
E)Physical abuse
Page 13
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Chapter 12: The Process of Divorce
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Q1) Which of the following is TRUE?
A)Mothers who have at least one son are more likely to divorce.
B)People with higher income are more likely to divorce because they have more alternatives.
C)Spouses who share religious beliefs are more likely to divorce.
D)The divorce status of your parents is not related to your likelihood of divorcing.
E)The childfree are more likely to divorce than are parents.
Q2) Children tend to be better off by their parents' divorce if there is tremendous conflict in the home.
A)True
B)False
Q3) List and discuss the macro-level factors that contribute to the divorce rate.
Q4) A study of unhappily married couples found that those who eventually divorced were no happier than those who stayed married.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The two peaks in the divorce rate over the past hundred years occurred:
Q6) List the stations of divorce. Choose one to discuss in depth.
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Chapter 13: Family Life, Partnering, and Remarriage After Divorce
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Q1) Which group is most likely to remarry?
A)Hispanics
B)Whites
C)Blacks
D)urban residents
E)People who were over 25 at the time of their divorce.
Q2) Jim, Daneen, and their children in the opening vignette represent a:
A)"good stepfamily."
B)dysfunctional stepfamily.
C)divorcing stepfamily.
D)conflict-ridden stepfamily.
E)extended stepfamily.
Q3) A primary factor in children's short-term and long-term adjustment to divorce is:
A)the sex of the child.
B)how effectively the custodial parent functions as a parent.
C)whether the custodial parent remarries.
D)the sex of the parent the child lives with.
E)how happy the custodial parent is.
Q4) List four components of a "good stepfamily."
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Chapter 14: Families in Middle and Later Life
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Q1) Racial and ethnic differences can have an effect on senior living arrangements.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Your mom and dad are approaching retirement age. What would you tell them about sex differences in retirement?
A)Women begin planning for retirement earlier than men.
B)The process of retiring is associated with a decrease in marital quality for women, but not for men.
C)Conflicts are more likely to arise when both spouses retire at the same time, rather than one retiring while the other continues working.
D)Part-time employment is linked to retirement satisfaction for both women and men.
E)Expectations leading to and experiences during retirement are largely dependent on gender.
Q3) People who have jobs in knowledge-based activities tend to retire earlier than those in manufacturing jobs.
A)True
B)False
Q4) List three consequences that childlessness has on the elderly.
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Chapter 15: Looking Ahead: Helping Families Flourish
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Q1) Compared to other developed nations (and many less developed nations), the U.S. is the only country without:
Q2) A refundable federal tax credit for low-income working families that reduces the amount of taxes owed is called an Earned Income Tax Credit.
A)True
B)False
Q3) While the average child support payment due is $10,000 per year, only $6,000 is actually received, shortchanging children out of $4,000 a year.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How are family protective factors different from family recovery factors?
Q5) List four specific examples of early childhood interventions.
Q6) Resilience tends to occur between the ages of 9 and 20.
A)True
B)False
Q7) What is family resilience, and what are its components? Be sure to provide examples.
Q8) The three themes of the text are:
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Q9) Jerome lives in a country with national health insurance. This means __________.