Introduction to Research Methods
Test Preparation
Course Introduction
Introduction to Research Methods is designed to familiarize students with the fundamental principles and techniques of conducting academic research. The course covers the key stages of the research process, including the formulation of research questions, literature review, research design, data collection, data analysis, and interpretation of findings. Students will explore both qualitative and quantitative methods, ethical considerations in research, and strategies for critically evaluating scholarly work. Through hands-on activities and practical examples, this course equips students with the essential skills to plan and carry out their own research projects across a variety of academic disciplines.
Recommended Textbook Research Methods 8th Edition by Donald
H. McBurney
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Chapter 1: Psychology and Science
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT true of theories?
A) Explain currently known facts.
B) Rarely change once formulated.
C) Generate new knowledge.
D) Explain laws
Answer: B
Q2) Which one of the following is not a major role of a theory?
A) to organize knowledge
B) to explain laws
C) to predict new laws
D) to describe behavior
Answer: D
Q3) A discipline that crosses the boundaries of science is called a(n)
A) Hub discipline
B) Informal discipline
C) Discourse discipline
D) Communicative discipline
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Developing a Research Question
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Q1) When doing a literature search,after you have located the key articles in a given field,you should then carefully read the ____ and skim the rest
A) abstracts and conclusions
B) method sections
C) results sections
D) none of these; you should carefully read the entire articles
Answer: A
Q2) The methods section of a research proposal
A) indicates the expected results
B) gives details of expected analysis
C) explains the way in which you want to test your hypothesis
D) Is not really necessary, since the experiment has not yet taken place
Answer: C
Q3) Web of Science permits
A) one to go back in time from a starting reference
B) keyword searches
C) author searches
D) one to go forward in time from a starting reference
Answer: D
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Ethics in Research
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Q1) The term speciesism refers to:
A) the regulation on housing of research animals
B) the notion that animals should not be subjected to pain
C) the notion that animals should be granted the same moral status as that of humans
D) none of these
Answer: C
Q2) If students are compelled to take part in a study as part of a course requirement
A) the students can file a lawsuit over the experimental activity
B) you cannot trust the experimental results
C) the experiment is definitely in violation of the APA's Ethical Principles on Coercion
D) the experiment could be in violation of the APA's Ethical Principles on Coercion if no alternative arrangements are available
Answer: D
Q3) Suppose you are writing an informed consent document for your experiment on memory for faces of various races.What information should be included in that document? Why?
Answer: Answer not provided.
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Chapter 4: Writing in Psychology
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Q1) Which one of the following titles illustrates the most clear and explanatory title for a table?
A) Mean Performance Scores of College Students as a Function of Major
B) Relation Between College Majors and Performance
C) Table Representing College Majors and Performance Data
D) Mean Performance Scores on Three Tests With Psychology, Physics, and English Majors
Q2) When you write a paper in APA style,you should report your methods in
A) the past tense
B) the present tense
C) the past perfect tense
D) any of the above
Q3) Which one of the following is not a part of a research paper?
A) abstract
B) discussion
C) bibliography
D) authors and their affiliations
Q4) List the parts of a scientific article in APA style,and describe the contents of each.
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Chapter 5: Variables
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Q1) Which one of the following represents a continuous variable?
A) noon temperature measured in Fahrenheit
B) number of freshmen college students enrolled in an introductory psychology course
C) number of shares traded on the New Stock Market on a given day
D) rankings of U. S. Army officers from lowest to highest
Q2) ____ concerns whether the same measure would yield the same results on another occasion
A) Validity
B) Test-retest reliability
C) Internal consistency
D) Internal validity
Q3) The extent to which scores on a test can be used to predict an individual's likely standing on some other test relates to
A) face validity
B) content validity
C) criterion validity
D) construct validity
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Chapter 6: Tabular and Graphical Description of Data
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Q1) The slope of a cumulative record shows
A) number of responses
B) rate of responding
C) changes in response rate
D) All of these are true
Q2) List some of the relevant information that might be found in a coding guide for an experiment that investigated the effects of attractiveness on jurors' guilty verdicts.
Q3) Which one of the following distributions is probably negatively skewed?
A) family income in dollars per year
B) scores on a very difficult test
C) scores on a moderately difficult test
D) scores on a very easy test
Q4) A graphic that uses a dot to represent the frequency of each score and connects those points with a straight line is called a
A) histogram
B) scattergram
C) frequency polygon
D) skewed distribution
Q5) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of having error bars on a graph.
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Chapter 7: Validity
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Q1) Marie is a participant in an experiment on food preferences.She has a habit of eating her fish sandwiches with coleslaw,cocktail sauce,and peanut butter on them on them.When asked about her preferences in eating fish,she doesn't mention all of the condiments that she uses.Marie is showing
A) evaluation apprehension
B) maturation
C) selection bias
D) good-subject tendency
Q2) When a researcher asks the question,"Have subjects been pre-selected so as to represent the extremes on the variable of interest?",she is concerned with which one of the following potential threats to internal validity?
A) testing effect
B) maturation
C) subject selection
D) regression effect
Q3) Define the concepts internal and external validity.Discuss why we say that for some experiments an attempt at increasing one type tends to jeopardize the other type.
Q4) List at least 4 threats to internal validity and explain what they mean.
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Chapter 8: Control
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Q1) How do experimenters decide which methodology to use to test a hypothesis?
A) A thorough review of the literature helps to reveal techniques generally used
B) Trial and Error
C) It doesn't matter; Statistics can make sense of any method
D) If the hypothesis is to be supported, it will be proven any way you test it.
Q2) Which one of the following is not a good specific strategy for achieving control in research?
A) using subjects as their own control
B) building nuisance variables into the experiment
C) making designs more complex
D) using statistical controls
Q3) List and describe the conditions that make using a within-subjects design viable.
Q4) When designing an experiment,one must always have
A) A control group
B) An experimental group
C) A control condition
D) Confounded variables
Q5) Discuss the concept of a preparation and give an example of how it might apply in a psychological experiment.
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Chapter
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Q1) The step of changing a procedure to a protocol involves
A) Going from a logical plan to a practical one
B) Reviewing the literature
C) Analyzing the data
D) Explaining results
Q2) The manifest content of a text is
A) found by objective measure
B) found by subjective interpretation
C) a less reliable measure than its latent content
D) is always preferable to latent content analysis
Q3) A major limitation of archival research is that
A) most archival data are nonscientific
B) archival data are not always factual
C) records and data are often difficult to obtain
D) biases may be present in the records or data
Q4) Case-study research
A) is the study of an existing situation
B) requires examining factual information in existing records
C) follows a standardized format
D) is typically well planned in advance
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Chapter 10: Nonexperimental Research, part 2: Survey Research
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Q1) A stratified random sample should be used when
A) the population has identifiable subgroups that are of interest to the researcher
B) the sample constitutes the population.
C) the population is very small
D) there is no way of estimating the probability that a particular subgroup will be included in the sample
Q2) Before you ask survey respondents how often they smoke,you should first ask
A) Their name
B) Whether they drink
C) How often they drink
D) Whether they smoke at all
Q3) Researchers typically hope that a survey have a response rate of at least ____%.
A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 100
Q4) A researcher is interested in the effects of type of university,year in school,and gender have on attitudes toward gender roles.Discuss ways of selecting schools,and students within schools.
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Chapter 11: True Experiments, part 1: Single-Factor Designs
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Q1) In a well-designed between-subjects experiment,the participants would
A) Be assigned to conditions depending upon their gender
B) Be randomly allocated to conditions
C) Experience each condition at least once
D) Take a pre-test prior to allocation to groups
Q2) An independent variable always has at least two
A) levels
B) conditions
C) factors
D) all of these
Q3) Three experimental conditions are to be compared in a within-subjects experiment.Each condition requires 15 minutes,and a total of one hour is available for testing each subject.Which of the following procedures can be used to control for order and sequence effects?
A) counterbalancing
B) reverse counterbalancing
C) block randomization
D) none of these
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Chapter 12: True Experiments, part 2: Factorial Designs
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Q1) Exhibit 12-3 Suppose a researcher measured the test scores of college students who were taught chemistry in the presence of one type of music (country,rock,or classical)in one of three different colored classrooms (red,green,or blue).
Refer to Exhibit 12-3.The design can be described as a
A) 3 x 3
B) 2 x 3
C) 3 x 2
D) 2 x 2
Q2) Barnes,Ickes,and Kidd (1979)studied whether or not students would lend their notes to a classmate by varying the intentionality of the needy student (unintentional vs attentional)and the stability of their request (always vs sometimes).Participants received one request from one needy student.What was the design of the experiment?
A) between-subjects factorial design
B) within-subjects factorial design
C) one variable within-subjects
D) one variable between-subjects
Q3) What is the advantage of a factorial design over a single-factor design?
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Chapter 13: Single-Subject Experiments
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Q1) Which of the following areas of psychology is most likely to employ single-subject research?
A) social
B) personality
C) biopsychology
D) sensation
Q2) Early researchers used the single-subject approach extensively mainly because
A) they disdained the use of statistics
B) they did not have regular access to groups of individuals
C) the discovery that human traits followed the normal curve had not yet been made
D) modern statistical methods did not yet exist
Q3) Which one of the following control strategies is not a part of the A-B-A design?
A) repeating the treatments
B) measuring the behavior before, during, and after treatment
C) withdrawing the treatments
D) obtaining a stable baseline
Q4) Define and/or describe the term "statistical power".
Q5) Compare and contrast group designs with the single-subject approach.What are the advantages of the single-subject design? Disadvantages?
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Chapter 14: Quasi Experiments
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Q1) In a study designed to test the development of mathematical ability,a group of 3-year olds and a group of 10year olds are tested.What sort of design is this called?
A) cross sectional
B) longitudinal
C) cross sequential
D) cohort
Q2) Whether quasi experiments with pretest and posttest designs can be interpreted depends on
A) Whether the pattern of result can be accounted for by other differences between the groups.
B) Whether pretest and posttest performance differ for the groups
C) The number of participants in the study
D) The number of participants in the control group
Q3) Interrupted time series designs are useful when
A) forming a control group is not feasible
B) subjects can be measured periodically with the same instrument
C) the experimental treatment is not a naturally occurring event
D) both a and b
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Chapter 15: Biases and Limitations of Experimental Psychology
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Q1) By documenting what is statistically common,the psychologist is contributing to A) The human experience
B) The definition of what is normal
C) World peace
D) A median view of science
Q2) All of the following may be considered responsibilities of the scientist except: Scientists are obligated to
A) study only those problems that have practical significance.
B) inform and educate the public about their research findings.
C) respond to the public's concerns about research.
D) critically examine the ideas of other scientists.
Q3) All of the following may be considered privileges of the scientist except that scientists are:
A) reasonably well paid
B) exempt from public scrutiny
C) accorded much prestige
D) given free rein to investigate problems they set for themselves
Q4) Identify and describe the essential and practical limitations of science.
Page 17
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