Introduction to Research Methods
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Research Methods provides students with the foundational concepts and techniques essential for conducting systematic inquiry in various academic disciplines. The course covers key topics such as the formulation of research questions, development of hypotheses, qualitative and quantitative research designs, data collection and analysis methods, ethical considerations, and the interpretation and presentation of research findings. Emphasizing critical thinking and practical application, the course prepares students to evaluate existing research and to design and implement their own research projects with academic rigor.
Recommended Textbook
Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences 4th Edition by Frederick J Gravetter
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction, Acquiring Knowledge, and the Scientific Method
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Q1) A group of students in a cooking class is trying to find a faster way to bake a cake.They know that it takes 30 minutes to bake a cake at 350 degrees,so they figure that it should take only 15 minutes at 700 degrees.These students are using the _________ to solve the problem.
A) method of empiricism
B)rational method
C)method of authority
D)scientific method
Answer: B
Q2) Describe how the rational method and the method of empiricism are both utilized as parts of the scientific method.
Answer: The rational method is used to develop a hypothesis based on observations (inductive reasoning)and when the hypothesis is used to make predictions (deductive reasoning)that will be tested.The method of empiricism is used when scientists make systematic,planned observations to evaluate the predictions from their hypothesis.
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Chapter 2: Research Ideas
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Q1) Which section of a research article is most likely to help you develop ideas for selecting participants and measuring the variables for your own study?
A)introduction
B)method
C)results
D)abstract
Answer: B
Q2) The danger of full-text databases is that
A)they contain non-refereed publications.
B)they contain too many publications to be useful.
C)they contain secondary sources only.
D)they contain only a fraction of the publications in an area.
Answer: D
Q3) A textbook is a primary source.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Defining and Measuring Variables
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Q1) What additional information is obtained by measuring on an ordinal scale compared to a nominal scale?
A)whether the measurements are the same or different
B)the direction of the differences
C)the size of the differences
D)none of the above
Answer: B
Q2) What additional information is obtained by measuring on an interval scale compared to an ordinal scale?
A)whether the measurements are the same or different
B)the direction of the differences
C)the size of the differences
D)none of the above
Answer: C
Q3) A measurement procedure is valid if it
A)produces measurements that are stable and consistent.
B)measures what you intend it to measure.
C)produces measurements that make sense.
D)produces measurements that are obvious.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Ethics in Research
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Q1) Which of the following was not mentioned as a safeguard against fraud?
A)careful review by the IRB
B)potential replication of the research
C)peer review of the research report
D)the consequences of being found guilty of fraud
Q2) Which of the following is the focus of ethical concern?
A)right versus wrong
B)moral versus immoral
C)truth versus falsehood
D)proper versus improper
Q3) Milgram's obedience study is ethically questionable because
A)the participants were deceived.
B)the shocks posed a threat of physical harm.
C)the participants were psychologically harmed.
D)the participants' confidentiality was not protected.
Q4) One safeguard against fraud is review by the IRB.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe a situation where it may be permissible to dispense with informed consent.
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Chapter 5: Selecting Research Participants
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Questions
Q1) A professor teaching an introductory psychology class of 200 obtains a sample of 25 students by selecting every 8?? name from the class list.The professor is using
A)simple random sampling.
B)convenience sampling.
C)proportionate stratified random sampling.
D) systematic sampling.
Q2) If you cannot list all the individuals in the population,then you cannot take a simple random sample.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Describe the basic distinction between probability sampling and nonprobability and explain why most psychology research uses nonprobability methods.
Q4) The technique of quota sampling is most similar to A)simple random sampling.
B)stratified random sampling.
C)cluster sampling.
D)systematic sampling.
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7
Chapter 6: Research Strategies and Validity
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Q1) A research study finds that a group of participants who received relaxation training had lower exam anxiety scores than a group who did not receive training.However,the researcher suspects that the difference between groups may be caused by the fact that the participants in one group are generally smarter than those in the other.This study has a problem with
A)internal validity.
B)external validity.
C)experimental validity.
D)correlational validity.
Q2) A researcher designs a study to determine whether female preschoolers prefer sweetened or unsweetened cereal.The researcher uses a box of sweetened colorful cereal and a box of unsweetened tan colored cereal.The research finds that the group of preschoolers ate more of the sweetened colorful cereal and therefore prefers the sweetened cereal.Which two variables are confounded in this experiment?
A)color of the cereal and children's gender
B)color of the cereal and sweetness of the cereal
C)sweetness of the cereal and amount of eating
D)children's gender and amount of eating
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Chapter 7: The Experimental Research Strategy
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Q1) Dr.Adams is studying how the quality of breakfast influences academic performance for elementary school children.A sample of 100 children is selected.Fifty children are provided with a nutritious breakfast when they arrive at school each morning.The other 50 children are given a doughnut each morning.After three months,Dr.Adams records the academic achievement level for each child and compares the two groups of scores.In this example,how many levels are there for the independent variable?
A)100
B)50
C)2
D)1
Q2) In an experiment examining how alcohol influences men's judgments of female attractiveness,one group of participants is given non-alcoholic beer before they make their judgments.This would be classified as a placebo control condition.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Explain how simulation and field studies increase external validity.
Q4) Describe and differentiate the three methods to control extraneous variables.
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Chapter 8: Experimental Designs: Between-Subjects Design
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Q1) What is the most common statistical analysis for a single-factor multiple-group design?
A)ANOVA
B)Independent-measures t test
C)Repeated-measures t test
D)Regression
Q2) When comparing means in a two-group design,which statistical analysis is most appropriate?
A)independent-measures t test
B)repeated-measures t test
C)single-factor analysis of variance
D)chi-square test for independence
Q3) A between-subjects experiment comparing three treatments requires three separate groups of participants.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the basic characteristics of a between-subjects experiment.
Q5) Describe the advantages and disadvantages of holding a participant characteristic constant in a between-subjects experiment.
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Chapter 9: Experimental Designs: Within-Subjects Design
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Q1) Using a Latin square to counterbalance a within-subjects experiment ensures that every possible ordering of treatment conditions is used.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Random assignment is used to control order effects in a within-subjects experiment. A)True
B)False
Q3) In a within-subjects design,the term "participant attrition" refers to the possibility that
A) the scores may differ from one treatment to another because of outside events.
B) the scores may differ from one treatment to another because of changes in the measuring instrument.
C) the scores may differ from one treatment to another because the participants gain experience in each treatment.
D) some of the individuals in the study may leave without completing all of the treatment conditions.
Q4) Describe the limitations or problems that can occur with counterbalancing.
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Chapter 10: The Nonexperimental and Quasi-Experimental Strategies: Nonequivalent Group, Pre-Post, and Developmental Designs
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Q1) The internal validity of the pre-post designs is threatened by A)threats related to time.
B)threats related to differences between groups.
C)differential effects.
D)the other three choices are all threats to pre-post designs.
Q2) Quasi-experimental studies attempt to minimize threats to validity but nonexperimental studies make little or no attempt.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Last year the state increased the speed limit on one section of a highway from 55 to 65 mph.To evaluate the effect of the change,a researcher gathered accident reports for six months before the change and for six months after the change.This is an example of A)a time-series design.
B)an interrupted time-series design.
C)a cross-sectional design.
D)a longitudinal design.
Q4) Describe the similarities and differences between experiments and nonexperiments or quasi-experiments.
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Chapter 11: Factorial Designs
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Q1) Order effects can be measured and evaluated with a A)counterbalanced single-factor within-subjects design.
B)factorial design using a participant variable (such as age)as a second factor.
C)factorial design using the order of treatments as a second factor.
D)the other three choices can each be used to assess order effects.
Q2) In a 3*4 factorial design there are ________ main effect(s)and ________interaction(s)possible.
A)3; 4
B)2; 3
C)2; 1
D)1; 2
Q3) Which of the following is not a possible outcome from a 2*2 factorial design?
A)two main effects and an interaction
B)two main effects and no interaction
C)no main effect for either factor but an interaction
D)The other three choices are all possible outcomes.
Q4) Explain what it means to say that main effects and interactions are all independent.
Q5) Describe how a second factor can be used to reduce the variance in a between-subjects experiment.
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Chapter 12: The Correlational Research Strategy
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Q1) The electric company uses the correlation between summer temperatures and energy consumption to anticipate energy demands.In this example,temperature is the criterion variable.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following pairs of variables should produce a correlation near zero?
A)model year (2003,2004,etc.)and price for a used Honda
B) driving distance from college and weekly cost of gas for a group of commuting college students
C)number of hours studying and number of errors on a math exam
D)IQ and weight for a group of third-grade students
Q3) A statistically significant correlation means that the correlation is large and strong.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Correlations are often used to help demonstrate the reliability and validity of measurement.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Descriptive Research Strategy
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Q1) Rosenham's research investigating the experiences of mental patients and patient-staff interactions in psychiatric hospitals is an example of
A)participant observation.
B)naturalistic observation.
C)correlational research.
D)case study research.
Q2) A case study typically involves the detailed study of
A)a single disease or psychiatric disorder.
B)a single clinical treatment.
C)a single group such as a fraternity or an athletic team.
D)a single individual.
Q3) One disadvantage of open-ended questions is that the responses can be very difficulty to summarize and analyze.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Under what circumstances is a case study the preferred technique for gathering information.
Q5) Outline the major advantages and disadvantages of administering a survey by mail.
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Chapter 14: Single-Subject Research Designs
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Q1) The goal of single-subject designs is to demonstrate that the manipulation of a treatment is responsible for causing changes in behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In a single-subject phase change study,it does not matter how long it takes for behavior to change after a phase change as long as there eventually is a large change in behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A stable level within a phase is defined as
A)a set of observations that cluster around a horizontal line when graphed.
B)a set of observations that cluster around a line sloping up to the right when graphed.
C)a set of observations that cluster around a line sloping down to the right when graphed.
D)a series of observations that all have exactly the same magnitude.
Q4) Discuss the general advantages and disadvantages of single-subject research compared to traditional group designs.
Q5) Describe the goal of a single-subject research study.
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Chapter 15: Statistical Evaluation of Data
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Q1) Statistical methods that use sample data to answer general questions about a population are called A)parameters.
B)statistics.
C)descriptive statistics.
D)inferential statistics.
Q2) For a within-subjects study evaluating the mean difference between two treatment conditions,the appropriate hypothesis test is
A)independent-measures t test.
B)repeated-measures t test.
C)single-factor analysis of variance.
D)chi-square test for independence.
Q3) The median is the most commonly used measure of central tendency.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is the definition of variance?
A)the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores
B)the average distance from the mean
C)the square root of the average distance from the mean
D)the average squared distance from the mean
17
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Chapter 16: Writing a Research Report
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Q1) Each subsection of the method sections of an APA-style research report begins with a heading (such as Subjects or Participants)
A)centered and typed in boldface type.
B)at the left margin and typed in boldface type.
C)centered and typed in italics.
D)at the left margin and typed in italics.
Q2) When reporting statistical significance of inferential statistics,what items should be included?
Q3) An abstract of a research report typically contains
A)a review of the literature.
B)the research question or problem.
C)new information not included in the paper.
D)figures and/or tables.
Q4) A poster for a conference simply involves posting your written research report.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Every item listed in the references must be cited in the paper.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What is the purpose of a research report?
Page 18
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