Introduction to Research Methods
Final Exam
Course Introduction
Introduction to Research Methods provides students with a foundational understanding of how systematic inquiry is conducted across academic disciplines. The course covers essential concepts such as formulating research questions, designing studies, selecting appropriate methodologies (both qualitative and quantitative), and collecting and analyzing data. Students will also explore ethical considerations in research, techniques for literature review, and skills for critically evaluating research findings. By the end of the course, students will be equipped to design and implement their own small-scale research projects and effectively interpret and apply research results in their academic work.
Recommended Textbook
Methods in Behavioral Research 12th Edition by Paul Coz
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Scientific Understanding of Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) The statement, "High school seniors with higher SAT scores will have higher GPAs in college" is an example of _____ behavior.
A)predicting
B)describing
C)explaining
D)understanding
Answer: A
Q2) The statement, "The average IQ score of children in the Central School District is 108" helps _____ behavior.
A)explain
B)describe
C)determine
D)predict
Answer: B
Q3) _____ is the idea that knowledge is based on observations.
A)Fanaticism
B)Didacticism
C)Empiricism
D)Skepticism
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Where to Start
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Sample Questions
Q1) In which section of a research article does a researcher review the research from various perspectives, give all possible explanations for the results, and elaborate on why one explanation is superior to another?
A)The introduction
B)The method section
C)The results section
D)The discussion section
Answer: D
Q2) Which section of a research article includes a description of exactly how the study was designed and conducted?
A)The introduction
B)The method section
C)The results section
D)The discussion section
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Ethics in Behavioral Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____ risk is a type of research activity which means that the risks of harm to participants are no greater than risks encountered in daily life or in routine physical or psychological tests.
A)Minor
B)Manageable
C)Minimal
D)Moderate
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following principles of the Belmont Report requires that individuals be capable of making deliberate decisions about whether to participate in research?
A)Deliberation
B)Beneficence
C)Autonomy
D)Justice
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Fundamental Research Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true of the nonexperimental method?
A)With the nonexperimental method, one variable is manipulated and the other is then measured.
B)The problem of direction of cause and effect is not the most serious drawback to the nonexperimental method.
C)Both variables can be directly manipulated and controlled to arrive at results.
D)It eliminates the influence of all potential confounding third variables on the dependent variable.
Q2) _____ validity is the extent to which results of a study can be generalized to other populations and settings.
A)Linear
B)External
C)Construct
D)Internal
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Chapter 5: Measurement Concepts
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Sample Questions
Q1) Face validity refers to whether or not the measure:
A)yields the same score for the same participant across different circumstances.
B)predicts some future behavior or outcomes.
C)correlates negatively with other measures of the same variable.
D)appears to accurately assess the intended variable.
Q2) _____ reliability is assessed by measuring the same individuals at two points in time.
A)Test-retest
B)Interrater
C)Alternate forms
D)Split-half
Q3) A food critic rates restaurants according to the quality of food, service, and atmosphere. She assigns 4 stars for excellent, 3 for good, 2 for fair, and 1 star for poor. In the context of scales of measurement, this is an example of a(n) _____ scale.
A)nominal
B)ordinal
C)interval
D)ratio
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Chapter 6: Observational Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an accurate statement about case studies?
A)Case studies are not useful for examining rare or unusual events.
B)Case studies are not useful in providing descriptions of individuals.
C)Case studies do not overlap with naturalistic observation.
D)Case studies do not necessarily involve naturalistic observation.
Q2) A disadvantage of naturalistic observation is that it cannot be used to:
A)study all issues or phenomena.
B)investigate complex social settings.
C)provide a complete picture of what occurred in a setting.
D)develop theories based on the observations of the study.
Q3) Content analysis and systematic observation are similar because both _____.
A)require researchers to devise coding systems
B)depend on qualitative data
C)are forms of laboratory experiments
D)require concealed participation
Q4) The goal of naturalistic observation is to:
A)test hypotheses formed prior to the study.
B)conduct research in experimental rather than real environments.
C)get quick answers to theoretical questions.
D)provide a complete and accurate picture of what occurred in a setting.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) To study diversity in an organization, 10 employees belonging to different departments are brought together by a psychologist to discuss their perceptions of diversity in the company. In the context of interviews, this is an example of a(n) _____.
A)panel study
B)focus group
C)internet-based study
D)online survey research
Q2) When constructing a survey, researchers should place the most interesting and important questions:
A)at the beginning of the survey.
B)in the middle of the survey.
C)at the end of the survey.
D)scattered throughout the survey.
Q3) Which of the following is an advantage of convenience samples?
A)They provide accurate representation of the entire population.
B)They are very effective in eliminating sample bias.
C)They make it cheaper for the researcher to obtain research participants.
D)They help in generalizing the research data to the entire U.S. population.
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Chapter 8: Experimental Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following does NOT increase the likelihood of internal validity?
A)Use of control for extraneous variables
B)Use of random assignment
C)Use of a pretest
D)Use of experimental control
Q2) Dante would like to conduct a study in which participants taste five different brands of honey and decide which one they like best. To control for order effects, Dante should use _____.
A)constancy
B)randomization
C)elimination
D)counterbalancing
Q3) A confounding variable is problematic for an experimental design because it:
A)increases the variability in the data.
B)increases the internal reactivity of the experiment.
C)makes possible alternative explanations for the results.
D)eliminates alternative explanations for the results.
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Chapter 9: Conducting Experiments
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Sample Questions
Q1) In order to analyze the effects of a new drug for anxiety developed by Solvit Wellness Inc., the researchers conduct a study on two groups. Both groups are informed about the usefulness of the drug in treating anxiety. However, only group A receives an injection of the actual drug, while group B receives an injection containing an inert substance. In this case, what is group B known as?
A)Placebo group
B)High-anxiety group
C)Topical group
D)Experimental group
Q2) Identify a reason for using staged manipulation.
A)To simulate some situation that occurs in the real world
B)To keep all extraneous variables under control
C)To create some physiological state in the confederates
D)To manipulate a dependent variable with relative simplicity
Q3) What is the reason for using multiple measures?
A)A variable can be measured in a variety of concrete ways.
B)The order of presenting the measures need not be counterbalanced.
C)Responding to the first measures seldom affects responses on the later measures.
D)Making multiple measurements is less expensive and easy to implement.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Complex Experimental Designs
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Sample Questions
Q1) A study involves a 3 × 4 × 2 factorial design. How many independent variables are being studied?
A)24
B)9
C)4
D)3
Q2) A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating room temperature (cold, warm, or hot); noise level (quiet or loud); and room color (pink, blue, or black). Identify the possible number of main effects.
A)1
B)2
C)3
D)8
Q3) An IV × PV design has:
A)two manipulated variables.
B)two nonmanipulated variables.
C)one manipulated and one nonmanipulated variable.
D)more than two manipulated independent variables.
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Chapter 11: Single-Case, Quasi-Experimental, and Developmental Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the context of one-group pretest-posttest design, maturation effects occur when:
A)taking a pretest changes the participant's behavior.
B)participants change over time and become bored or fatigued.
C)a confounding event occurs at the same time as the experimental manipulation.
D)the basic characteristics of the measuring instrument change over time.
Q2) _____ usually occurs when participants who form the two groups in an experiment are chosen from existing natural groups.
A)History effect
B)Regression toward the mean
C)Cohort effect
D)Selection bias
Q3) Which of the following is a variation of the multiple baseline design?
A)Across subjects
B)Across treatments
C)Across effects
D)Across experiments
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13
Chapter 12: Understanding Research Results: Description and
Correlation
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Sample Questions
Q1) The standard deviation would be an appropriate measure of variability only if the variable is measured on:
A)nominal and ratio scales.
B)ordinal and nominal scales.
C)interval and ratio scales.
D)optimal and interval scales.
Q2) Which of the following is a common manipulation used by scientists and advertisers when representing data on a bar graph?
A)The independent variable is represented on the vertical axis instead of the horizontal axis.
B)The dependent variable is represented on the horizontal axis instead of the vertical axis.
C)The distance between points on the measurement scale is exaggerated to make the results appear more dramatic than they are.
D)The data is presented using only bar graphs and histograms to exaggerate the difference between the variables.
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Chapter 13: Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
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Sample Questions
Q1) A consumer analyst asks participants to rate the comfort of the ride for two brands of all-terrain tires-Trail Cushion and Mud Handler. Trail Cushion is rated more comfortable with a mean of 5.5 than Mud Handler, which is found to have a mean of 4.3. The Type I error would be to conclude that Trail Cushion is:
A)more comfortable than Mud Handler when a true difference in comfort exists.
B)no more comfortable than Mud Handler when Trail Cushion is actually more comfortable.
C)no more comfortable than Mud Handler when no difference in comfort exists.
D)more comfortable than Mud Handler when the two tires are equally comfortable.
Q2) A consumer analyst asks participants to rate the health benefits of two health drinks-EnerG and Supreme. EnerG is rated more nutritive with a mean of 5.5 than Supreme, which is found to have a mean of 4.3. The Type II error would be to conclude that EnerG is:
A)more nutritious than Supreme when a true difference in health benefits exists.
B)no more nutritious than Supreme when EnerG actually provides more health benefits.
C)no more nutritious than Supreme when no difference in health benefits exists.
D)more nutritious than Supreme when the two brands provide similar health benefits.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Generalization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements accurately describes literature reviews and meta-analyses?
A)A narrative review allows statistical, quantitative conclusions, whereas a meta-analysis provides directions for future study.
B)Unlike a traditional literature review, a meta-analysis begins with a body of previous research on a topic.
C)Both narrative reviews and meta-analyses provide valuable information and are, in fact, often complementary.
D)Without conducting a meta-analysis, a background in meta-analysis alone is not beneficial when reviewing research findings.
Q2) One way to increase one's knowledge of generalization to other subject populations is to:
A)avoid including variables like gender, age, or ethnic group in the experimental design.
B)use relevant and appropriate subject type variables in the experimental design.
C)use volunteers only.
D)prohibit research on animals.
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