Introduction to Sociology Exam Preparation Guide
Course
Introduction
Introduction to Sociology offers a comprehensive overview of the fundamental concepts, theories, and methods used to understand human society and social behavior. The course investigates how individuals interact within groups, the structures and functions of social institutions, and the impact of culture, socialization, class, gender, race, and ethnicity on everyday life. Students will explore major sociological perspectives and engage in critical discussions about issues such as inequality, deviance, and social change, developing analytical skills to better understand the complexities of contemporary society.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Sociology 9th Edition by David
B. Brinkerhoff
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15 Chapters
2023 Verified Questions
2023 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Study of Society
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135 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most sociologists in the United States work for the government.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Mary became a prostitute because it was one of the few occupations that would allow her to escape poverty.Mary's use of sex as a scarce resource is explained by which sociological perspective?
A) conflict theory
B) dramaturgy
C) trade theory
D) situational theory
Answer: A
Q3) If social action or a social structure reinforces inequality,it may still be viewed as functional for society because it upholds the status quo.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the overall economic impact of globalization?
A) International financial relationships have reduced violence.
B) International financial enterprises raise the standard of living for all in the countries involved.
C) The effects of economic globalization have been exclusively negative.
D) Observers of globalization are not in agreement as to its overall economic impact.
Answer: D
Q2) Maria has recently moved to the United States from Columbia.Her children no longer speak Spanish and are learning to live like American children.Maria's children are experiencing:
A) multiculturalism.
B) ethnocentrism.
C) cultural relativism.
D) assimilation.
Answer: D
Q3) What is cultural lag? Give an example.
Answer: It occurs when one part of culture changes more rapidly than another.An example is having technologies,such as cloning,without a set of values and norms to guide them.
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Socialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is FALSE with regards to primary socialization in the family?
A) All families use the same approach to primary socialization.
B) The earliest socialization takes place indirectly through daily interactions.
C) Parents try to teach conformity and obedience.
D) Self-concept is first developed within the family.
Answer: A
Q2) In households where mothers work,what is a likely possible impact on children's role taking?
A) Girls will start cooking to pick up the slack.
B) Boys will do their own laundry.
C) Boys will play with toy hammers.
D) Girls will carry a play briefcase.
Answer: D
Q3) Give an example of a significant other AND a generalized other.
Answer: An example of a significant other might be one's parents,whereas an example of a generalized other might be the attendant at a toll booth.
Q4) What is the most important agent of socialization?
Answer: The family is the most important agent of socialization.
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Chapter 4: Social Structure and Social Interaction
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Sample Questions
Q1) The increase in the number and diversity of social institutions in society is primarily the result of:
A) an increase in population.
B) the ability to generate an economic surplus.
C) an intermingling of cultures.
D) a change in the environment.
Q2) The first major breakthrough from subsistence economy to surplus came with the development of:
A) a system of legal money.
B) organized religion.
C) a nationalized education system.
D) agriculture.
Q3) Simply given the number of Hispanics living in Texas and in North Dakota,it is more likely that European Americans will have a Hispanic friend if they live in El Paso,Texas,than if they live in Devil's Lake,North Dakota.This fact illustrates the importance of understanding:
A) the number and types of statuses available.
B) the consequences of occupying a particular status.
C) what combination of statuses is possible.
D) the distribution of people across different statuses.
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Chapter 5: Groups, Networks, and Organizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the difference between a risky shift and a tame shift?
Q2) Which of the following is the best example of a primary group?
A) this sociology classroom
B) this university
C) Joe, Bill, and Tom-college roommates for the past 3 years
D) the faculty at this university
Q3) Individuals are most likely to cooperate when faced with a common threat and cooperation seems in their self-interest.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Define strong ties and weak ties and describe the importance of each from the standpoint of a)the individual and b)society.
Q5) Milgram found that conformity with directions to administer harmful shocks to other people was greatest when:
A) an authority figure was in the room observing.
B) the research subject had to hold the hand of the person receiving the shock.
C) the subject could see the person they were administering the shock to.
D) None of these; there were no variables that influenced the degree of conformity.
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Chapter 6: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the basic concern of labeling theory as it relates to crime and deviance?
Q2) The 1972 Furman decision determined that capital punishment was:
A) racist but necessary to deter future crime.
B) racist and unconstitutional due to the uncontrolled discretion of judges and juries in sentencing.
C) not racist since more blacks than whites committed violent crimes.
D) a just way to deal with all rapists, regardless of race.
Q3) Internalization occurs when:
A) a person exercises self-restraint because of fear of what others will think.
B) sanctions such as fines, expulsion, and imprisonment are used to enforce conformity.
C) illegal acts are avoided because of fear of getting caught.
D) we don't even think of violating the norms and values of our group because conformity is a part of our self?concept.
Q4) Symbolic interaction theories of deviance do NOT suggest that deviance:
A) is learned.
B) involves the development of a deviant self-concept.
C) is an inevitable product of an unequal society.
D) arises out of face-to-face interactions.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) Studies of different stratification systems indicate that:
A) inequality is usually strongly resented.
B) few societies are aware of inequality.
C) inequality usually leads to resentment and revolution.
D) inequality is usually accepted as natural and just.
Q2) A status that is optional,one that we can reach (or fail to reach)on the basis of our own efforts,is called:
A) an achieved status.
B) an ascribed status.
C) a flexible status.
D) an active status.
Q3) According to Marx,one's relationship to the means of production is known as: A) class.
B) status.
C) social mobility
D) employment.
Q4) What are the causes of poverty in America? Why does poverty continue to persist in our society?
Q5) Explain the underlying causes of the rise in Islamic terrorism.
Q6) What is the American Dream? How is it related to social inequality?
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Racial and Ethnic Inequality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Within the U.S.,Native Americans:
A) are fairly evenly spread out throughout the country.
B) have not had any economic success.
C) are disproportionately poor, despite mineral resources and casinos on tribal lands.
D) face less prejudice and discrimination than members of other minority groups.
Q2) The physical separation of minority and majority group members is called:
A) segregation.
B) discrimination.
C) prejudiced ideology.
D) acculturation.
Q3) In a recent poll of Americans,how many said they had unfavorable attitudes toward Arabs?
A) one quarter
B) about 40%
C) about 60%
D) almost all
Q4) Biologists generally agree that there is no genuine biological basis for race.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Sex,Gender,and Sexuality
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Sample Questions
Q1) The frequency of sexual relations for married couples has remained fairly constant over the years.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The behaviors we normally associate with being female and male:
A) are universal traits found in all countries.
B) may vary across cultures and over time.
C) may not change from one time period to another.
D) vary across cultures but do not change over time.
Q3) Which of these parental behaviors is least likely to occur?
A) Parents encourage their daughter to join a team sport.
B) Parents enroll their daughter in a computer class.
C) Parents enroll their son in a dance class.
D) Parents encourage their son to join a sports team.
Q4) Since 1950,the ratio of female earnings to male earnings has increased substantially (become more equal).
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is a sociological reason for men being more susceptible to heart disease than women?
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Chapter 10: Health and Health Care
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Sample Questions
Q1) For lower-income people,environmental,economic,and psychosocial reasons have a greater impact on ill health than lack of affordable medical care.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Why has the drive to increase nurses' education and their status only partially succeeded?
A) Men have entered the profession.
B) Very few universities have elected to offer advanced degrees in nursing.
C) Associate-degree programs are the most popular among employers, and more services are provided out-patient, reducing the need for nurses.
D) Because of improvements in technology, people are not as likely to get sick.
Q3) What are two explanations for the higher rates of mental illness among lower-income individuals?
Q4) __________ are most likely to have no health insurance.
A) Older adults
B) Young people
C) Those working in large corporations
D) Those working for government agencies
Q5) Discuss at least three ways in which social statuses affect physical health.
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Chapter 11: Family
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Sample Questions
Q1) Differences in the availability of marriageable men account for at least _______ of the race difference in overall marriage rates.
A) 40%
B) 32%
C) 26%
D) 13%
Q2) The gradual disintegration of social norms regarding the need for and meaning of marriage is termed:
A) the deinstitutionalization of marriage.
B) the disintegration of marriage.
C) the breakdown of the family.
D) family devaluation.
Q3) The problems experienced by children of divorce seem to be mostly the result of: A) poverty.
B) their mothers working.
C) not having both parents around all the time.
D) being stigmatized.
Q4) Discuss the reasons more adults are choosing childlessness.
Q5) Explain the meaning and context for the concept of the commodification of children.
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Chapter 12: Education and Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why do schools use tracking? Compare and contrast the structural-functional and the conflict theory point of view.
Q2) Today most people in the U.S.:
A) claim no particular religious beliefs.
B) belong to religious denominations.
C) are members of sects.
D) are atheists.
Q3) The infant daughter of a highly religious couple died unexpectedly from sudden infant death syndrome.In the absence of any medical explanation,the parents accepted her death as God's will. They are viewing health and illness as part of the:
A) profane.
B) secular.
C) mundane.
D) sacred.
Q4) Which of these is NOT one of the five pillars of Islam?
A) Profess faith in one almighty God and his prophet Muhammad.
B) Pray five times daily.
C) Make charitable contributions to the Muslim community and to the poor.
D) Commit to religious jihad.
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Chapter 13: Politics and the Economy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Both capitalism and socialism can coexist with either an authoritarian or a democratic political system.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is the impact of technology on labor?
A) Technology is negative for the workforce because it displaces jobs.
B) Technology is only negative for members of the working class; it does not impact high-status jobs.
C) Technology is neutral; the impact of technology depends on how it is implemented.
D) In the U.S., technology is always the enemy of labor.
Q3) When a job becomes mechanized or the means of accomplishing the job is pre-determined for the worker,sociologists refer to this as:
A) alienation.
B) blue-collar work.
C) de-skilling.
D) underemployment.
Q4) Define the three types of authority identified by Weber and give an example of each within the U.S.educational system.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Population and Urbanization
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Sample Questions
Q1) The average number of children born per woman in the United States has been __________ for the last two decades.
A) about 1
B) about 2
C) just at 3
D) slightly more than 3
Q2) Discuss the economic,political,and cultural consequences of current patterns of low fertility in Italy and other European countries.
Q3) During the last half century,cities have come to be seen as unsafe and unclean places.Many middle class people have moved from cities to the suburbs.Sociologists refer to this as:
A) urban blight.
B) ruralization.
C) white flight.
D) urbanization.
Q4) Increases in the U.S.population are caused by immigration,not an increased fertility rate.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Social Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) A(n)_______ SMO is led by a paid staff.
A) professional
B) indigenous
C) exogenous
D) colloquial
Q2) Resource mobilization theory falls under which theoretical perspective?
A) conflict theory.
B) structural-functional theory.
C) symbolic interactionism.
D) micro-level theory.
Q3) What are the four possible outcomes of social movement activities?
Q4) Which of these is an example of a political opportunity?
A) a preexisting organization with leadership and communications networks
B) a set of social issues that concern people
C) an event that triggers social unrest and collective behavior
D) the media on site at a particular political event
Q5) Currently Americans are more likely to rank the economy as a high priority than protecting the environment.
A)True
B)False
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