Introduction to Sociology Exam Review
Course Introduction
Introduction to Sociology provides an overview of the fundamental concepts, theories, and methods used in the study of society. The course examines the structure and dynamics of social groups, cultural norms, socialization, institutions, social stratification, and the processes that shape human behavior and societal development. Students will explore how issues such as race, class, gender, and globalization influence individuals and communities, and analyze how social change emerges. Through readings, discussions, and case studies, learners will develop a critical understanding of contemporary social issues and the tools needed to study society systematically.
Recommended Textbook Essentials of Sociology 6th Edition by Richard P. Appelbaum
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Chapter 1: Sociology: Theory and Method
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Q1) Adherents of ________ contend that there are no longer any "grand narratives" or overall conceptions of history or society that make any sense.
A) functionalism
B) postmodern theory
C) feminist theory
D) symbolic interactionism
Answer: B
Q2) Society, according to Karl Marx, was:
A) a fully functioning grouping of social equals.
B) primarily divided by social class.
C) at its historical apex.
D) a reflection of the mind of God.
Answer: B
Q3) Max Weber's theoretical contributions might be criticized for:
A) focusing narrowly on the individual.
B) not taking into account the role of bureaucracy in modern societies.
C) ignoring large social institutions.
D) ignoring collective forms of organization that are common in modern societies.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Culture and Society
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Q1) ________ is a sense of identification with one's people that is expressed through a common set of strongly held beliefs. Sometimes these include the belief that the people of a particular nation have historical or God-given rights that supersede those of other people.
A) Neoliberalism
B) Nationalism
C) Ethnic enclaving
D) Disidentification
Answer: B
Q2) In a couple of sentences, please compare hunting and gathering societies to civilizations. In your answer, discuss power and wealth differences. Answer: Students should note that there was little difference in power and wealth in hunting and gathering societies compared with civilizations. Hunting and gathering societies were usually participatory rather than competitive. Also, there was little difference among members of the society in the number or kinds of material possessions; there were no divisions of rich and poor. Furthermore, hunters and gatherers had little interest in developing material wealth beyond what was necessary for their basic needs. In civilizations, there were pronounced inequalities of wealth and power, and kings or emperors ruled.
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Chapter 3: Socialization, the Life Course, and Aging
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Q1) In a 1972 study examining gender roles in children's books, Lenore Weitzman found that females were more likely to be indoors and engaged in passive activities. What is the sociological implication of this research?
A) Gender roles don't solidify until most people reach their teens.
B) Girls probably don't enjoy outdoor or aggressive activities as much as boys.
C) Children's books teach important, yet subtle lessons about gender.
D) The publishing industry is responsible for creating gender conflict in U.S. society.
Answer: C
Q2) Despite having access to Medicare, the elderly spend about ________ of their income on health care.
A) 13 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 33 percent
D) 1 percent
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Social Interaction and Everyday Life in the Age
of the Internet
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Q1) Interactional vandalism is defined as:
A) a subordinate person breaking the tacit rules of interaction.
B) a high-status person refusing to interact.
C) two people having a miscommunication.
D) social avoidance.
Q2) The exchange of information about human emotion through facial expressions, gestures, and movements of the body is called:
A) nonverbal communication.
B) harassment.
C) asensory communication.
D) backchanneling.
Q3) Before the Internet and smartphones became standard features of most people's lives in the United States, people mainly relied on phone calls or letters to exchange information with friends, dating partners, and business associates. This earlier context of communication lacked:
A) time-space.
B) clock time.
C) instantaneousness.
D) proximity.
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Chapter 5: Groups, Networks, and Organizations
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Q1) Which of the following would be considered a social category?
A) African Americans
B) a group of soldiers who recently returned from war
C) neighbors who host regular block parties together
D) two friends who are freshmen at the same college
Q2) The Internet often increases the diversity of one's social networks beyond face-to-face interactions, which tend to limit social networks. However, the Internet can also limit the diversity of social networks for some people because:
A) it is easy to find out someone's gender, race, or social status on the Internet.
B) there is a "digital divide" in which low-income and ethnic minorities are less likely to have access to the Internet.
C) there are many racist and sexist groups that use the Internet to organize.
D) studies show that people tend to form networks on the Internet based on race, gender, and class instead of shared interests.
Q3) In a couple of sentences, explain how social networks facilitate the reproduction of existing inequalities for women, lower socioeconomic classes, and minorities. Give an example.
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Chapter 6: Conformity, Deviance, and Crime
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Q1) Which of the following best illustrates community policing?
A) severely punishing even minor crimes, such as public drunkenness
B) local organizations, government agencies, and businesses working together
C) the installation of burglar alarms
D) communal public shaming of offenders
Q2) When laws allowing capital punishment are compared internationally, we can see that:
A) the United States is one of the few Western countries that still legally permits this practice.
B) the majority of Western countries permit capital punishment.
C) neither the United States nor most other Western countries legally permit this practice.
D) most Western countries except the United States legally permit this practice.
Q3) From the perspective of labeling theory, deviance is seen as:
A) a process of interaction between deviants and non-deviants.
B) a set of characteristics of individuals or groups.
C) freely chosen.
D) an act that is universally wrong.
Q4) How is it possible that a person can be both a conformist and a deviant? Please explain your answer in two to three sentences.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Stratification, Class, and Inequality
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Q1) According to Karl Marx, the working class in industrialized countries would remain poor and live near subsistence level. Marx was right about the persistence of poverty in industrialized countries, but he was wrong in thinking that:
A) there would be very few poor people in most industrialized countries.
B) most people would own the means of production collectively in capitalist countries.
C) the income of most of the population would remain extremely low.
D) industrial capitalism would decrease the wealth and income gap.
Q2) According to the textbook, what is one conclusion we can draw about how social class is defined in the United States?
A) Racial disparities in wealth can be explained solely by family advantages.
B) Most American sociologists can agree on the boundaries between social classes.
C) Famous people have higher the highest occupational prestige.
D) One's educational attainment is the strongest predictor of one's occupation, income, and wealth later in life.
Q3) According to the textbook, what three main characteristics do social systems of stratification share? Provide an example of each.
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Chapter 8: Global Inequality
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Q1) After studying the political economy of modern Germany, Fran concludes that we must consider the world capitalist economy as a single unit instead of looking at individual countries. Her view is best described by what theory or set of theories?
A) dependency theories
B) state-centered theories
C) world-systems theory
D) modernization theory
Q2) In two to three sentences, describe how market-oriented theories explain global inequality.
Q3) In two to three sentences, describe how state-centered theories explain global inequality?
Q4) The textbook notes a recent health crisis that emerged in West Africa. The disease spread quickly because it was new to the region and because there were few health care facilities, poor-quality roads, and insufficient transportation in rural areas. This epidemic was called:
A) the New Malaria Epidemic.
B) the West Nile Virus Epidemic.
C) the Ebola Epidemic.
D) the Whooping Cough Epidemic.
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Chapter 9: Gender Inequality
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Q1) Which strategy would liberal feminists encourage?
A) the abolition of marriage
B) a revolution against capitalist economies
C) abolish affirmative action policies
D) institute family-friendly policies in the workplace
Q2) Straight couples tend to revert to traditional gender roles, with women as lower earners, bearing the brunt of stereotypical female chores. How do same-sex couples tend to compare?
A) They tend to reverse gender roles.
B) Couples assign chores based on personal preference.
C) Lesbian couples tend to equally split chores, while gay couples do not.
D) Gay couples are more likely to split chores based on income.
Q3) Which form of feminist theory believes that unequal access to civil rights and certain social resources produces gender inequality?
A) liberal feminism
B) radical feminism
C) black feminism
D) Parsonian functionalism
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Chapter 10: Ethnicity and Race
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Q1) In 2007, whites on average could expect to live ________ years longer than African Americans.
A) 2.1
B) 3.8
C) 15.4
D) 25.6
Q2) In order to justify the institution of slavery, beliefs about the inferiority of enslaved people from Africa were developed and persisted after American slavery was abolished. This fits most closely with which of the following statements about racism?
A) Racism is a form of prejudice focusing on cultural differences between people.
B) Racist attitudes became entrenched during the period of Western colonial expansion.
C) Racist attitudes are found in all human societies because humans are designed to notice and dislike people who are different.
D) Racism resides in the individual conscience only.
Q3) In a short paragraph, please explain the concept of racialization. How does this term help us understand race relations historically and in the present?
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Chapter 11: Families and Intimate Relationships
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Q1) Which of the following statements characterizes the American workweek in this time of rapid technological innovation?
A) Thanks, in large part, to new technologies, the American workweek is much shorter than it was fifty years ago.
B) With more women in the workforce, it is easier for men to take longer vacations away from the office.
C) Despite technological advancements, Americans are spending more time at work and less time on vacation.
D) While Americans are decreasing the number of hours spent at work, many Europeans are increasing the time they spend working.
Q2) A ________ is a group in which the individuals are related to one another by blood ties, marriage, or adoption and form an economic unit in which the adult members are responsible for the upbringing of children.
A) family
B) household
C) kinship network
D) village
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Chapter 12: Education and Religion
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Q1) Gilbert thinks that the salvation-oriented religions of the West have a particularly progressive character because of their focus on the struggle against sin. His views most closely resemble those of:
A) Émile Durkheim.
B) Peter Berger.
C) Karl Marx.
D) Max Weber.
Q2) What are some of the reasons there are high rates of illiteracy in the developing world? Please explain your answer in three to five sentences.
Q3) A colleague introduces Felicia to a professional conference audience, giving information about her college degrees and the institutions where she earned those degrees. This is an example of:
A) credentialism.
B) professional socialization.
C) universal education.
D) status reinforcement.
Q4) How is the educational system connected to the reproduction of inequality? Please explain your answer in a short paragraph.
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Chapter 13: Politics and Economic Life
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Q1) Merle is a student who believes that since share ownership of corporations is so dispersed, actual control has passed into the hands of managers who run firms on a day-to-day basis. Merle's ideas echo those of:
A) Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations.
B) Karl Marx in The Communist Manifesto.
C) Adolf Berle and Gardiner Means in The Modern Corporation and Private Property.
D) Wright Mills in The Power Elite.
Q2) Countries in which voters can choose between two or more political parties and the majority of the adult population has the right to vote are usually called:
A) absolute monarchies.
B) participatory democracies.
C) liberal democracies.
D) communist democracies.
Q3) Premodern, as opposed to modern, systems of production were based above all on:
A) agriculture.
B) heavy industry.
C) technology.
D) communication technologies.
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Chapter 14: The Sociology of the Body: Health, Illness, and Sexuality
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Q1) If a researcher uses a few standardized survey questions to assess depression symptoms and finds that women score higher on these symptoms than men, the gender gap in these observations might be attributable to:
A) issues in how the depression symptoms were measured.
B) men being under more strain than women.
C) men and women being equally strained.
D) the fact that depression cannot be described by any type of survey question.
Q2) Most people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS):
A) live outside of Africa.
B) are heterosexual.
C) are intravenous drug users.
D) are hemophiliacs.
Q3) The direction of one's sexual or romantic attraction is referred to as:
A) sexual orientation.
B) sexual preference.
C) sexual identity.
D) sexual status.
Q4) In three to five sentences, explain what sexual orientation is.
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Q5) In three to five sentences, compare complementary and alternative medicine.
Chapter 15: Urbanization, Population, and the Environment
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Q1) Countries whose populations have access to good healthcare and adequate nutrition generally have populations with:
A) longer life expectancies.
B) higher rates of fertility.
C) higher rates of fecundity.
D) higher rates of mortality.
Q2) Developed countries that have already undergone the demographic transition are going to experience a growth in the number of older people relative to younger people. This is called the:
A) generation ratio.
B) dependent-worker ratio.
C) birth-death ratio.
D) dependency ratio.
Q3) Rural areas in the United States have seen their populations decline because of:
A) low poverty rates.
B) growth in farming industries.
C) too many government services.
D) lack of opportunities for young people.
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Chapter 16: Globalization in a Changing World
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Q1) According to the transformationalist perspective on globalization, the political structures of countries are adapting to challenges from:
A) new forms of economic and social organization.
B) a declining world economy.
C) resistant citizens.
D) terrorist organizations.
Q2) According to Charles Tilly's model, what are the four main components of collective action? Provide detailed examples of each component to fully illustrate your understanding of Tilly's model.
Q3) The belief that society is constantly in flux and that no grand narrative guides society is called:
A) postindustrialism.
B) postmodernism.
C) historicity.
D) postculturalism.
Q4) Compare and contrast the ways in which the "global justice movement" and organizations such as the World Trade Organization view the relationship between free trade and global inequality. Which view do you agree with and why?
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