Introduction to Sociology Chapter
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Course Introduction
Introduction to Sociology explores the fundamental concepts, theories, and methods used to understand human society and social behavior. This course examines topics such as culture, socialization, social structure, groups, inequality, institutions, and social change, offering insights into how individuals interact within various social contexts. Students will analyze contemporary social issues, acquire critical thinking skills, and gain a deeper appreciation for the diversity and complexity of societies around the world.
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Basics of Social Research 3rd Canadian Edition by W. Lawrence Neuman
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Chapter 1: Doing Social Research
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Q1) social impact assessment study
Answer: A type of applied social research in which a researcher estimates the likely consequences or outcome of a planned intervention or intentional change to occur in the future.
Q2) The majority of the scientific community's core members are employed in A) private industry.
B) think-tanks.
C) universities.
D) the public sector.
E) not-for-profit organizations.
Answer: C
Q3) quantitative data
Answer: Empirical evidence in the form of numbers.
Q4) scientific community
Answer: A collection of people who practice science and a set of norms,behaviours,and attitudes that bind them together.
Q5) cohort study
Answer: A type of longitudinal research in which a researcher focuses on a category of people who share a similar life experience in a specified time period.
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Chapter 2: Theory and Social Research
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Q1) ontology
Answer: A branch of philosophy that considers the way we understand the nature of reality.
Q2) structure
Answer: Refers to aspects of the social landscape that appear to limit or influence the choices made by individuals.
Q3) Describe how micro,meso,and macro levels of social reality differ.
Answer: -Micro-level theory deals with small slices of time,space,or numbers of people.The concepts are usually not very abstract.
-Meso-level theory links macro and micro levels and operates at an intermediate level.Theories of organizations,social movements,and communities are often at this level.
-Macro-level theory concerns the operation of larger aggregates,such as social institutions,entire cultural systems,and whole societies.It uses more concepts that are abstract.
Q4) assumption
Answer: Parts of social theories that are not tested,but act as starting points or basic beliefs about the world.They are necessary to make other theoretical statements and build social theory.
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Chapter 3: Ethics in Social Research
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Q1) What is the purpose of informed consent?
A) It means that information a researcher gets from a subject may be used in any way by the researcher, even against the desires, beliefs, or wishes of the research subject.
B) It documents that a researcher has followed the principle of voluntary participation.
C) It gives permission from the government to study certain "taboo" topics.
D) It protects researchers and teachers from outside interference when they debate ideas, investigate issues, or discuss findings.
E) It gives a researcher the right to see government documents.
Answer: B
Q2) informed consent
Answer: An agreement by participants stating they are willing to be in a study and they know something about what the research procedure will involve.
Q3) special populations
Answer: People who lack the necessary cognitive competency to give real informed consent or people in a weak position who might compromise their freedom to refuse to participate in a study.
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Chapter 4: Reviewing the Scholarly Literature and Planning a Study
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Q1) citation
Q2) state of the field
Q3) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using the internet in social research?
Q4) opinion magazines
Q5) The following source reference is an example of which formatting style? Cooke,M.(2009).A welfare trap? The duration and dynamics of social assistance Use among lone mothers in Canada.Canadian Review of Sociology,46(3),179-206.
A) ASR
B) APA
C) ASA
D) MLA
E) APR
Q6) When citing a reference to an article,you can rely on the fact that
A) all scholarly journals begin with a January issue, which is Number 1.
B) journals number pages through a volume and do not begin each issue with page 1.
C) all scholarly journals are published two times a year.
D) each volume contains about three years' worth of journals.
E) all scholarly journals contain exactly five articles per issue.
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Chapter 5: Designing a Study
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Q1) Below is a list of features of qualitative or quantitative research.Which one is a feature of qualitative research but NOT quantitative research?
A) Measures are created in an ad hoc manner and often specific to an individual setting.
B) Standard procedures are used and replication assumed.
C) Measures are systematically created before gathering any data.
D) Concepts are in the form of distinct variables.
E) The theory is usually causal and deductive.
Q2) The intervening variable is
A) X.
B) Y.
C) Z.
D) all of the above.
E) none of the above.
Q3) In what ways do the ecological fallacy and reductionism involve problems with the units of analysis?
Q4) null hypothesis
Q5) hypothesis
Q6) unit of analysis
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Chapter 6: Qualitative and Quantitative Measurement
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Q1) When comparing qualitative and a quantitative approaches to measurement,operationalization in the qualitative approach involves which of the following?
A) More of an "after-the-fact" description based on what was observed in the data than based on a preplanned idea
B) A researcher taking a carefully developed theoretical definition and developing specific empirical indicators of it for use when later gathering data
C) A process that comes after careful conceptualization; operationalization never comes before careful conceptualization in qualitative research
D) There is no difference between qualitative and quantitative operationalization.
E) There is no operationalization in qualitative research.
Q2) face validity
Q3) concurrent validity
Q4) ratio-level measurement
Q5) internal validity
Q6) predictive validity
Q7) measurement validity
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Chapter 7: Qualitative and Quantitative Sampling
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Q1) sampling element
Q2) inferential statistics
Q3) random sample
Q4) Janet Jones wants to know how many of her classmates completed professional degrees after graduating in 2008.Janet obtains contact information for the graduating class of 2008 from the registrar.The list has 4000 names.After a random start,Janet contacts every eightieth graduate.What is her sampling ratio?
A) 0.5 percent
B) 1.25 percent
C) 2.0 percent
D) 4.0 percent
E) 50 percent
Q5) Using an example,how can you get a sampling interval from a sampling ratio? What type of sampling is the sampling interval used with?
Q6) What is the main difference between simple random sampling and systematic sampling?
Q7) sociogram
Q8) purposive sampling
Q9) Why is it important to have an accurate sampling frame?
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Chapter 8: Survey Research
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Q1) The interview process is fraught with tensions a skillful interviewer must navigate.Which of the following is NOT one of the tensions that inheres within the interview process?
A) Interviewers must obtain cooperation and build rapport, yet they must remain neutral and objective.
B) Interviewers encroach on the respondents' time and privacy for information that may not directly benefit the respondents.
C) Interviewers try to reduce embarrassment, fear, and suspicion so that respondents feel comfortable revealing information, often while asking about sensitive and private topics.
D) Interviewers must be forthright about their judgments and opinions without discouraging respondents from being open about their own opinions.
E) Good interviewers must allow respondents the freedom to give unpressured responses while managing the pace and direction of the interview.
Q2) pseudosurvey
Q3) Identify and briefly describe eight problems that should be avoided in survey question construction.
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Chapter 9: Experimental Research
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Q1) Which set of classes appears to have had serious selection bias problems in assignment to the experimental and control groups?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
Q2) static group comparison
Q3) After the delivery of a baby,new parents at Fraser Valley General Hospital were given a poison knowledge test.Before leaving the hospital they were given literature to read on poison awareness.A week later,they were invited back and took the poison test again to determine whether distributing poison awareness literature enhanced the knowledge of new parents.What kind of design is being used here?
A) One-group pretest-post-test design
B) Two-group post-test-only design
C) Nonequivalent control group
D) Static group comparison design
E) Equivalent time series design
Q4) instrumentation
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Chapter 10: Nonreactive Quantitative Research and Secondary Analysis
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Q1) Why are ethical concerns usually not a problem for nonreactive research? Nevertheless,what sorts of ethical issues should a nonreactive researcher be aware of?
Q2) Compared to latent coding in content analysis,manifest coding usually has A) greater reliability than latent coding.
B) lower rates of intercoder reliability.
C) greater validity than latent coding.
D) lower reliability than latent coding.
E) subjective meanings associated with the codes.
Q3) Coding systems identify four characteristics of text content.Identify and briefly describe each of these characteristics.
Q4) Describe the logic of nonreactive or unobtrusive measurement and provide three examples of nonreactive measures (empirical evidence).
Q5) Distinguish between manifest and latent coding.Which one is more reliable? Which one is more valid? Explain.
Q6) fallacy of misplaced concreteness
Q7) structured observation
Q8) coding system
Q9) coding frame
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Chapter 11: Analysis of Quantitative Data
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Q1) multiple regression
Q2) Fatima Fashionista wears a size 2 blazer.She went to her favourite clothing store and found that the mean size of the store's stock of blazers is a size 10 with a standard deviation of 4 sizes.What is her z-score in the distribution of the store's blazers?
A) zero
B) 1
C) 2
D) -1.5
E) -2
Q3) Describe each of the three measures of central tendency.What are the main differences between them? How are they affected by a normal versus a skewed distribution of data?
Q4) possible code cleaning
Q5) univariate statistics
Q6) direct entry method
Q7) contingency table
Q8) percentile
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Q9) Describe,as simply as possible,what is meant by the statement "It is statistically significant at the 0.05 level."
Chapter 12: Qualitative Interviewing
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Q1) direct questions
Q2) Specify and describe four features of qualitative interviews that would be considered an advantage over quantitative structured interviews.
Q3) Identify five different qualitative interview question types (Kvale)and provide an example for each one.
Q4) interpreting questions
Q5) Which of the following is often a limitation of using focus groups?
A) People won't talk in a natural setting like a focus group.
B) People in focus groups do not comment on what others in the group said.
C) People feel more empowered, especially marginalized groups in society.
D) In focus groups everyone always comes to total agreement; there is no diversity of opinion.
E) Focus groups produce fewer ideas than those that occur in individual interviews.
Q6) What are five specific advantages of focus groups?
Q7) devil's advocate
Q8) groupthink
Q9) What are five specific limitations of focus groups?
Q10) informant
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Chapter 13: Field Research
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Q1) A cultural norm,such as knowing the appropriate distance at which to stand from others,is a specific example of
A) universal knowledge.
B) naturalism.
C) explicit knowledge.
D) observational knowledge.
E) tacit knowledge.
Q2) During which of the following steps or phases in field research does a researcher need to become concerned with issues of negotiation and disclosure?
A) During the preparation, reading, and defocusing phase
B) When selecting a field site and thinking about how to gain access to it
C) When entering the field and establishing social relations with members of the field site
D) During the process of adopting a social role and learning the ropes
E) At every step of the research process
Q3) guilty knowledge
Q4) audit trail
Q5) dependability
Q6) confirmability
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Chapter 14: Nonreactive Qualitative Research
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Q1) oral history
Q2) You read a book called British Columbia at the Turn of the Twentieth Century.While reading it you notice that the author discusses only the lives and ideas of five individuals based upon their diaries.The author avoids making any sort of generalizations or integrating some possible themes.What problem with secondary sources is illustrated with this example?
A) Historians often use vague concepts with inconsistent definitions to organize the primary sources they read.
B) Historians select a tiny fraction of the mass of information they read, but the selection process is largely unseen and unknown.
C) Historians often have an individualistic bias and tend to focus on actions of the specific individuals revealed in primary sources.
D) Historians, especially those who write in a narrative form, separate out significant from trivial information, but rarely make their social theories explicit.
E) Historians are influenced by various "schools" of historiography.
Q3) narrative history
Q4) Describe five features that are specific and unique to historical research.
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Chapter 15: Analysis of Qualitative Data
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Q1) Which of the following statements describes both qualitative and quantitative approaches to data analysis?
A) In both forms of data analysis, the researcher carefully examines empirical information to reach a conclusion.
B) Quantitative analysis is a private process, whereas qualitative analysis is a public process.
C) Qualitative and quantitative researchers manipulate numbers that represent empirical facts to test theoretical hypotheses.
D) Both qualitative and quantitative researchers choose from a limited number of specialized, standardized sets of data analysis techniques.
E) Qualitative and quantitative researchers do not begin data analysis until they have collected all of the data.
Q2) analogy
Q3) Explain the process of concept formation in qualitative data research.What role or function do concepts play in qualitative research?
Q4) concept map
Q5) illustrative method
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Chapter 16: Combining Methods in Social Science Research
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Q1) What is one of the major advantages of experimental research compared to other quantitative approaches?
A) It is the only technique that allows for causation to be demonstrated.
B) It is possible to cover very large populations in a relatively simple way and in a straightforward manner.
C) It is often inexpensive.
D) It is nonreactive.
E) Data are often free and fairly easy to access.
Q2) transferability
Q3) What two methodological approaches were used in Kidd's (2004,2006)sequential study of suicide among street youth in Canada?
A) Qualitative interviews and survey research
B) Focus groups and survey research
C) Content analysis and field research
D) Historical-comparative research and survey research
E) Survey research and field research
Q4) sequential data analysis
Q5) sequence
Q6) triangulation
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