Introduction to Social Psychology
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Introduction to Social Psychology explores the scientific study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in social contexts. This course examines key concepts such as social perception, attitudes, conformity, group dynamics, prejudice, persuasion, and interpersonal relationships. Through a combination of foundational theory, classic experiments, and contemporary research, students gain insights into how social influences shape individual behavior and the ways in which people interact within groups and society as a whole. Emphasis is placed on applying psychological principles to real-world situations and understanding the relevance of social psychology in everyday life.
Recommended Textbook
Social Psychology 4th Edition by Tom Gilovich
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Page 2
Chapter 1: An Invitation to Social Psychology
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Q1) Jacquie and Karen are both interested in the topic of divorce. Jacquie is a social psychologist and Karen is a sociologist. Compared to Karen, which of the following questions is Jacquie most likely to ask?
A) Do different divorce laws influence divorce rates?
B) Are divorce rates higher among people who are more educated?
C) Why does infidelity lead to divorce?
D) Is divorce more prevalent in northern states relative to southern states?
Answer: C
Q2) According to social psychologists, which of the following conditions is most likely to make someone do what an authority figure says to do-even if it involves hurting someone?
A) when people know ahead of time that an authority figure will be ordering them around
B) when people have been raised in abusive families
C) when people can hold an authority figure responsible for his or her actions
D) when people are used to hurting other people
Answer: C
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3
Chapter 2: The Methods of Social Psychology
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Q1) The primary difference between natural experiments and standard experiments is that natural experiments
A) do not involve independent variables.
B) do not involve dependent variables.
C) typically involve random assignment of individuals.
D) typically do not involve random assignment of individuals.
Answer: D
Q2) Dr. Gupta reads a colleague's research report and is very surprised by the results. She decides to run the study herself, using the exact same procedures. Dr. Gupta does not get the same results and confronts her colleague about this issue. Describe the process in which Dr. Gupta is engaging and consider its importance for social psychology and science more generally.
Answer: Dr. Gupta is attempting to replicate the results of her colleague's study. She is running the study a second time, using the original procedures, to confirm whether the same results emerge. This process is important to social psychology, as well as science more generally, as the results of replication attempts suggest whether a finding, particularly a surprising one, should be accepted by the field or be challenged.
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Page 4
Chapter 3: The Social Self
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Q1) According to the sociometer hypothesis,
A) self-esteem is an internal, subjective index of the extent to which people feel included or excluded by others.
B) people are social animals who thrive on conflict and dominating others.
C) people use reflection and social comparison processes to maintain a positive self-image.
D) people strive for accurate beliefs about the self in order to form adaptive judgments and decisions.
Answer: A
Q2) Explain the concept of ego depletion, and give two examples of situations in which this could occur.
Answer: Ego depletion is a state produced by acts of self-regulation, in which people lack the energy or resources to engage in further acts of self-regulation. Several examples of situations that produce ego depletion are acceptable, including physical exercise, emotion regulation, and squeezing a hand grip.
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Chapter 4: Social Cognition: Thinking About People and Situations
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Q1) The textbook describes research by Todorov and colleagues in which participants rated a large number of faces along different personality dimensions. Which two dimensions stood out as the main dimensions used in these ratings?
A) happiness/sadness and fear
B) trustworthiness and physical attractiveness
C) trustworthiness and dominance
D) happiness and physical attractiveness
Q2) People use the ________ heuristic when they try to categorize something by judging how similar the object is to their conception of the typical member of the relevant category.
A) representativeness
B) anchoring
C) availability
D) correspondence
Q3) What is the intuitive system? What are the advantages of relying on this system? What are the disadvantages?
Q4) Describe the factors that determine whether a schema is accessible (activated) and whether it is applied.
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Q5) Describe the planning fallacy and summarize research on why this fallacy occurs.
Chapter 5: Social Attribution: Explaining Behavior
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Q1) The view that personality is malleable and that abilities can be changed by environmental factors is most characteristic of
A) people who live in the United States.
B) all people, regardless of culture.
C) people from interdependent cultures.
D) people from independent cultures.
Q2) People tend to make ________ attributions when levels of consensus and distinctiveness are low and consistency information is high.
A) specific
B) unstable
C) external
D) internal
Q3) Which of the following questions best reflects what attribution theory seeks to explain?
A) How often does Tina engage in binge drinking?
B) Why did Larissa break up with Tom?
C) What did Bob say in response to Jim's insult?
D) Where is Juan most likely to find a date for the dance?
Q4) Compare and contrast the discounting and augmentation principles.
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Chapter 6: Emotion
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Q1) John had an enjoyable sexual encounter with his sister last week and decides to tell his friend Mark about it. According to the social intuitionist model, what is the first step in Mark's moral reasoning about John's experience?
A) First, Mark has a quick emotional reaction that this is wrong.
B) First, Mark thinks about whether the behavior did harm to John or his sister.
C) First, Mark uses conscious reasoning to decide whether John's behavior is wrong.
D) First, Mark disregards his emotional reaction that this is wrong.
Q2) Bill and Janet want to take their children on a backpacking trip. Research suggests that if they want to increase the probability that their children will look back on the trip and think it was great fun, Bill and Janet should try to make sure that A) the trip is as long as possible.
B) peak moments during the trip are emotional.
C) the entire trip is consistently fun.
D) the end of the trip is extremely fun.
Q3) Your sister comes to you because she has been feeling blue. Generate an action plan she can use to become happier. Connect your recommendations to the results of research studies showing that these work.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Attitudes, Behavior, and Rationalization
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Q1) Explain the embodied nature of emotion and cognition and describe two research studies that show the relation between bodily movements and attitudes.
Q2) Ruben, a marketing executive for Apple, wants to predict a person's iPod-related behavior from his or her attitude about iPods. To this end, Ruben will administer a survey asking people their attitudes about iPods. Two years later, he will ask these same people to report on their behavior related to iPods. According to research on attitude-behavior consistency, Ruben should measure people's attitudes and behavior at the same level of specificity. Which of the following pairs of questions best satisfies this criterion?
A) "How positively do you feel about iPods?" and "Have you used an iPod in the last month?"
B) "How do you feel about iPods?" and "Have you used an iPod in the last two years?"
C) "How much do you want to buy an iPod within the next two years?" and "Have you bought an iPod in the last two years?"
D) "How negative do you feel about iPods?" and "How much have you talked about iPods in the last month?"
Q3) Define attitude and describe the components of an attitude.
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Chapter 8: Persuasion
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Q1) Nancy is trying to decide which car to buy. According to Richard Petty and John Cacioppo's elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, Nancy will be more likely to process information about the cars she researches through the central route if A) the information is associated with a pleasant stimulus.
B) she does not know much about cars.
C) she does not care about cars.
D) she is personally motivated to devote time and energy to the information.
Q2) One study found that head nodding led to greater persuasion when arguments were strong but less persuasion when arguments were weak. How did the researchers explain these findings?
A) Nodding should enhance confidence in one's own favorable or unfavorable thoughts.
B) Nodding should reduce confidence in one's own favorable or unfavorable thoughts.
C) Nodding should enhance confidence in source credibility.
D) Nodding should reduce confidence in source credibility.
Q3) Jennifer smokes cigarettes. Describe how selective attention and selective evaluation may make Jennifer resistant to antismoking messages.
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Chapter 9: Social Influence
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Q1) According to research on informational social influence, Anton is more likely to agree with the recommendations of others on the best tax-preparation company to use if he
A) is in a bad mood.
B) does not know much about tax preparation.
C) wants to be liked.
D) has internalized cultural norms.
Q2) According to the negative state relief hypothesis,
A) positive moods increase compliance.
B) negative moods decrease compliance.
C) granting someone's request decreases negative mood states.
D) granting someone's request increases negative mood states.
Q3) The results of the Milgram experiments are less surprising to us when we consider the
A) stepwise nature of the experimenter's commands.
B) participants' attempts to terminate the experiment.
C) participants' ability to view the experimenter as responsible for their actions.
D) All of the above are correct.
Q4) Describe the phenomenon of automatic mimicry and give two reasons why it occurs.
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Chapter 10: Relationships and Attraction
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Q1) Evaluate the claim that people tend to have the same attachment style across all of their relationships. Describe research from the textbook to support or refute this claim.
Q2) People living in East Asian and Latin American societies are inclined to take a(n) ________ stance in various social situations, whereas people living in European and Commonwealth countries are inclined to take a(n) ________ stance in these situations.
A) secure; avoidant
B) exchange; communal
C) avoidant; secure
D) communal; exchange
Q3) Which of the following is NOT evidence for the need to belong?
A) Prisoners tend to be happier when they focus on their preexisting family ties rather than forming kinship-like ties with other prisoners.
B) Suicide rates are higher for single and divorced individuals.
C) Partnered gay men and women are happier than single gay men and women.
D) Mortality rates are higher for divorced, unmarried, and widowed individuals.
Q4) Provide an example of how an advertising agency could employ the mere exposure effect when creating ads for their clients' products.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination
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Q1) While sitting in a restaurant with a friend, John looks across the street and sees a black man and a white man fighting. Research suggests that if John is white, he is likely to assume that the
A) white man made a racist remark.
B) black man made a racist remark.
C) white man was behaving aggressively.
D) black man was behaving aggressively.
Q2) What advantage do indirect measures of prejudice, such as the IAT, have over direct self-report measures, such as the Attitudes toward Blacks Scale?
Q3) In one study, participants listened to a play-by-play account of a college basketball game. Results showed that participants who thought one of the players (Mark) was black, compared to participants who thought he was white, believed that Mark A) had less innate ability.
B) was more athletic and played better.
C) showed less hustle and performed worse overall but still played a savvier game.
D) Both b and c are correct.
Q4) Give an example of the outgroup homogeneity effect and explain why it occurs.
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Chapter 12: Groups
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Q1) Matt ran for student body president at Arlen High School. He won the election, which thrust him into a position of great power and prestige. Research on power suggests that after becoming president, Matt might be
A) more likely to touch or stand close to other students.
B) less likely to flirt.
C) more accurate at judging how other people are feeling. D) less rude.
Q2) Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the phenomenon of social loafing?
A) exerting minimal effort on a group project
B) showing minimal concern over other people's desires or problems
C) avoiding social interactions that require complex thought
D) losing one's motivation to be liked by other people
Q3) Research on social ________ suggests that performance ________when novel tasks are performed in the presence of others.
A) facilitation; improves
B) facilitation; suffers
C) loafing; improves D) loafing; suffers
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Chapter 13: Aggression
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Q1) Angela and her younger brother Bernie have a history of fighting. One day, Angela threatens Bernie in order to force him to give up a toy with which she wants to play. Then, Bernie gets so angry at her that he screams, "I hate you!" Angela is demonstrating ________ aggression, and Bernie is demonstrating ________ aggression.
A) hostile; hostile
B) instrumental; hostile
C) hostile; instrumental
D) instrumental; instrumental
Q2) How does the United States compare to other countries in degree of income inequality? How might this difference help to explain the high rates of violence in the United States?
Q3) During World War II, propaganda posters were distributed in the United States likening the enemies of America to rats and other animals. This is an example of A) relational aggression.
B) dehumanization.
C) hostile violence.
D) reactive devaluation.
Q4) Describe two characteristics of rape-prone cultures.
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Chapter 14: Altruism and Cooperation
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Q1) Evidence that humans and nonhuman animals have a highly developed capacity to recognize their relatives supports the idea of
A) exclusive fitness.
B) mate preferences.
C) parental investment.
D) kin selection.
Q2) Describe how pluralistic ignorance impacts altruism and explain why seeing other people's facial expressions can reduce the effects of pluralistic ignorance.
Q3) In the typical prisoner's dilemma game, which of the following strategies would bring you the best immediate personal outcome as a participant?
A) Both you and your partner cooperate.
B) Both you and your partner defect.
C) You defect, and your partner cooperates.
D) You cooperate, and your partner defects.
Q4) Is the altruism toward non-kin consistent with evolutionary theory? Why or why not?
Q5) Drawing on research described in the textbook, evaluate the idea that religion makes people more altruistic.
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Chapter 15: Application Module-Social Psychology and Health
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Q1) Which of the following pieces of advice is likely to be most helpful for reducing stress and improving health outcomes?
A) "Your good health is in your hands."
B) "Just let go and leave your health up to fate."
C) "Think positive."
D) Both a and c are likely to be helpful.
Q2) Diana and Julie are asked to give presentations at work with only ten minutes to prepare. Diana has a good friend in the audience, whereas Julie does not. Who is likely to become the most stressed during the presentation?
A) Julie
B) Diana
C) They are likely to feel equally stressed.
D) Neither is likely to feel stressed.
Q3) Which of the following does the textbook NOT recommend as a means of reducing stress?
A) seeking out stressful situations to stimulate resilience
B) practicing meditation
C) exercising regularly
D) cultivating positive emotions
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Application Module- Social Psychology and Personal Finance
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Q1) According to what you know about mental accounting, if you were a government official who wanted to stimulate the economy by increasing spending, which of the following should you do?
A) send all adults a $500 tax rebate
B) send all adults a $500 bonus
C) send $500 to only those who paid high taxes the previous year
D) send $500 to only those who paid no taxes the previous year
Q2) Jacquie has just lost $100 on a bet with a friend. The friend offers her a double-or-nothing deal, which would result in either her winning back her $100 and having no loss or losing a total of $200. The alternative would simply be to accept her already certain loss of $100. According to the principle of diminishing marginal utility, Jacquie will be more likely to
A) bet again in the hopes of wiping out her earlier $100 loss.
B) bet again so that she can save face in front of her friend.
C) decline to bet and simply accept her $100 loss.
D) decline to bet again but make plans for how she will get back at her friend.
Q3) Challenge the long-held assumption that people make rational financial decisions. Provide two pieces of evidence in support of your position.
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Chapter 17: Application Module- Social Psychology and Education
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Q1) In a study conducted by Joshua Aronson and colleagues (2003), a group of students were taught by college student mentors that intelligence was changeable and under their control. Compared to students in a control condition, how did these students perform on a subsequent statewide academic achievement test?
A) Students in the experimental condition performed significantly better than those in the control condition, and this was especially true for female students on the reading skills portion of the test.
B) Students in the experimental condition performed significantly better than those in the control condition, and this was especially true for female students on the math portion of the test.
C) Female students in the experimental condition but not the control condition performed significantly better than males on both portions of the test.
D) Male students in the experimental condition but not the control condition performed significantly better than females on both portions of the test.
Q2) How do incremental and entity theories of intelligence differ? How can a person's theory of intelligence impact his or her behavior?
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Page 19
Chapter 18: Application Module- Social Psychology and the Law
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Q1) Describe the three components that contribute to one's sense of procedural justice and provide an example of each.
Q2) The social psychologist Tom Tyler identified three factors that shape our sense of procedural justice. Which of the following is NOT one of those three factors?
A) the neutrality of the authority figure
B) trust in the system
C) being treated with respect
D) the magnitude of the punishment
Q3) The goal of the ________ motive is to punish the deed that was committed; the goal of the ________ motive is to prevent future crimes.
A) deterrence; just desserts
B) attribution; deterrence
C) just desserts; deterrence
D) just desserts; compensatory
Q4) Compare the just desserts and deterrence motives for punishment. In addition, explain how these motives are related to cultural variations in punishment.
Q5) Explain how stereotypes can lead to biases in our criminal justice system.
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