Introduction to Social Science Research
Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Social Science Research provides students with an overview of the fundamental concepts, methodologies, and approaches used in the study of society and human behavior. The course explores a variety of research designs, including qualitative and quantitative methods, while emphasizing ethical considerations and the critical analysis of research findings. Students will learn how to formulate research questions, collect and analyze data, and interpret results within the context of social sciences, preparing them to evaluate scholarly work and conduct their own basic research projects.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 5th Edition by James Jaccard
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction and Mathematical Preliminaries
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Sample Questions
Q1) The real limits of a number are those points falling one measurement unit above and one measurement unit below that number.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) If a researcher is studying how many hours a week a student devotes to playing video games.Playing video games is an example of a _______.
A)variable
B)hypothesis
C)prose
D)none of these
Answer: B
Q3) Which of the following levels of measurement involves variables that are not qualitative?
A)ratio
B)interval
C)nominal
D)ordinal
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Frequency and Probability Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A stem and leaf plot is useful because it combines features of both a _____ and a(n)_____.
A)grouped frequency distribution;ungrouped frequency distribution
B)parameter;statistic
C)line plot;pie chart
D)frequency distribution;histogram
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following graphs is "closed" with the abscissa?
A)line plot
B)frequency polygon
C)histogram
D)polygon
Answer: B
Q3) In a cumulative frequency graph,the cumulative frequency curve will always _____ or _____ as it moves from left to right.
A)be variable;decrease
B)remain level;increase
C)increase;decrease
D)remain level;decrease
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Percentiles percentile Ranks standard Scores
and the Normal Distribution
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Sample Questions
Q1) T scores are directly analogous to standard scores,but instead of having a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.00,they have a mean of 50.00 and a standard deviation of 10.00.
A)True
B)False
Q2) An instructor has given his final exam and scores that are normally distributed.Nancy scores a 90 and Ronald scores a 75.The class mean on the exam was 85 and the standard deviation was 36.What is Ronald's z score?
A)1.67
B)-1.67
C)0.28
D)-0.28
Q3) If your boss wants you to compare how well your company is doing compared to another company in customer Satisfaction and you scored a 90 and your competitor a 88 can you really say your customers are more satisfied?
A)Yes
B)No,the mean of the distributions needs to be determined
C)No,the SD of the distributions needs to be determined
D)Both b & c
Page 5
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Chapter 5: Pearson Correlation and Regression: Descriptive Aspects
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following linear relationships describes a situation in which the value of one variable decreases as the value of the second variable also decreases?
A)-.66
B).42
C)1.10
D)-1.00
Q2) When the correlation between two variables is nonzero,the value of the sum of z score products is influenced not only by the size of the correlation,but also by the sample size (N).
A)True
B)False
Q3) Explain why a correlation between two variables does not necessarily imply that one variable causes the other to vary as it does.
Q4) A slope of _____ would be represented by a _____ line.
A)1.0;nonlinear
B)0;horizontal
C)-1.0;horizontal
D)1.0;horizontal
Page 6
Q5) The correlation of any variable with itself is always ____________________.
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Chapter 3: Measures of Central Tendency and Variability
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Q1) _____refer(s)to the tendency for scores to cluster on one side of the mean in some distributions.
A)Unbalancing
B)Skewness
C)Kurtosis
D)Both skewness and kurtosis
E)None of these
Q2) The sum of squares takes into account all of the scores in a data set.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following statements is true of the mode of any set of scores?
A)It is the score which occurs most frequently.
B)It is always less than the mean.
C)Both a and b.
D)Neither a nor b.
Q4) Kurtosis is determined by the ____________________in the distribution.
Q5) The mean relative to the median determines if the distribution is____________________.
Q6) Define kurtosis and describe what is meant by platykurtic and leptokurtic distributions.
Page 7
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Chapter 7: Estimation and Sampling Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The standard error of the mean reflects the accuracy with which sample means estimate a population mean.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Calculate the unbiased estimate of the population variance using the following sample data: 2,3,4,5,5.
A)1.360
B)1.304
C)1.166
D)1.700
Q3) By far the most common occurrence in the behavioral sciences involves the estimation of population parameters from sample data.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The amount of sampling error is almost always small.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What two factors influence the size of the standard error of the mean?
Q6) What is a sampling distribution of the mean?
Page 8
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Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Inferences About a Single Mean
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Sample Questions
Q1) When we use inferential statistics to address a research question,we _____.
A)have collected information from the entire population
B)perform all calculations in the same way as with descriptive statistics
C)make generalizations from a sample to the population it was sampled from D)all of these
Q2) The one-sample t-test is robust to violations against which of the following assumptions?
A)the sample is independently selected from the population of interest
B)the sample is randomly selected from the population of interest
C)scores on the variables are normally distributed in the population
D)the variable being studied is qualitative in nature
Q3) If a researcher sets a critical z value equal to \(\pm\)1.96,then test statistics falling beyond that range _____.
A)suggest the null hypothesis is true
B)suggest that the alternative hypothesis is false
C)indicate an error has been made
D)suggest that the alternative hypothesis is true
Q4) In the case of a directional test,the alpha level focuses on only one tail of the distribution,and thus is called a ____________________.
Page 9
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Chapter 6: Probability
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Q1) What is the difference between a permutation and a combination?
Q2) What does it mean to say that two outcomes are mutually exclusive?
Q3) Which of the following is NOT one of the three conceptualizations of probability discussed in the text?
A)classical probability theory
B)standard scores derived from probabilities
C)estimation of probabilities from data
D)events occurring in the long run
Q4) If the size of a sample is approximately 5% or less of the population,sampling with versus without replacement will have a large affect on probabilities calculated.
A)True
B)False
Q5) According to the classical view of probability theory,the probability of event A equals
A)the number of total observations/the number of events favoring A
B)The number of events favoring A/the total number of possible observations
C)the number of events favoring A
D)1 - the number of events favoring A/the total number of possible events
Q6) What is a conditional probability?
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Principles of Research Design and Statistical
Preliminaries for Analyzing Bivariate Relationships
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Q1) What is a disturbance variable and how can they be controlled?
Q2) Random assignment is feasible only when an investigator is using a manipulative experimental strategy to "create" values on an independent variable.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Random assignment is possible with
A)observational strategies only.
B)experimental strategies only.
C)nonexperimental strategies only.
D)both observational and experimental strategies.
Q4) It is entirely possible for two variables to be _____ one another,but for no _____ relationship to exist between them.
A)confounded with;moderate
B)caused by;causal
C)related to;causal
D)matched with;linear
Q5) Distinguish between an experimental strategy and an observational strategy.
Q6) What is a confounding variable and how can they be controlled?
Q7) What three assumptions are important or essential to parametric test?
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Chapter 10: Independent Groups T -Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) Whereas the sum of squares total reflects the total amount of variability in the dependent variable,the sum of squares error reflects the amount of variability that remains before the effects of the dependent variable have been removed.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The _____ represents the total amount of _____ that exists in the data.
A)sum of squares total;error
B)sum of squares error;variability
C)sum of squares total;variability
D)none of these
Q3) Suppose a researcher is reporting the results of an independent groups t test.If he obtained a statistically significant t value of 2.5 with 15 subjects in each group using an alpha level of .05,how would he report this in a psychological journal?
A)t (14)= 2.5,p < .05
B)t (14)= 2.5,p > .05
C)t (28)= 2.5,p < .05
D)t (29)= 2.5,p < .05
Q4) The test used to determine homogeneity of variance is called_________.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Correlated Groups T-Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following conditions would make it inappropriate to use a correlated-groups t test?
A)The dependent variable has been measured on an interval level.
B)The dependent variable has been measured on a nominal level.
C)The independent variable has been classified as nominal.
D)The independent variable has only two levels.
Q2) For sample sizes of 40 or more,the correlated groups t test is quite robust to violations of the normality assumption,even for distributions exhibiting considerable skewness.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The formula for computing eta-squared for the correlated groups t test is _____ that for the independent groups t test.
A)the same as B)different than
Q4) Why is the correlated groups t test usually more powerful than the independent groups t test?
Q5) When is the correlated groups t test used to analyze the relationship between two variables?
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Chapter 13: One-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a one-way repeated measures analysis of variance,the total variability in the dependent variable can be partitioned into three components,one reflecting the influence of the independent variable (called the sum of squares IV),one reflecting the influence of individual differences (called the sum of squares across subjects),and one reflecting the influence of disturbance variables other than individual differences (called the sum of squares error).
A)True
B)False
Q2) Since the value of F required to reject the null hypothesis becomes more extreme as the degrees of freedom become smaller,repeated measures analysis of variance might actually be less powerful than between-subjects analysis of variance when individual differences have only a minimal influence on the dependent variable.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In the one-way repeated measures analysis of variance,if the sphericity assumption is not met,the appropriate procedure for evaluating the nature of the relationship is the ____________________ procedure.
Q4) What does the mean square subjects contribute to the F test?
Page 14
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Chapter 14: Pearson Correlation and Regression: Inferential Aspects
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Q1) Fisher's transformation of r to z permits us to _____.
A)better characterize the size of the correlation
B)estimate the standard error of estimate
C)test the null hypothesis that ñ is equal to any a priori specified value
D)use a test that makes fewer assumptions than the Pearson correlation
Q2) The sampling distribution of the population correlation coefficient is ____ when the population coefficient is equal to 0.
A)positively skewed
B)negatively skewed
C)symmetrical and approximately normal
D)bimodal
Q3) The variable from which predictions are made,X,is formally known as the independent or predictor variable.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Pearson correlation is typically used to analyze the relationship between two variables when the observations on each variable are within-subjects in nature.
A)True
B)False
15
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Chapter 15: Chi-Square Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) The chi-square test is typically used to analyze the relationship between two variables when both variables are qualitative in nature (that is,measured on a nominal level).
A)True
B)False
Q2) c<sup>2</sup> (1,N = 200)= 12.89,p < .05. How many cells would be in a contingency table for this example?
A)4
B)6
C)8
D)cannot be determineD.
Q3) For the chi-square goodness-of-fit test,statisticians recommend that the lowest _____ frequency of any cell be between 5 and 10 in a 2X2 table and 5 in larger tables.
A)unexpected
B)total
C)observed
D)expected
Q4) What is Fisher's Exact Test?
Q5) What are the assumptions of the chi-square test?
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Chapter 16: Nonparametric Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Under what conditions is the Kruskal-Wallis test used to analyze the relationship between two variables?
Q2) The Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient ranges from 0 to +1.00 and is interpreted in the same manner as the coefficient of determination.
A)True
B)False
Q3) As long as the number of ties is minimal,the test statistics will not be affected greatly by tied ranks.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A benefit of many nonparametric statistical tests is their relative lack of sensitivity to:
A)standard errors
B)slightly skewed distributions
C)error scores
D)outliers
Q5) Rank-order tests assume that qualitative variables are continuous in nature.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Two-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a factorial ANOVA is conducted and a statistically significant main effect is determined for a factor that has three or more levels,the nature of the relationship should be determined by ____.
A)inspecting the sample means
B)calculating eta<sup>2</sup>
C)calculating a between-groups ANOVA for the significant factor
D)applying the Tukey HSD test
Q2) The F ratio formed by SS<sub>A</sub>/SS<sub>WITHIN</sub> is used to test the null hypothesis with respect to:
A)factor A
B)factor B
C)factors A and B
D)none of these
Q3) The F tests for the three sources of variability in two-way between-subjects analysis of variance are based on the same assumptions that underlie one-way between-subjects analysis of variance.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Discuss the robustness of the F tests in two-way analysis of variance.
Page 18
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Chapter 18: Overview and Extension: Statistical Tests for More Complex Designs
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Sample Questions
Q1) If one wishes to compare groups ranks,then a _____ method should be used.
A)parametric
B)nonparametric
C)either a parametric or a nonparametric
D)it depends on the number of levels of the independent variable
Q2) If the dependent variable is measured on an ordinal level that seriously departs from interval level characteristics,a parametric test is always the optimal test.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When both of the variables under study are qualitative and between-subjects in nature,the appropriate method of data analysis is the A)independent groups t test.
B)one-way between-subjects analysis of variance.
C)two-way between-subjects analysis of variance.
D)chi square test.
Q4) If ranks are the focus,then parametric methods should be pursued.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Compare and contrast Parametric and Nonparametric statistical tests.
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