Introduction to Sociology
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Introduction to Sociology explores the fundamental concepts, theories, and methods of the sociological perspective, offering students an understanding of how society operates and how individuals interact within various social contexts. This course examines topics such as socialization, culture, social structure, groups, institutions, social inequality, and social change. Through critical analysis of contemporary issues and classic sociological studies, students will develop skills in sociological thinking and gain insights into the dynamics shaping human behavior and societal development.
Recommended Textbook
Sociology Your Compass for a New World 5th Canadian Edition by Robert J. Brym
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Page 2
Chapter 1: A Sociological Compass
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the wake of recent financial scandals, which of the following has been suggested as means to ensure more ethical behaviour among executives?
A)stricter government regulation
B)better oversight of owners over executives
C)better undergraduate courses in business ethics
D)mandatory undergraduate courses in ethical philosophy
Answer: A
Q2) The belief that hard work, thrift, and humility would result in "grace" in God's kingdom is central to which of the following concepts?
A)the sociological imagination
B)patriarchy
C)the Protestant ethic
D)Verstehen
Answer: C
Q3) Aaron and Roberta dated for several years and fell in love.Their social interaction is an example of microstructures.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 3
Chapter 2: How Sociologists Do Research
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160 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the total sample size?
A)100
B)200
C)300
D)400
Answer: C
Q2) What is the main advantage of an insider's viewpoint for acquiring knowledge of an organization?
A)a global perspective
B)extensive detail
C)a critical attitude
D)conformity to organizational rules
Answer: B
Q3) According to the textbook, why do researchers examine the effects of control variables?
A)because sequence matters
B)because relationships matter
C)because contamination matters
D)because context matters
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) In which of the following countries did the questioning of authority after the 1960s spread more quickly and more thoroughly than in the United States?
A)China
B)Italy
C)Great Britain
D)Canada
Answer: D
Q2) Until the 1960s, many sociologists argued that culture was a "reflection" of society.However, what do many sociologists contend today about people's agency?
A)People accept culture as it is given to them.
B)People shape culture but typically only when they care about an issue.
C)People do not just accept culture passively.
D)Culture is nothing more than people's values.
Answer: C
Q3) High culture belongs to all classes.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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5
Chapter 4: Socialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Rosenthal and Jacobson found that when teachers treated students as if they were special, they became high achievers.What is this process known as?
A)a self-fulfilling prophecy
B)social class bias
C)reverse discrimination
D)abuse of authority
Q2) What specific factors contributed to the emergence of childhood and adolescence as distinct stages of the life cycle in our culture?
Q3) How is schoolyard bullying different from cyber-bullying?
A)It makes it easy for victims to retaliate.
B)It has disappeared from Canadian schools.
C)It is limited to a small audience.
D)It is harmless.
Q4) Significance of the generalized other declines as childhood socialization progresses.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are the main processes and outcomes of socialization in adolescent peer groups?
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Chapter 5: Social Interaction
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Sample Questions
Q1) North Americans typically try to shift the attention in conversation onto themselves.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What conclusions did Charles Derber reach about the nature of social interaction in North America?
Q3) According to the textbook, what connects statuses within an organization?
A)roles
B)norms
C)social space
D)social values
Q4) Do norms governing nonverbal communication differ historically and across societies? Why? Illustrate your answer with examples.
Q5) According to the textbook, the advantage of "tight" societies is that time and effort are not wasted on negotiating which of the following?
A)everyday social interaction
B)central cultural norms
C)mechanisms of domination
D)gender roles
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Chapter 6: Networks, Groups, Bureaucracies, and Societies
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Sample Questions
Q1) "Groupthink" refers to the pressure to conform despite individual misgivings.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What do "quality circles" help to overcome?
A)bureaucratic inertia
B)democratic deficit
C)network boundaries
D)anomie
Q3) Some enthusiasts learn to joust and participate in tournaments at medieval fairs.What do medieval knights represent for these enthusiasts?
A)social category
B)status category
C)reference group
D)secondary group
Q4) What is the foundation upon which social networks are built?
A)the individual
B)dyads and triads
C)communities and collectivities
D)websites in cyberspace
Q5) Using an example, explain what a reference group is.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Deviance and Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Define moral panic and illustrate it using a recent example.What could be done to counteract moral panics?
Q2) Define surveillance society.Illustrate your answer with examples.
Q3) Which of the following terms refers to acts of deviance that are widely believed to be harmful to everyone?
A)social deviations
B)social diversions
C)conflict crimes
D)consensus crimes
Q4) Simon is just beginning to use marijuana recreationally.According to the social learning theory, which of the following is most likely to happen if Simon fails to pass a stage of the learning process?
A)He will not become a regular user.
B)He will become a regular user.
C)He will become a user of a different, more serious substance.
D)He will become opposed to the use of marijuana in general.
Q5) Are the conflict-theory and the feminist understandings of deviance and crime compatible? Why or why not?
Q6) Is there a universal definition of deviance? Why or why not?
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Social Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the textbook, which of the following influences rates of poverty among immigrants to Canada?
A)age at arrival to Canada
B)length of residence in Canada
C)residence in a rural area
D)country of origin
Q2) What was the main problem faced by early capitalists in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe?
A)shortage of capital
B)shortage of technology
C)shortage of workers
D)shortage of public support
Q3) Besides family size, which of the following factors do the Canadian low-income cutoffs consider?
A)number of employed family members
B)size of the community
C)availability of social services
D)number of children in the family
Q4) How do social policies affect poverty in Canada?
Q5) What factors influence the level of rewards one is able to derive from work?
10
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Chapter 9: Globalization, Inequality, and Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) For two decades, Ingrid has watched as her small European town changed from a site of rich traditional culture to one increasingly dominated by North American fast-food chains, North American films, and North American products.Regarding her culture, what is Ingrid worried about?
A)glocalization
B)commodification
C)homogenization
D)regionalization
Q2) Which of the following best describes the inequality between rich and poor countries today?
A)It is high, but decreasing.
B)It is high and growing.
C)It is low, but growing.
D)It is low and decreasing.
Q3) What position does Canada occupy in the global economy?
Q4) What does modernization theory focus on?
A)the internal characteristics of poor nations
B)the internal characteristics of rich nations
C)the internal characteristics of both rich and poor nations
D)the relationship between rich and poor nations
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Chapter 10: Race and Ethnicity
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Sample Questions
Q1) What has been the trend in racial and ethnic intermarriage in Canada since 1871?
A)It has become less common.
B)It has become more common.
C)It is lower than in other countries and unchanged.
D)It is higher than in other countries and unchanged.
Q2) Are racial and ethnic groups in Canada blending over time? If yes, what accounts for this process? If not, why not? Support your position with examples.
Q3) Why does the textbook call race and ethnicity "labels"?
Q4) Canadian government has hired you as a consultant to improve the economic and social integration of Aboriginal Canadians.What are your proposals?
Q5) Which of the following are the Mi'kmaq, the Coast Salish, and the Mohawk examples of?
A)ethnic groups
B)races
C)immigrant groups
D)majority groups
Q6) Define internal colonialism and its main forms.
Q7) What was problematic about methods of Morton's research into brain size and race?
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Sexualities and Gender Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following refers to cultural expectations about the ways that males and females should act?
A)gender
B)gender role
C)gender identity
D)gender assignment
Q2) In Russia, medicine is a female-dominated occupation.If the Russian situation were to spread to Canada, which of the following should you expect to happen to medical professionals' pay?
A)It will be lower than in occupations where there are more men.
B)It will be the same as occupations that are male dominated.
C)It will be higher than in other occupations, because medicine is highly valued everywhere.
D)It will not matter which sex does the job, because pay is linked to the occupation itself.
Q3) Freedom to choose programs of study in high school contributes to gender gap in pay.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Define gender ideology and give examples of it.
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Chapter 12: Sociology of the Body: Disability, Aging, and Death
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Sample Questions
Q1) The age of cyborgs is fast approaching.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is revealed about the textbook's authors in their assertion that dying and death are the ultimate social problems?
A)their fear of death
B)their lack of knowledge about the processes of dying
C)their denial of death as liberating
D)their cultural biases
Q3) Nancy drove her car to the grocery store this morning and overhead a group of young people laughing and making nasty remarks that she was a danger to society because she was too old to be driving.What has Nancy just experienced?
A)ageism
B)senior chauvinism
C)the double standard
D)age stratification
Q4) All Canadians born between 1980 and 1989 form an age cohort.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Work and the Economy
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148 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Brian works a split shift at the drive-through window at a local fast food franchise.He makes minimum wage and no benefits.What type of job would the authors of the textbook argue he has?
A)a decent job
B)a dead-end job
C)an industry job
D)a market job
Q2) Which of the following is linked to increased rates of substance abuse, stress, aggression, and depression in Canada?
A)the increased time pressure that many workers experience
B)the awful working conditions that accompany primary-labour-market jobs
C)the humiliating effects of working in secondary-labour-market jobs
D)the inability for people to find even minimum-wage employment
Q3) There are a number of reasons why the increase in part-time work in Canada may not be problematic.Which of the following reflects one of these reasons?
A)Some people wish to work part-time and can afford to do so.
B)Some people require a consistent and stable work schedule.
C)Some people move from job to job as a means of advancing their careers.
D)Some people enjoy the challenge of holding several part-time jobs at once.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Politics
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Sample Questions
Q1) In authoritarian societies, citizen control of the state is sharply restricted.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following nations accounts for one-third of global military spending?
A)Israel
B)North Korea
C)the Democratic Republic of the Congo
D)the United States
Q3) Compare and contrast pluralist, elite, and power resource theories.
Q4) The Business Council on National Issues and the Fraser Institute are special interest groups that represent the interests of their constituents by attempting to gain a political profile for their issues.What kind of group are these organizations?
A)social movements
B)civil societies
C)politicos
D)lobbies
Q5) What are the social preconditions of democracy?
Q6) How is state-centred theory different from power resource and elite theories?
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Chapter 15: Families
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Sample Questions
Q1) Calliope and George are excited because Calliope's sister has offered to be implanted with Calliope and George's frozen embryos and carry the baby to term, surrendering the baby to them after birth.What is this method of reproduction called?
A)parthenogenesis
B)artificial insemination
C)in vitro fertilization
D)surrogate motherhood
Q2) Leslie and Lisa are excited to be going to the clinic so that Leslie can have their gay friend's sperm inserted into her vaginal canal.What is this method of reproduction called?
A)parthenogenesis
B)artificial insemination
C)in vitro fertilization
D)surrogate motherhood
Q3) Explain how the traditional nuclear family is based on gender inequality.
Q4) Compare and contrast marriage and cohabitation.
Q5) Several grounds were made available for divorce in Canada's Divorce Act of 1985.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following messages does the textbook attribute to Buddha, Jesus, Moses, and Muhammad?
A)survival of the fittest
B)liberty and equality
C)love is the path to enlightenment
D)only the body dies; the soul comes back
Q2) Many conservative Protestants denounced the movie Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) as "demonic."
A)True
B)False
Q3) Glenn does not believe in any one god but celebrates his spirituality every day through his meditation practice.According to the textbook, what religion does Glenn subscribe to?
A)Buddhism
B)Christianity
C)Hinduism
D)Judaism
Q4) Who scores highest on measures of religiosity in Canada today and why?
Q5) What is the revised secularization thesis?
Q6) Outline Max Weber's analysis of the Protestant ethic.
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Chapter 17: Education
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sandra's parents both have master's degrees in sociology.According to the 2011 data in the textbook, what is Sandra most likely to do after high school?
A)attend a university
B)attend a college
C)attend a trade school
D)join the military
Q2) Rupert is from an upper-class family and, despite his many advantages such as private tutoring, he cannot manage to graduate high school.What does his lack of success at school demonstrate?
A)meritocracy
B)professionalization
C)cultural capital
D)credential inflation
Q3) What is the hidden curriculum?
Q4) Explain how cultural capital advantages some children.
Q5) How does credential inflation benefit employers?
Q6) The logic of industrialization comes from conflict theory.
A)True
B)False
Page 19
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Chapter 18: Mass Media and Mass Communication
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following best summarizes the way that black women have been portrayed in mainstream media?
A)Their portrayal has narrowed over time.
B)Their portrayal has remained the same over time.
C)Their portrayal has been consistently negative.
D)Their portrayal has been contested by alternative portrayals.
Q2) When the cellphone was invented, Josh was ten years old.Approximately what age is he today?
A)10-19
B)20-29
C)30-39
D)40-49
Q3) Do you think the United States is culturally imperialistic? Why or why not?
Q4) Which of the following groups is the most likely to watch a television program, talk on the phone, eat, read a magazine, and play with a pet simultaneously?
A)preschool children
B)youth
C)middle-aged people
D)seniors
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Chapter 19: Health and Medicine
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jackson is concerned because on the reserve where he has just gotten a job as a community health nurse, twice as many babies die before the age of one year than in the general Canadian population.What he is concerned about?
A)the prenatal death rate
B)the perinatal death rate
C)the infant mortality rate
D)the community mortality rate
Q2) According to the textbook, what is one of the great shortcomings of modern medicine?
A)the emphasis on preventive measures
B)the focus on holistic measures
C)the emphasis on high-tech cures
D)the slowness of scientific discoveries
Q3) Some Canadians are in favour of a "two-tier" medical system in Canada whereby all Canadians would have access to a level of health care in the public sphere, but it would be possible to buy special services in the private sphere.What would be the advantages and disadvantages of such a system?
Q4) What do we learn from the story of the Black Death as far as the sociology of health and medicine is concerned?
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Chapter 20: Population and Urbanization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Demography is the study of cities and urban development.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Maria lives in a nation characterized as one of the worst in the world in terms of the wide disparity between the rich and poor.According to the textbook, which of the following nations does she most likely live in?
A)Costa Rica
B)Brazil
C)Venezuela
D)Chile
Q3) Which of the following would Malthus have to admit if he were alive today?
A)Population growth produces misery.
B)Having adequate food does not lead to an increased birth rate.
C)War, poverty, famine, and disease are not effective population stabilizers.
D)Contraception is not effective as a means of controlling fertility worldwide.
Q4) Gentrification is the process by which portions of the inner city are taken over by working-class or homeless people.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 21: Collective Action and Social Movements
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Q1) A fourth stage in the history of social movements involves the promotion of the extension of citizenship rights to all adult members of society and to society as a whole.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What type of unified action is Mothers Are Workers (MAW) a part of?
A)a non-routine collective action
B)irrational collective action
C)traditional collective action
D)routine collective action
Q3) Which theory of group action suggests that discontent is sometimes expressed collectively and in uncustomary ways?
A)solidarity theory
B)new social movement theory
C)breakdown theory
D)frame alignment theory
Q4) What are the main lessons of solidarity theory?
Q5) How did the B.C.Forest Alliance try to disalign the way its opponents framed the issues?
Q6) Compare and contrast the four stages in the growth of citizenship rights.
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Chapter 22: Technology and the Global Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following nations is most likely to be responsible for global environmental damage?
A)Canada
B)India
C)Indonesia
D)Mexico
Q2) What did Michael Faraday discover?
A)electromagnetism
B)the megalosaurus
C)gamma ray bursts
D)recombinant DNA
Q3) What do Canadian surveys on environmental issues demonstrate about the Canadian public?
A)They are clearly cognizant of the issues.
B)They feel hopeless in the face of environmental problems.
C)They believe that governments should pass more protectionist laws.
D)They are willing to pay significantly higher taxes to protect the environment.
Q4) What is technology?
Q5) What does the textbook mean when it says that environmental issues are contested phenomena?
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