Introduction to Social Sciences Exam Review
Course Introduction
Introduction to Social Sciences provides students with a comprehensive overview of the fundamental concepts, theories, and methods used across major social science disciplines, including sociology, anthropology, psychology, economics, and political science. This course explores how individuals, groups, and institutions interact within societies, and examines the ways in which social norms, values, and structures influence human behavior and societal outcomes. Through case studies, discussions, and critical analysis, students gain insight into social problems and develop the analytical tools necessary to interpret social phenomena in both historical and contemporary contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology 14th Edition by Carol
R. Ember
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology
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Q1) A distinguishing feature of anthropology is the goal of understanding how aspects of human experience such as local history, physical environment, family life, language, settlement patterns, and religion are interrelated. This approach to culture is referred to as __________.
A) the holistic approach
B) the sociological approach
C) cultural materialism
D) participant observation
Answer: A
Q2) Some specialties cross anthropological subfields. What subfields contribute to medical anthropology?
A) ethnology and biological anthropology
B) linguistic anthropology and ethnology
C) archaeology and linguistic anthropology
D) biological anthropology and archaeology
Answer: A
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3
Chapter 2: Culture and Culture Change
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Q1) Which of the following is a basic pattern of diffusion?
A) intermediate contact
B) invention
C) historical interaction
D) discovery
Answer: A
Q2) Do you believe that cultural relativism prevents anthropologists from finding fault with another culture's practices or from trying to make social change? Why or why not?
Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. A suitable definition of cultural relativism
2. A clear position justified by key concepts from the chapter
Q3) While there are many negative consequences to globalization, the United Nations has suggested an improvement in __________.
A) literacy rates
B) the spread of disease
C) workers' wages
D) deforestation rates
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Culture and the Individual
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Q1) In the Applied Anthropology example, how did Chinese and American preschools instill cultural value lessons in the children?
A) The Chinese preschool emphasized group activities, while the American preschool emphasized individualized activities.
B) The Chinese preschool emphasized individualized activities, while the American preschool emphasized memorization of facts.
C) The Chinese preschool emphasized memorization of facts, while the American preschool emphasized group activities.
D) The Chinese preschool emphasized memorization of facts, while the American preschool emphasized individualized activities.
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following factors is most likely to be associated with more nurturant children?
A) being tasked with babysitting
B) having a variety of chores
C) playing with dolls
D) having a large family
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Understanding and Explaining Culture
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Q1) What can be concluded about a theory if its related hypothesis is supported after rigorous testing?
A) The theory is consistent with the available evidence, and can be accepted for the time being.
B) The theory has been proved, and can now be accepted as a law.
C) Nothing much can be concluded from a single test, so the status of the theory does not change.
D) The theory is to be thrown out once a reliable hypothesis has been supported.
Q2) Which theorist was pivotal in the theoretical approach of evolutionism?
A) Lewis Henry Morgan
B) Franz Boas
C) Clifford Geertz
D) Julian Steward
Q3) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of theoretical orientations in anthropology. Does adherence to a particular theoretical orientation aid or hinder anthropological research? Explain your answer.
Q4) How does the sampling universe vary based on the types of research in anthropology? Explain what a typical sampling universe would look like for within-culture comparisons, cross-cultural research, and historical research.
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Chapter 5: Communication and Language
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Q1) How does language reflect social status? Give three specific examples in which members of different social positions use different forms of language.
Q2) Why does the study of ape language capabilities advance the understanding of human language?
A) Apes have at least some of the capabilities of language, which helps us better understand the evolution of human language.
B) Apes are capable of everything short of verbal language, which helps us improve communication with deaf people.
C) It is clear that apes can only mimic human sign language, which indicates that human language is truly unique to our lineage.
D) Ape language abilities are closer to humans than to other primates, which adds to our knowledge of the human family tree.
Q3) Which of the following is true of gender differences within languages?
A) Women seem to be more concerned with "correctness" than men.
B) Men seem to be more concerned with "correctness" than women.
C) Women use more descriptive words than men.
D) Men use more descriptive words than women.
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Chapter 6: Getting Food
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Q1) One characteristic of pastoral societies is __________.
A) dependence on trade with agriculturalists
B) large settlements
C) permanent settlements
D) dependence exclusively on meat for food
Q2) By "food collection," anthropologists mean the obtaining of food from __________.
A) wild plants and animals
B) wild plants only
C) domesticated plants and animals
D) plants, wild and domesticated
Q3) In what activity do Yanomamö participate as part of their subsistence strategy?
A) hunting monkeys with bow and arrow
B) raising cattle and sheep
C) using irrigation to control farmland
D) planting coconut and banana trees
Q4) Compare the Binford-Flannery model with the research of Mark Cohen concerning the origins of food production by around 10,000 years ago. What evidence is required to support each of these theories?
Q5) What social characteristics are associated with foragers and complex foragers?
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Chapter 7: Economic Systems
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Q1) Among horticulturalists __________.
A) individuals almost always make all their own tools
B) tools are almost always made by specialists
C) a tool usually requires years to make
D) people generally use fewer tools than do food collectors
Q2) The term "transnationals" refers to migrants who __________.
A) move back and forth between their homelands and their adopted countries
B) move from one country to another, living in three or more nations throughout their lives
C) permanently move from their homelands to a new country
D) move temporarily to another country for work, sending money back home
Q3) How does the division of labor by gender and age in our own society reflect (or vary) from cross-cultural patterns around the world?
Q4) Chayanov's rule states that when resources are converted primarily to household consumption, people will work harder if __________.
A) there are more consumers in the household
B) everyone in the household contributes to their ability
C) everyone in the household contributes the same amount of labor
D) there are fewer consumers in the household
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Chapter 8: Social Stratification: Class, Ethnicity, and Racism
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Q1) What change does Marshall Sahlins believe results in social stratification?
A) an increase in agricultural productivity
B) a movement toward human rights
C) an improvement in infant survival rates
D) increased contact with other cultures
Q2) Racial classifications are __________ categories.
A) social
B) historical
C) economic D) biological
Q3) __________ diversity is almost always associated with differential access to advantages.
A) Ethnic
B) Economic C) Racial
D) Educational
Q4) Discuss the differences in caste and open class systems. How are each assigned? How are they maintained? What level of social mobility is involved with each?
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Sex and Gender
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Q1) Which type of society generally has the most favorable view of gender equality?
A) post-industrial societies
B) cultures relying on agriculture
C) industrial societies
D) cultures relying on pastoralism
Q2) The rate of success of the women of Coast Salish being elected to council was related to the __________.
A) wealth of the community
B) literacy rate of the community
C) education of the women
D) age of the women
Q3) Cross-culturally, what is one factor that predicts the exclusion of women from politics?
A) the organization of communities around male kin
B) a horticultural subsistence strategy
C) participation in the market economy using men's crafts
D) fertility rate and infant survival rate
Q4) What evidence exists to support the notion that homosexuality is less tolerated in societies that value increasing their population?
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Chapter 10: Marriage and the Family
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Q1) If some form of male-female marriage is nearly universal, it is reasonable to believe that it is in some way adaptive. Discuss the various theories for why marriage is nearly universal, and explain which idea you feel offers the strongest explanation.
Q2) The incest taboo is possibly the closest thing anthropologists have found to a true "cultural universal," because some form of the taboo exists in all known societies. Why is this so important to people cross-culturally? Explain the various theories for the existence of a worldwide incest taboo.
Q3) In what situation did Azande warriors traditionally take on "boy-wives"?
A) when they could not afford wives
B) if no suitable women were available
C) when the warriors were away in battle
D) any time the women were menstruating and sexually unavailable
Q4) Which of the following explanations for the universality of marriage has the most support from the ethnographic record and comparative animal studies?
A) postpartum requirements
B) prolonged infant dependency
C) sexual competition
D) gender division of labor
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Marital Residence and Kinship
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Q1) Because of its ego-centered nature, which of the following is least likely to serve as a permanent or persistent group?
A) kindred
B) patrilineage
C) matrilineage
D) ambilineal descent group
Q2) Which is by far the most common marital residence pattern (found in 67 percent of all societies) documented by anthropologists?
A) patrilocal
B) matrilocal
C) bilocal
D) neolocal
Q3) Many anthropologists suggest that neolocal residence is related to the presence of __________.
A) a commercial economy
B) overpopulation
C) an egalitarian social structure
D) food collecting
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13
Chapter 12: Associations and Interest Groups
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Q1) A Karimojong age-set comprises all of the men who __________.
A) were initiated into manhood within the same five- to six-year span
B) were born in the same month
C) fought together in the most recent territorial dispute
D) progressed through their adolescent training together
Q2) The Kafaina groups of Papua New Guinea are considered to be multiethnic associations as well as savings-and-loan associations because they link thousands of women from __________.
A) different tribal areas
B) different clans
C) areas around the globe
D) a variety of social classes
Q3) What particular characteristic of the Mae Enga of Papua New Guinea has gathered a lot of anthropological attention?
A) the active hostility toward women that runs through their culture
B) their tradition of performing manhood ceremonies for infants
C) the frequency and acceptance of homosexual relationships among men
D) their territorial disputes and history of head-hunting
Q4) Distinguish between age-set and age-grade associations, providing an example for each.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Political Life: Social Order and Disorder
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Q1) Among the Tiv of Northern Nigeria, political organization is based on __________.
A) kinship
B) agriculture
C) religion
D) wealth
Q2) Which of the following is an example of a multistate society that has maintained its unity despite cultural or ethnic variation?
A) Switzerland
B) Germany
C) the Soviet Union
D) Yugoslavia
Q3) Which of these societies is an exception to the pattern that foraging societies are organized at the band level?
A) Northwest Pacific Native Americans
B) Aché in South America
C) !Kung in southern Africa
D) Inuit in Canada and the United States
Q4) Compare and contrast the political life of bands and tribal organizations.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Religion and Magic
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Q1) Most social scientists today do not accept Freud's interpretation of the origins of religion; however, they agree with his idea that __________.
A) events in infancy have long-lasting effects on beliefs and practices in adult life
B) religion was originally built on a foundation of guilt and remorse
C) all religions incorporate some supreme, father-type supernatural figure
D) religions are innately misogynistic because of the universality of mother-infant conflict
Q2) How do morality-based religions and collective rituals influence a society?
A) They increase compassion and acts of kindness in groups of unrelated individuals.
B) They increase compassion and acts of kindness among kin groups.
C) They minimize antisocial behavior in groups of unrelated individuals.
D) They minimize antisocial behavior among kin groups.
Q3) With what features are human sacrifices best associated?
A) full-time craft specialists, slavery, and the corvée
B) simple hunting and gathering economies
C) gods that do not concern themselves with human morality
D) high mortality in warfare
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Page 16
Chapter 15: The Arts
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Q1) Some psychological anthropologists suggest that art __________.
A) expresses the typical feelings, anxieties, and experiences of people in a culture
B) like economy, is tied to the possibilities and constraints in a particular environment
C) is a process of translating dreams into material forms that can be manipulated
D) is just for decoration and not related to other psychological processes
Q2) Singing is most likely to involve soloists in which type of society?
A) an elaborately stratified society
B) a ranked society
C) a society with a leader who gained his position through demonstration of his abilities
D) a society where captives in war are treated differently from others in the village
Q3) How is folklore transmitted?
A) It is generally transmitted orally, but may also be written.
B) It is generally transmitted through writing, but may also be oral.
C) It is only transmitted orally.
D) It is only transmitted through writing.
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Chapter 16: Practicing and Applying Anthropology
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Q1) Why did early archaeological artifacts usually end up in natural history museums?
A) At the time, non-Western artifacts were not considered art, nor were the cultures of non-Western peoples considered part of history.
B) Art and history museums were not separated from natural history museums until the late 19th century.
C) Archaeological relics were usually provided by treasure-hunters, who did not have the necessary information to identify the pieces accurately.
D) Natural history museums had the lowest attendance in the 18th century, so they served as the repositories for miscellaneous items.
Q2) Recovering and recording the archaeological record before programs of planned change disturb or destroy it is called __________.
A) cultural resource management (CRM)
B) cultural repository excavation (CRE)
C) archaeological excavation management (AEM)
D) archaeological resource management (ARM)
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18
Chapter 17: Health and Illness
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Q1) Patients with __________ education are __________ likely to seek alternatives to physicians.
A) more; more
B) less; more
C) scientific; less
D) religious; less
Q2) Which of the following must be balanced in the ethnomedicine of many Latin American and Caribbean cultures?
A) hot and cold
B) good and evil
C) male and female
D) light and dark
Q3) Why is health generally not the focus of the biomedical paradigm?
A) Health is thought to be the absence of disease.
B) Health is an abstract concept that cannot be measured.
C) Doctors are more concerned with longevity than with feeling well.
D) Health is an idea borrowed from Eastern cultures.
Q4) What is a culture-bound syndrome? Identify three illnesses common to your own culture that may be viewed as culture-bound syndromes. Explain why other cultures may not recognize these illnesses.
19
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Chapter 18: Global Problems
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Q1) People in nonindustrial societies mostly go to war __________.
A) as a hedge against the unpredictability of natural disasters
B) for religious reasons
C) as an unconscious means of population control
D) out of self-defense
Q2) Warfare in nonindustrial societies was __________ lethal than modern warfare.
A) proportionately more
B) absolutely more C) absolutely less
D) proportionately less
Q3) What social factors increase the likelihood of family violence?
Q4) What is one of the major differences between common criminals and terrorists?
A) Criminals rarely take public credit for their activities.
B) Terrorists have higher motives than simple criminals.
C) Criminals are often praised by others in their group.
D) Terrorists make less money than criminals.
Q5) Consider the many global problems discussed in this chapter. Of these, on which do you feel applied anthropologists can make the biggest impact? Explain your answer.
Q6) How is terrorism distinct from other forms of crime or acts of war?
Page 20
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