Introduction to Sociology Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Sociology offers students a foundational understanding of the systematic study of society, social institutions, and human social behavior. The course explores key sociological concepts such as culture, socialization, stratification, gender, race and ethnicity, and social change. Through examination of theories and research methods, students learn how sociologists analyze social structures, patterns of interaction, and the forces that shape contemporary society. This course emphasizes developing a sociological perspective to better understand both individual experiences and broader social dynamics.
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Sociology 13th Edition by John J. Macionis
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective
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Q1) The basic idea of the symbolic-interaction approach is that society is:
A) an arena of conflict between categories of people.
B) the product of people interacting in everyday situations.
C) a system that operates to benefit people.
D) All of the above are correct.
Answer: B
Q2) The United States falls within which category of the world's nations?
A) low-income nations
B) middle-income nations
C) high-income nations
D) None of the above is correct.
Answer: C
Q3) The term "sociology" was coined in 1838 by:
A) Karl Marx.
B) Herbert Spencer.
C) Adam Smith.
D) Auguste Comte.
Answer: D
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3
Chapter 2: Sociological Investigation
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Q1) Critical sociology can best be described as a(n) ________ approach.
A) activist
B) scientific
C) qualitative
D) value-free
Answer: A
Q2) The analysis of Karl Marx represents the critical approach in sociology.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Interpretive sociology is sociology that:
A) focuses on action.
B) sees an objective reality "out there."
C) focuses on the meaning people attach to behavior.
D) seeks to bring about change.
Answer: C
Q4) Interpretive sociology considers subjective feelings to be a source of bias.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Culture
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Q1) The emergence of computer-based instant messaging shows how new symbols are being created all the time.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) As our society has entered a postindustrial, computer-based phase, which of the following have become more important?
A) gaining symbolic skills, including speaking, writing and computing
B) gaining mechanical skills using industrial machinery
C) knowing more about the past
D) All of the above are correct.
Answer: A
Q3) Cultural universals are elements of culture that:
A) have always been part of U.S. culture.
B) have diffused from the United States to other countries.
C) have come to the United States from elsewhere.
D) are part of every known culture.
Answer: D
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5
Chapter 4: Society
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Sample Questions
Q1) Agrarian societies are more alike than hunting and gathering societies are.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Modern societies are held together mostly by shared moral sentiments.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Weber could see the advantages of industrial capitalism,
A) and he was optimistic about the future.
B) but he thought it would never actually develop.
C) but he thought workers would soon overthrow the system.
D) but he was pessimistic about the future.
Q4) Hunting and gathering societies are nomadic.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Industrial societies use powerful sources of energy to drive large machinery. A)True B)False
Q6) How does Durkheim's concept of anomie differ from (1) Marx's concept of alienation and (2) Weber's concept of alienation?
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Q7) What did Durkheim mean by "anomie"? How does modern society cause anomie?
Chapter 5: Socialization
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Q1) Mead's concepts of the "I" and the "me" are close parallels of Freud's concepts of the id and the superego.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Industrialization brings with it a rise in the social standing of old people.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Total institutions operate with the goal of resocializing inmates.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the various stages of the human life course: childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age. What characteristics do most people in the United States associate with each? How do we know that these stages, although linked to biological changes, are mostly a social construction?
Q5) Mead would agree with only one of the following statements. Which one is it?
A) Socialization ends with the development of self.
B) If you win $100 million in a lottery, your self might change.
C) People are puppets with little control over their lives.
D) Human behavior reflects both nature and nurture.
Q6) Why are the cases of Anna, Isabelle, and Genie important to social scientists?
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Social Interaction in Everyday Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tact is common because embarrassment causes discomfort for both the presenter and members of the audience.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following phrases was used by Erving Goffman to refer to being embarrassed in a social situation?
A) "breaking" a role
B) "idealizing" a performance
C) "exiting" a role
D) "losing face"
Q3) Explain the basic approach called dramaturgical analysis. From this point of view, explain how we engage in the "presentation of self."
Q4) Having "street smarts" really amounts to the ability to take charge and making everyday events unfold in the way you want.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Employers rarely concern themselves with the emotions of employees.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Groups and Organizations
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Q1) Samuel Stouffer's study of soldier morale during World War II led to what conclusion?
A) The greater the chances of getting ahead, the happier people are.
B) Happiness is a matter of personal values and standards.
C) Whatever their situation in absolute terms, people evaluate themselves making comparisons to others in specific reference groups.
D) The less chance for promotion, the higher soldiers' morale.
Q2) Irving Janis demonstrated how discussion always improves decision making in a social group.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is the best example of a primary group?
A) a family that has gathered to celebrate a religious holiday
B) carpenters gathering at a work site
C) a student government meeting
D) a reunion of the graduating class of 1977
Q4) The sociologist who explored the primary group was Charles Horton Cooley.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are the important differences between primary and secondary groups?
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Chapter 8: Sexuality and Society
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sociobiologists point out that, in every society on Earth, people are attracted to youthfulness.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Although some people think rape is a form of sex, it is an expression of power.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If you often had the feeling of being "trapped in the wrong body," you might well be:
A) a hermaphrodite.
B) a homosexual.
C) a transsexual.
D) a bisexual.
Q4) How does sexuality play a part in social inequality? Consider factors including prostitution and pornography and their effects on women. Also, consider heterosexism and its effects on the social standing of gay and intersexual people.
Q5) There was no distinct category of "homosexual" people until about a century ago.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Deviance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the difference between primary and secondary deviance.
Q2) In the United States, men account for about _____ of all arrests for violent crime.
A) about 22 percent
B) about 42 percent
C) about 62 percent
D) about 82 percent
Q3) In the United States, even as the crime rate has gone down in recent years, the number of people in prison has gone up.
A)True
B)False
Q4) "Primary deviance" refers to the most serious offenses.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Organized crime refers to supplying legal goods and services at below market prices.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Identify four justifications for punishment.
Q7) Define due process, plea bargaining, and community-based corrections.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Social Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following types of societies comes closest to being egalitarian?
A) hunting and gathering
B) horticultural/pastoral
C) industrial
D) postindustrial
Q2) The Davis-Moore thesis states that social stratification has beneficial consequences for society.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In class systems, social categories are more clearly and rigidly defined than they are in caste systems.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The ending of apartheid in South Africa has led to:
A) that society becoming a meritocracy.
B) little improvement for millions of poor, black people.
C) complete social mixing by people of all races.
D) the first white president.
Q5) What is the Kuznets curve? What is its significance?
Q6) State several ways in which caste and class systems differ.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Social Class in the United States
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Q1) In the United States, which age category has the highest poverty rate?
A) children
B) people in their twenties
C) middle-aged persons about forty years of age
D) seniors over age sixty-five
Q2) In recent decades, William Julius Wilson claims, many central cities no longer have enough jobs to support the families who live there.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Today, on average, African American families have about the same income and wealth as white families.
A)True
B)False
Q4) About 40 percent of U.S. families have little or no wealth.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The age category of the U.S. population most likely to be poor is children.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Who are the working poor?
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Global Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) One of the countries listed below is NOT a high-income nation. Which one is it?
A) Canada
B) South Africa
C) Israel
D) Vietnam
Q2) If you were applying modernization theory to the problem of global poverty, you might expect rich nations to aid the economic development of poor nations by:
A) assisting in population control.
B) increasing food production.
C) increasing industrial production.
D) All of the above are correct.
Q3) In past centuries, European nations colonized countries in:
A) Africa.
B) Latin America.
C) Asia.
D) All of the above are correct.
Q4) Describe the distribution of income for the world as a whole.
Q5) What are the four stages of W. W. Rostow's modernization theory? Explain each stage.
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Chapter 13: Gender Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) Structural-functional analysis points out that industrialization encourages:
A) men to take control of the workplace.
B) growing gender equality.
C) women to have more children.
D) All of the above are correct.
Q2) Briefly describe the extent of male-female differences in mental and physical abilities.
Q3) Why is "earning an income" no longer a man's role in the United States?
Q4) In which of the following nations does the greatest political power of women come closest to that of men?
A) United States
B) Norway
C) China
D) Cuba
Q5) Which of the following concepts refers to social organization in which males dominate females?
A) patriarchy
B) matriarchy
C) monarchy
D) oligarchy
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Race and Ethnicity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following concepts refers to a shared cultural heritage?
A) race
B) minority
C) ethnicity
D) stereotype
Q2) Each year, about how many immigrants came to the United States, both legally and illegally?
A) 150,000
B) 1.5 million
C) 15 million
D) 150 million
Q3) Of all categories of Asian Americans, Korean Americans have the highest average income.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The United States is not truly pluralistic because:
A) some people live in "ethnic enclaves."
B) many people value ethnic diversity.
C) racial and ethnic categories do not have roughly equal social standing.
D) All of the above are correct.
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Chapter 15: Aging and the Elderly
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Q1) What is the poverty rate among elderly people in the United States? How has it changed in recent decades?
Q2) Older people typically report a loss of sensory abilities, such as hearing.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Women are more likely than men to visit and care for their elderly parents.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In general, industrialization has what effect on the social standing of the elderly relative to younger people?
A) It reduces the social standing of seniors.
B) There is little or no effect.
C) It raises the social standing of seniors.
D) It raises the social standing of older men but reduces it for women.
Q5) In general, seniors with higher incomes:
A) have more health problems than people with lower incomes.
B) assess their health in better terms than people with lower incomes.
C) have the same level of health as people with lower incomes.
D) die earlier due to high consumption of rich foods.
Q6) Why is social isolation a greater problem for aging women than aging men?
Page 17
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Chapter 16: The Economy and Work
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Q1) Socialist economies create greater economic equality than capitalist economies, but with a lower overall living standard.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What are the three defining traits of socialism?
Q3) What is welfare capitalism?
Q4) The global economy pays little regard to national borders.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The development of agriculture was set in motion by:
A) changes in the church.
B) hitching animals to the plow.
C) the discovery of writing.
D) the discovery of oil.
Q6) In a socialist economic system, "justice" amounts to:
A) trying to meet the basic needs of all in a equal manner.
B) doing whatever helps boost company earnings.
C) freedom of the marketplace.
D) All of the above are correct.
Q7) What are the primary labor market and the secondary labor market?
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Chapter 17: Politics and Government
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Q1) Which of the following concepts refers to the formal organization that directs the political life of a society?
A) the political system
B) rational-legal authority
C) the power elite
D) government
Q2) Preindustrial societies, explained Max Weber, are characterized by having:
A) mostly traditional authority.
B) mostly rational-legal authority.
C) mostly charismatic authority.
D) no authority at all.
Q3) What is the difference in the approaches to political freedom taken by capitalism and socialism?
Q4) What are the three types of authority identified by Weber?
Q5) Authority refers to power that people perceive as coercive.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Charismatic authority is based on extraordinary personal abilities.
A)True
B)False
Page 19
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Chapter 18: Families
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Q1) Which of the following are counted among the functions of the family?
A) socialization of the young
B) regulation of sexual activity
C) social placement
D) All of the above are correct.
Q2) Mounting research suggests that cohabitation:
A) strengthens a couple's commitment to one another.
B) may actually discourage marriage.
C) increases the financial security of children.
D) All of the above are correct.
Q3) Looking for evidence about how much the traditional family is eroding, you might point to the fact that:
A) singlehood is up.
B) the divorce rate is up.
C) more children are born to single mothers.
D) All of the above are correct.
Q4) People in the United States today are more accepting of divorce than they were a century ago.
A)True
B)False
Page 20
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Chapter 19: Religion
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Q1) Karl Marx investigated the positive functions of religion for social life.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following religious organizations began as a cult?
A) Islam
B) Christianity
C) Judaism
D) All of the above are correct.
Q3) In global perspective, most Muslims are not Arabs.
A)True
B)False
Q4) An analysis of how religion supports the interests of a society's elites would fall under which of the following theoretical approaches?
A) structural-functional approach
B) symbolic-interaction approach
C) social-conflict approach
D) social-exchange approach
Q5) What is Max Weber's thesis regarding Protestantism and capitalism?
Q6) In one sentence, what was Karl Marx's concern about the effects of religion on society?
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Chapter 20: Education
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research shows that, in the typical college classroom, most students are active participants who speak up.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is a latent function of schooling?
A) ensuring some common culture
B) teaching about the U.S. way of life
C) providing child-care
D) teaching job skills
Q3) From a social-conflict perspective, schooling in the United States transforms social privilege into personal merit.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Education is the social institution providing members of a society with important knowledge.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Dropping out of school greatly reduces a person's chance to earn a good income.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 21: Health and Medicine
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Q1) Cultural patterns define what is or is not healthy.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Of all high-income nations, which country relies the most on a direct-fee market system to pay for medical treatment?
A) Great Britain
B) Sweden
C) the United States
D) Japan
Q3) AIDS cannot be spread through sneezing.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Holistic medicine asserts that:
A) the most important task is treating symptoms of disease.
B) patients should rely on themselves-not just physicians-to ensure their health.
C) treatment of patients should be impersonal.
D) All of the above are correct.
Q5) What diseases were leading causes of death in the United States in 1900 what about 2006? Describe the pattern of change.
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Chapter 22: Population, Urbanization, and Environment
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Q1) Mounting evidence suggests that the average temperature of the planet is:
A) now steady.
B) rising.
C) falling.
D) lower than it has ever been.
Q2) How much did the world's population increase during the twentieth century?
A) Not at all-it stayed about the same.
B) It doubled.
C) It tripled.
D) It quadrupled.
Q3) During the last decade, there has been a rebound in the rural population of the United States.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The planet's population first reached 1 billion about the year 1500.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What three urban revolutions have reshaped human societies?
Q6) State the basic idea of the "logic of growth" thesis.
Q7) How do population patterns differ in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres?
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Chapter 23: Collective Behavior and Social Movements
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Q1) Which type of social movement seeks radical change in all of society?
A) alterative social movements
B) redemptive social movements
C) reformative social movements
D) revolutionary social movements
Q2) How does collective behavior differ from the other social patterns of interest to sociologists? What are the difficulties in studying collective behavior? What do you see as the special benefits of doing so?
Q3) The concept of relative deprivation is based on the idea that:
A) people evaluate themselves by making specific comparisons.
B) some people have more than others.
C) people always judge their situation in absolute terms.
D) getting more makes people feel better about themselves.
Q4) Mass behavior is defined as collective behavior:
A) in the form of a riot or a mob.
B) involving people in a crowd.
C) among people spread over a wide geographic area.
D) involving powerful emotions.
Q5) Define "fashion" and "fad" so that their differences are clear.
Q6) What are five categories of crowds? Give an example of each.
Page 25
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Chapter 24: Social Change: Traditional, Modern, and
Postmodern Societies
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Q1) The class-society theory states that modernization has greatly reduced social inequality.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What are demographic (population) trends are reshaping the United States?
Q3) Social change results from invention, discovery, and cultural diffusion.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Following class-society theory, the key problem of living in a modern society is:
A) economic inequality with most people feeling powerless.
B) too much personal freedom.
C) difficulty building a clear personal identity.
D) too much rationality.
Q5) What did Herbert Marcuse have to say about science?
A) Science is the key to modern affluence.
B) Science is not new to modern societies it has existed for centuries.
C) Science causes as many problems as it solves.
D) Science is only one dimension of "rationality."
Q6) What did Max Weber say was the defining trait of modern society?
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