Introduction to Research Methods
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Course Introduction
Introduction to Research Methods offers a comprehensive overview of the principles, techniques, and methodologies essential for conducting effective academic research. Students will explore the formulation of research questions, literature reviews, qualitative and quantitative research designs, data collection and analysis, and the ethical considerations involved in scholarly inquiry. By the end of the course, students will have developed the foundational skills necessary to critically assess research studies and design their own research proposals across various disciplines.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for The Behavioral Sciences 10th Edition by Frederick J Gravetter
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics
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Q1) Calculate each value requested for the following set of scores: \[\begin{array} { r c }
\mathrm { X } & \mathrm { Y } \\
1 & 5 \\
3 & 1 \\
0 & - 2 \\
2 & - 4
\end{array}\]
a. X
b. Y
c. X Y d. XY Answer: a.6
Q2) The first step in computing (X + 1)is to sum the scores.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: Frequency Distributions
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Q1) For the following distribution of scores,20% of the individuals have scores of X = 1.?
\[\begin{array} { l l }
\mathrm { X } & \mathrm { f } \\
\hline 5 & 2 \\
4 & 8 \\
3 & 5 \\
2 & 3 \\
1 & 2 \\
\hline
\end{array}\]
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) A stem and leaf display does not provide enough information to obtain a complete listing of the original set of scores.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Central Tendency
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Q1) A sample of n = 8 scores has a mean of M = 16.For this sample X = 2.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) For a distribution with one or two extreme scores,the median is usually a more representative value than the mean.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) A sample has a mean of M = 40.If 10 points are added to one of the scores,what happens to the sample mean?
A)it is unchanged
B)it increases
C)it decreases a little
D)it decreases substantially
Answer: B
Q4) A sample with modes of 4,8,and 10 is said to be multimodal.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Variability
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Q1) A population with SS = 90 and a variance of 9 has N = 10 scores.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A population of N = 100 scores has mean µ = 30 and standard deviation = 4.What is the population variance?
A)2
B)4
C)8
D)16
Q3) If the population standard deviation is 4,then the variance will be <sup>2</sup> = 16.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In a population with a mean of = 40 and a standard deviation of = 8,a score of X = 46 would be an extreme value,far out in the tail of the distribution.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Calculate the variance and the standard deviation for the following sample data.Scores: 10,7,9,1,2,0,6
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Chapter 5: Z-Scores: Location of Scores and Standardized
Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A sample of n = 20 scores has a mean of M = 45 and a standard deviation of s = 8.In this sample,what is the z-score corresponding to X = 57?
A)z = 12/20 = 0.60
B)z = 1.00
C)z = 1.50
D)z = 2.00
Q2) A population with = 59 and s = 8 is standardized to create a new distribution with = 100 and s = 20.After the transformation,an individual receives a new score of X = 90.The original score for this individual was X = 51.
A)True
B)False
Q3) For a sample with a mean of M = 50 and a standard deviation of s = 10,a z-score of z = +2.00 corresponds to X = 70.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A population of scores with µ = 73 and s = 20 is standardized to create a new population with µ = 50 and s = 10.What is the new value for each of the following scores from the original population?Scores: 63,65,77,83
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Probability
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Q1) What proportion of a normal distribution is located between the mean and z = -0.40?
A)0.6554
B)0.3446
C)0.1554
D)0.3108
Q2) What is the probability of randomly selecting a z-score greater than z = 0.75 from a normal distribution?
A)0.7734
B)0.2266
C)0.2734
D)0.4532
Q3) A vertical line is drawn through a normal distribution dividing the distribution into two parts.If the smaller part equals 0.1915 of the distribution,then the line was drawn at z = 0.50 or at z = -0.50.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The binomial distribution for p = 1/4 and n = 96 has a mean of = 24.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Probability and Samples: the Distribution of Sample Means
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Q1) A population has a mean of µ = 80 with = 20.
a. If a single score is randomly selected from this population, how much distance, on average, should you find between the score and the population mean?
b. If a sample of n = 4 scores is randomly selected from this population, how much distance, on average, should you find between the sample mean and the population mean?
c. If a sample of n = 100 scores is randomly selected from this population, how much distance, on average, should you find between the sample mean and the population mean?
Q2) For a population with µ = 80 and = 20,the distribution of sample means based on n = 16 will have an expected value of ____ and a standard error of ____.
A)5; 80
B)80; 5
C)20; 20
D)80; 1.25
Q3) As the sample size increases,the standard error also increases.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
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Q1) If is held constant at .05,what is the impact of changing the sample size on the critical region and the risk of a Type I error?
A)As sample size increases, the critical region expands and the risk of a Type I error increases.
B)As sample size increases, the critical region shrinks and the risk of a Type I error increases.
C)As sample size increases, the critical region expands and the risk of a Type I error decreases.
D)As the sample size increases, the critical region, and the risk of a Type I error remain unchanged.
Q2) In a research report,the notation p < .05 indicates that the probability of a Type I error is less than .05.
A)True B)False
Q3) The null hypothesis is stated in terms of the population,even though the data come from a sample.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Introduction to the T Statistic
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Q1) Under what circumstances can a very small treatment effect be statistically significant?
A)If the sample size is big and the sample variance is small
B)If the sample size and the sample variance are both big
C)If the sample size is small and the sample variance is big
D)If the sample size and the sample variance are both small
Q2) A sample has a mean of M = 39.5 and a standard deviation of s = 4.3,and produces a t statistic of t = 2.14.For a two-tailed hypothesis test with = .05,what is the correct statistical decision for this sample?
A)The researcher can reject the null hypothesis with = .05 but not with = .01.
B)The researcher can reject the null hypothesis with either = .05 or = .01.
C)The researcher must fail to reject the null hypothesis with either = .05 or = .01.
D)It is impossible to make a decision about H<sub>0</sub> without more information.
Q3) A sample of n = 16 scores has a mean of M = 58 with SS = 960.Use the sample to construct the 90% confidence interval for µ.
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Chapter 10: The T Test for Two Independent Samples
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Q1) For the independent-measures t statistic,what is the effect of increasing the difference between sample means?
A)Increase the likelihood of rejecting H<sub>0</sub> and increase measures of effect size.
B)Increase the likelihood of rejecting H<sub>0</sub> and decrease measures of effect size.
C)Decrease the likelihood of rejecting H<sub>0</sub> and increase measures of effect size.
D)Decrease the likelihood of rejecting H<sub>0</sub> and decrease measures of effect size.
Q2) In an independent-measures hypothesis test,what must be true if t = 0?
A)The two population means must be equal.
B)The two sample means must be equal.
C)The two sample variances must be equal.
D)The two sample means are not equal.
Q3) Confidence intervals with the independent-measures t statistic are used to estimate how much difference there is between two population means
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: The T Test for Two Related Samples
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Q1) A repeated-measures design has the maximum advantage over an independent-measures design when ____.
A)many subjects are available and individual differences are small
B)very few subjects are available and individual differences are small
C)many subjects are available and individual differences are large
D)very few subjects are available and individual differences are large
Q2) A repeated-measures study comparing two treatments with a sample of n = 4 participants produces a mean of M = 18 with SS = 24 for the scores in the first treatment,a mean of M = 14 with SS = 18 for the scores in the second treatment,and a mean of M = 4 with SS = 12 for the difference scores.What is the estimated standard error for the sample mean difference?
A)4
B)3
C)2
D)1
Q3) In general,as the variance of the difference scores increases,the likelihood of finding a significant difference also increases.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Introduction to Analysis of Variance
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Q1) If an analysis of variance is used for the following data,what would be the effect of changing the value of SS<sub>2</sub> to 100?? \[\begin{array} { l l } \text { Sample Data}\\
\mathrm { M } _ { 1 } = 15 & \mathrm { M } _ { 2 } = 25 \\ \mathrm { SS } _ { 1 } = 90 & \mathrm { SS } _ { 2 } = 70 \\ \hline \end{array}\]
A)?Increase SS<sub>within</sub> and increase the size of the F-ratio.
B)?Increase SS<sub>within</sub> and decrease the size of the F-ratio.
C)?Decrease SS<sub>within</sub> and increase the size of the F-ratio.
D)?Decrease SS<sub>within</sub> and decrease the size of the F-ratio.
Q2) A researcher reports an F-ratio with df = 1,24 for an independent-measures experiment.If all the treatments had the same number of participants,then how many individuals were in each treatment?
A)11
B)12
C)13
D)14
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Chapter 13: Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance
Anova
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Q1) A repeated-measures research study uses n = 8 subjects.If the within-treatment df for the ANOVA is 21,what is the value for the error df?
A)7
B)13
C)14
D)18
Q2) A researcher uses a repeated-measures ANOVA to test for mean differences among three treatment conditions using a sample of n = 10 participants.What are the df values for the F-ratio from this analysis?
A)3, 9
B)2, 9
C)3, 18
D)2, 18
Q3) For a repeated-measures ANOVA,if SS<sub>between subjects</sub> = 40 and SS<sub>within treatments</sub> = 70,then SS<sub>error</sub> = 30.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Two-Factor Analysis of Variance Independent Measures
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Q1) For a two-factor study with two levels of factor A,2 levels of factor B,and a separate sample of n = 10 participants in each treatment condition,what is df<sub>within treatments</sub>?
A)9
B)18
C)36
D)39
Q2) A two-factor study compares two different treatment conditions (factor 1)for males and females (factor 2).In this study,the males have an average score of 20 in the first treatment and an average of 25 in the second.The females average 35 in the first treatment and 45 in the second.For this study,there is no interaction.
A)True
B)False
Q3) It often is possible to reduce the variance in an independent-measures design by using a participant variable such as age or gender as a second factor.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are the assumptions for the two-factor ANOVA?
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Correlation
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Q1) A researcher classifies people by gender and by whether or not they routinely watch the evening news on television.For the resulting data,the correct method for measuring the relationship between the two variables would be the phi-coefficient.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The value for the sum of products (SP)is always greater than or equal to zero.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Under what circumstances is the phi-coefficient used?
A)when one variable consists of ranks and the other is regular, numerical scores
B)when both variables consists of ranks
C)when both X and Y are dichotomous variables
D)when one variable is dichotomous and the other is regular, numerical scores
Q4) What is indicated by a positive value for a correlation?
A)Increases in X tend to be accompanied by increases in Y.
B)Increases in X tend to be accompanied by decreases in Y.
C)A much stronger relationship exists than if the correlation were negative.
D)A much weaker relationship exists than if the correlation were negative.
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Chapter 16: Introduction to Regression
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Q1) A set of X and Y scores has SS<sub>X</sub> = 10,SS<sub>Y</sub> = 36,and SP = 20.The regression equation for these scores will have a slope constant of 2.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Pearson correlation between X<sub>1</sub> and Y is r = 0.40 and SS<sub>Y</sub> = 100.When a second variable,X<sub>2</sub>,is added to the regression equation,we obtain R<sup>2</sup> = 0.25.How much additional variability is contributed by adding the second variable as a predictor compared to using X<sub>1</sub> alone?
A)9 points
B)15 points
C)25 points
D)40 points
Q3) If the correlation between X and Y is r = 0.00,then the regression equation,= bX + a,will have b = 0.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: The Chi-Square Statistic: Tests for Goodness of Fit
and Independence
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Q1) The primary purpose of the chi-square test and the tests for mean differences is to evaluate the strength of a relationship,while the primary purpose of a Pearson correlation is to measure the significance of the relationship.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following accurately describes the observed frequencies for a chi-square test?
A)They are always whole numbers.
B)They can contain fractions or decimal values.
C)They can contain both positive and negative values.
D)They are always the same value.
Q3) The data for a chi-square test for independence can be viewed either as representing one sample with two measurements for each participant or as two (or more)separate samples.
A)True
B)False
Q4) For a chi-square test,the observed frequencies are obtained from the sample.
A)True
B)False
19
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Chapter 18: The Binomial Test
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Q1) Explain the four specific cases in which a t test is inappropriate or inconvenient.
Q2) The sign test can be used as an alternative to the independent-measures t test.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A researcher obtains z = 3.00 for a binomial test.If a chi-square test for goodness of fit had been used instead of the binomial test,what value would be obtained for chi-square?
A)3
B)6
C)9
D)1/3
Q4) In a sign test,dividing the zero differences evenly between the two groups will increase the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis.
A)True
B)False
Q5) For a binomial test,if pn = 12 and qn = 36,then p = 0.25.
A)True
B)False
Q6) State the four-step procedure used in a binomial hypothesis test.
Page 20
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