Introduction to Research Methods
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Course Introduction
Introduction to Research Methods provides students with a foundational understanding of the principles, techniques, and processes involved in conducting scholarly research. The course covers a variety of research designs, including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, and explores key concepts such as hypothesis formulation, sampling, data collection, and analysis. Emphasis is placed on ethical considerations, critical evaluation of sources, and the effective communication of research findings. By the end of the course, students will be equipped with the skills necessary to design and conduct basic research studies, as well as to critically assess published research within their field of study.
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Research Methods The Essential Knowledge Base 2nd Edition by Trochim
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Q1) The research-practice continuum starts with ____.
A)applied research
B)implementation research
C)basic research
D)policy research
Answer: C
Q2) What is evidence-based practice and why does it matter?
Answer: The interpositioning of a synthesis and guideline process in the middle of the research-practice continuum has transformed virtually every area of applied social research practice in our society.The term that is most associated with this change is evidence-based practice.It originated first in medicine as evidence-based medicine and then rapidly moved into other fields.Virtually every area of social practice today has an effort to integrate research and practice in this type of way.Evidence-based practice (EBP)is a movement designed to encourage or require practitioners to employ practices that are based on research evidence as reflected in research syntheses or practice guidelines.The EBP movement represents a major attempt of the research enterprise to achieve a better integration of research and practice.
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Chapter 2: Ethics Foundations of Ethics in Research
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Q1) FDA inspector Frances Kelsey refused to approve an application with what she viewed as insufficient safety data,even under pressure from her superiors,and thus,prevented the Thalidomide tragedy from occurring in the United States.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) The modern history of human-subject protections began at ____.
A)Nuremberg
B)Stanford
C)Belmont
D)Tuskegee
Answer: A
Q3) Research misconduct involving the appropriation of another person's ideas,processes,results,or words without giving appropriate credit is classified as ____.
A)plagiarism
B)falsification
C)fabrication
D)deception
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Qualitative Approaches to Research
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Q1) The credibility criterion involves establishing that the results of qualitative research are believable from the perspective of recognized experts in the area.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Research that uses a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods is referred to as _______________.
Answer: mixed methods research
Q3) The method of qualitative observation where the researcher becomes part of the culture or context being observed is referred to as _______________.
Answer: participant observation
Q4) Systematic analysis of text is referred to as _______________.
Answer: content analysis
Q5) Participant action research is one of the most objective forms of qualitative research.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Sampling Foundations of Sampling
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Q1) In what type of sample would you divide the sample into groups,typically along geographic lines,randomly select groups,and then measure all units within the sampled groups?
A)simple random
B)stratified random
C)systematic random
D)cluster random
Q2) What is purposive sampling? Illustrate with an example.
Q3) The group which you would ideally like to sample is the ____.
A)census
B)population
C)theoretical population
D)accessible population
Q4) Stratified random sampling that tries to ensure an equal number of units per group is also called ____ random sampling.
A)modal
B)disproportionate
C)independent
D)proportional
Q5) Explain the proximal similarity model with an example.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Introduction to Measurement
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Q1) Combining multiple independent measures to get at a more accurate estimate of a variable is referred to as ____.
A)triangulation
B)covariation
C)validation
D)imputation
Q2) In what level of measurement is the distance from one attribute to another meaningful?
A)nominal
B)ordinal
C)interval
D)ratio
Q3) In True Score Theory,the observed score = true ability + random error.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Random error is also called noise.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is content validity and how is it specified?
Q6) What is true score theory and why is it important?
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Chapter 6: Scales, Tests, and Indexes
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Q1) When the Method of Equal-Appearing Intervals is used,one of the criteria for the inclusion of an item in the final scale is based on ____.
A)the items statistical independence from the other questions
B)the size of the interquartile range of expert raters
C)whether the item as rated by experts has a high correlation with the total score across items
D)the lowest variability across judges
Q2) Who is using an index?
A)A teacher who counts the midterm for 20% of your grade,the final for 35%,and the term paper for 45%
B)A demographer who tracks the educational levels of immigrants
C)A neuropsychologist who administers a battery of diagnostic tests to individuals who have traumatic brain injuries
D)A university administrator who tracks graduation rates,employment rates,and income levels in recent college graduates
Q3) Guttman Scaling is also called _______________ scaling.
Q4) The first step in Thurstone,Likert,and Guttman,scaling is to define or develop the
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Chapter 7: Survey Research
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Q1) The questionnaire item "Please add any other comments" is an example of an unstructured response format.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which item is likely to be biased?
A)Have you experienced discrimination?
B)Have you ever been convicted of a felony?
C)Why does the media refuse to report the truth?
D)What is your age?
Q3) If there is a desire to maximize the response rate,a(n)____ is preferable.
A)group questionnaire
B)phone interview
C)mail questionnaire
D)e-mail questionnaire
Q4) A survey is a systematic way of asking people to volunteer information regarding their opinions and behaviors.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Identify and discuss the major issues related to bias in conducting surveys.
Q6) A "yes-no" question has a(n)_______________ response format.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Introduction to Design
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Q1) Pat notices that when thunder can be heard in the distance,her dog,Rudy hides under her desk,and she believes that the thunder causes Rudy to hide.She notices that Rudy does not hide in response to other loud noises,if,for example,she drops a cast iron pan in the kitchen.In experimental terms,Pat has observed ____.
A)temporal precedence
B)covariation
C)plausibility
D)causality
Q2) Pat notices that when thunder can be heard in the distance,her dog,Rudy,hides under her desk,and she believes that the thunder causes Rudy to hide.Her friend Gregg points out that there are other changes associated with thunder,including changes in barometric pressure.Gregg has pointed out a(n)____.
A)random variation
B)control factor
C)covariation bias
D)third variable problem
Q3) In research design notation,the letter O signifies a(n)_______________.
Q4) If there is random assignment,a research study can be said to be a(n)_______________.
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Chapter 9: Experimental Design
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Q1) A(n)____ is a situation in which treatments have no effect.
A)null case
B)main effect
C)interaction effect
D)crossover case
Q2) A design in which some cells or combinations in a factorial design are intentionally left empty is said to be ____.
A)imperfect
B)incomplete
C)partial
D)limited
Q3) What effect is illustrated in the accompanying figure?
A)null case
B)main effect
C)interaction effect
D)crossover case
Q4) Experimental design is generally strong against selection-history threats.
A)True
B)False
Q5) In the _______________,the treatment has no effect.
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Chapter 10: Quasi-Experimental Design
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Q1) In what type of design are the people who receive the pretest are not the same as the people who take the posttest?
A)non-equivalent groups
B)regression discontinuity
C)proxy-pretest
D)separate pre-post samples
Q2) Ken decides to implement his intervention at one daycare but not the other,and after the intervention is complete,he administers the reading readiness test again to both groups of children.His results are shown in the accompanying figure.This figure most suggests the existence of a(n)____ threat.
A)instrumentation
B)testing
C)selection
D)diffusion
Q3) The _______________ design allows the researcher to give the intervention to those who need it the most,based on the use of cut-off scores.
Q4) How does the switching-replications design enhance generalizability?
Q5) The most commonly used quasi-experimental design is the _______________ design.
Page 12
Q6) How does the double-pretest design address selection-maturation threats?
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Chapter 11: Introduction to Data Analysis
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Q1) Robb carefully designed a study to test a method for reducing test anxiety among students.On the day he conducts his post-test,a broken water main nearby results in jack hammering and other construction sounds that are seem to be distracting research participants.Robb's ability to detect differences among his groups may have been compromised by ____.
A)low reliability of the measure
B)random heterogeneity of participants
C)poor reliability of treatment implementation
D)random irrelevancies in the setting
Q2) Descriptive statistics deal with whether or not a statistically significant difference exists.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The ____ is the highest score minus the lowest score.
A)dispersion
B)median
C)mode
D)range
Q4) What is statistical power and how can it be increased?
Q5) The _______________ is the score found at the exact middle of the set of values.
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Chapter 12: Inferential Analysis
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Q1) The t-test,one-way ANOVA,and regression analysis are mathematically equivalent and yield the same results in a two-group case.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Only one pretest-posttest score pair reflects the treated group in the ____ design.
A)RD
B)RPD
C)NEGD
D)ANCOVA
Q3) A common metric for comparing and integrating results across studies is
Q4) Discuss the four possible outcomes of a study with respect to statistical and practical significance.
Q5) What are dummy variables and how are they used in the GLM?
Q6) The randomized block design reduces noise or variance in the data.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Discuss regression-discontinuity analysis in terms of regression.
Q8) The error term in the GLM is also called the _______________.
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Chapter 13: Communicating Research
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Q1) An abstract is limited to ____ words.
A)50 to 100
B)100 to 150
C)150 to 200
D)200 to 250
Q2) Under what circumstances should an author's full first and last names and affiliation be included with a citation in the body of the text?
A)always
B)never
C)when there is more than one citation for an author with that last name,in that publication year
D)when there is more than one citation for that author
Q3) The last section in an APA-style paper is the_______________.
Q4) In general,the introduction section of an APA-style paper should be ____ pages long.
A)one to two
B)two to three
C)three to four
D)four to five
Q5) In an APA-style paper,what are the two components of citing other research?
Page 15
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