Introduction to Sociology
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Introduction to Sociology explores the fundamental concepts, theories, and methods used to analyze human society, social behavior, and group dynamics. This course examines the ways in which individuals shape and are shaped by social structures, such as culture, institutions, socialization, class, race, gender, and deviance. Students will develop a sociological imagination that allows them to critically assess everyday life, understand social change, and recognize the impact of societal forces on individual and collective experiences. Through readings, discussions, and research, learners gain a foundational understanding of how society functions and the roles they play within it.
Recommended Textbook
Majority Minority Relations Census Update 6th Edition by John E. Farley
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Chapter 1: Orientation: Basic Terms and Concepts
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Q1) Any behavior by an individual that leads to unequal treatment because of race or ethnicity is called:
A) Individual discrimination
B) Ideological prejudice
C) Institutional racism
D) Individual prejudice
Answer: A
Q2) Prejudice refers to behavior that tends to favor one racial or ethnic group over another.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Psychological identification with a group is not an important part of what makes ethnicity real to people.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Prejudice: Its Forms and Causes
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Q1) Which of the following is a reason why people with higher levels of education score lower on most measures of prejudice?
A) They are less able to understand complex ideas and situations
B) They have less tolerance for ambiguity
C) They use prejudice as a way of simplifying reality
D) They are more sophisticated about answering questionnaires
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following is a characteristic Adorno believed is associated with authoritarian personality?
A) Loose adherence to conventional values
B) Critical of authority
C) Supportive of people who do not conform to authority
D) Superstitious and stereotypical thinking
Answer: D
Q3) Prejudiced people tend to be unconcerned about status.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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4
Chapter 3: Reducing Prejudice: How Achievable? How
Important?
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Q1) Research suggests that the most important factor for bringing about long-term attitude changes through the use of persuasive communication is the:
A) Credibility of the source
B) Strength of the conviction of the source
C) Personal attractiveness of the source
D) Personableness of the source
Answer: A
Q2) A recent study found that those people who are least likely to stereotype minorities as lazy were the most likely to be opposed to welfare programs.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) When prejudice arises from personality needs,many social psychologists feel that the best remedy is:
A) Persuasion
B) Education
C) Intergroup contact
D) Individual or group therapy
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Macro-Sociological Perspectives: The Order and Conflict Models
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Q1) Briefly describe the culture of poverty theory.What are some of the criticisms of this theory?
Q2) The Moynihan Report concluded that:
A) High minority unemployment was the cause of black poverty
B) The gender gap in income was the cause of black poverty
C) Growing up in divorced families is not necessarily a disadvantage
D) The structure of the black family was the most important cause of black poverty
Q3) Conflict theorists argue that economic stratification cannot act as an incentive to get people to work hard and acquire more training or skills because:
A) Some people don't want to learn more skills
B) Much social inequality is inherited rather than earned
C) Few people care enough to try to get into jobs that are highly skilled
D) It is in the interests of the dominant group to treat all workers equally
Q4) Which of the following is an assumption of functionalist perspective?
A) Society is made up of independent parts
B) Societies tend toward conflict and change
C) Conflict is necessary for cooperation
D) Society tends towards consensus
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Origins and Causes of Ethnic Inequality
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Q1) The paternalistic system of race relations is characterized by:
A) A system in which majority and minority group members compete in some important areas
B) A system is which race pretty well determines one's status in life
C) The fact that open and formalized discrimination has been outlawed
D) A tendency toward conflict between the majority and minority groups
Q2) There is a greater tendency for stratification to exist when contact originally occurred through annexation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Segregation becomes most intense under which system of race relations?
A) Paternalistic
B) Rigid competitive
C) Fluid competitive
D) Caste
Q4) Even those who sought to help Indian people ended up exercising social control over them instead.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Changing Patterns of Majority-Minority
Relations in the United States
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Q1) The "zoot suit" riots took place in:
A) Chicago in 1919
B) Los Angeles in 1992
C) Los Angeles in 1943
D) St. Louis in 1917
Q2) In the post-bellum South,the group which provided the main strength of the Ku Klux Klan and the loudest demand for segregation laws was:
A) The old planter elite class
B) Poor and working class whites
C) The industrial elite
D) Northern politicians
Q3) Puerto Ricans first came under American rule by conquest.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What was the Jim Crow system and how did the Southern White elite establish this system after reconstruction?
Q5) Increased competition for jobs seems to increase racial prejudice.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Minority Group Movements and Their Impact on Society
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Q1) As economic expansion raises expectations of minority group members,the majority are likely to respond in which way?
A) The majority becomes even more resistant to improving the lives of ethnic minorities
B) The majority sees minority group members as less of a threat and is more inclined to respond favorably
C) The majority has no real chance in their attitudes toward minority groups
D) The majority is less interested in helping others at a time when they are interested in advancing their own opportunities or those of their children
Q2) When people realize that a social or political system is vulnerable to change through protest they are more likely to become involved in social movements.This theory is called:
A) Resource mobilization theory
B) Political process theory
C) Relative deprivation theory
D) Social movement organization theory
Q3) Acceptance of subordinate minority status may be feigned or real.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Changing Values, Goals, and Models: New
Thinking on Assimilation, Pluralism, and Separatism
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Q1) Many social scientists describe the dominant cultural pattern of the United States as Afro-conformity.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The main criticism of assimilation as an ideal model of intergroup relations is:
A) It creates divisions in society
B) It adds to racial or ethnic tension
C) It amounts to forced conformity
D) It is basically political correctness
Q3) The effort by African Americans to emphasize African history,philosophy,and culture in education and other settings is called:
A) Afrocentrism
B) Eubonics
C) Multiculturalism
D) Black Nationalism
Q4) Interracial marriage is a small minority of all marriages.
A)True
B)False
Page 10
Q5) Describe the three models of intergroup relations.Give an example of each.
Q6) What is Anglo conformity and how had education played a role in this process?
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Chapter 9: Cross-Cultural Studies of Majority-Minority Relations
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Q1) Most Arab Americans are:
A) Muslim
B) Hindu
C) Christian
D) Buddhist
Q2) Apartheid in South Africa represented one of the most rigid systems of racial inequality in the modern world.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Current opposition in the United States to immigration is greatest for which ethnic or racial groups?
A) Those from the Middle East
B) Those from Haiti, Asia, Africa and Latin America
C) Those from Eastern Europe
D) Those from Cuba and Puerto Rico
Q4) How is colonization a factor in racial conflict in most countries?
Q5) Industrialization is no guarantee of improved race relations.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What is ethnic cleansing and how was it used in the former Yugoslavia? Page 12
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Chapter 10: The Status of Majority and Minority Groups in the
United States Today
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Q1) Which of the following is true?
A) The wage gap between whites and racial/ethnic minorities has closed
B) Today deliberate racial discrimination is illegal and less common than in the past
C) Blacks and Hispanics are proportionally represented in elected political positions
D) Blacks and Hispanics have reached educational parity with whites
Q2) Political representation among minorities has risen to their share of the population. A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is true?
A) The term "white ethnics" refers to any group who are white
B) The bulk of "white ethnics" immigrated before 1900
C) The largest "white ethnic" group is Italian American
D) The majority of "white ethnic" groups are concentrated in the Northeast
Q4) The Indian population is among the youngest of any major American racial or ethnic group.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: The Economic and Health Care Systems and Minority Groups in America
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Q1) The United States spends more money per capita on health care than any other country in the world.
A)True
B)False
Q2) People with incomes below the poverty level today see doctors more often than before Medicaid was established.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Corporate ownership is overwhelmingly white.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Health care in America is economically and racially stratified because:
A) Poor people have unlimited access to medical care
B) Care for the middle-class is often more fragmented, rushed, and less holistic than the care received by the poor
C) The design of the health care system is such that it meets the needs of the physician more than the needs of the patient
D) We have a national health care plan that covers all Americans
Page 15
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Chapter 12: Living Apart: Housing Segregation in America
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Q1) "Sundown towns" are:
A) Towns on the Western frontier
B) Towns with limited services in the afternoon and evening
C) Places where African Americans were kept out by not allowing them to be in the town after sunset
D) Places where curfews are in place for teens by nightfall
Q2) Home loans made to lenders perceived as riskier,that have substantially higher interest rates and sometimes less favorable terms than more conventional loans are called:
A) Equity loans
B) Subprime loans
C) First-time loans
D) Reassessment loans
Q3) The majority of black Americans live in central cities.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The net effect of job shifts from cities to suburbs is to take jobs out of areas where blacks and Hispanics live.
A)True
B)False
Page 16
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Chapter 13: The American Political and Legal System and
Majority-Minority Relations
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Q1) The government has always refused to enforce housing covenants.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Under which U.S.presidential administration were laws passed to protect the rights of workers to organize labor unions?
A) The Franklin D. Roosevelt administration
B) The Lyndon Johnson administration
C) The Ronald Reagan administration
D) The George H. W. Bush administration
Q3) Of the more than 4700 persons killed by police during the period from 1952 to 1969,over 2300,or 49 percent,were:
A) Non-white
B) Black
C) White
D) Indian
Q4) Minority votes make a difference in elections:
A) If there is a minority candidate
B) Only if the race is relatively close
C) If they are congregated in a geographic area
D) Especially if the candidate is a white liberal
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Chapter 14: Education and American Minority Groups
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Q1) Describe how teacher expectations and tracking work together to disadvantage minority students.
Q2) Which is the word for mixed English and Spanish used by Chicanos?
A) Pochismos
B) El troque
C) Fanglais
D) Calo
Q3) An example of a social studies multicultural curriculum would include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) Ban discussion about problematic issues such as race or religion
B) Bring problematic issues such as race or religion to the forefront
C) Increase emphasis on history and geography
D) Use a narrative approach to history rather than memorization of names and dates
Q4) Most Hispanic children attend schools with a majority of the students from which racial or ethnic group?
A) White
B) Black and Hispanic
C) Native American
D) Asian American
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Chapter 15: Current Trends in Majority-Minority Relations
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Q1) In research completed by Dovidio (1993)on job applicants,all of the following were found EXCEPT:
A) When applicants have weak credentials, whites rank black and white applicants negatively
B) When white applicants have strong credentials, whites rank them positively
C) When black applicants have strong credentials, whites rank them very negatively
D) When black applicants have strong credentials, whites rank them positively but not as much as similar white applicants
Q2) Which of the following is true about the results of tests done on discrimination in hiring for jobs?
A) Hispanic job applicants rarely encounter discrimination
B) White names on applications resulted in fewer call-backs for interviews than black names
C) Whites with a criminal record were more likely to be called back for an interview than an African American without a record
D) There was no difference by race in the percentage of call backs for job applicants with criminal records
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Chapter 16: Current Debates: Affirmative Action,
Immigration, and Race Versus Class
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Q1) What is the name of the program in which state and local governments set aside a certain portion of their business for companies owned by minorities or women?
A) Affirmative action
B) Minority set-aside programs
C) Quota
D) Societal discrimination
Q2) The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA)has lead to an increase in hiring discrimination.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The Supreme Court ruling in the Bakke case was that:
A) "Separate but equal" facilities were unconstitutional
B) Quotas are legal as long as they are for the purpose of increasing representation of groups that have been held back
C) Racial preferences are legal; quotas are not
D) Racial preferences are illegal
Q4) Affirmative action programs were strongly supported during the Regan-Bush era.
A)True
B)False
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