Introduction to Psychology
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Psychology provides a comprehensive overview of the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. This course explores foundational concepts in psychology, including perception, learning, memory, motivation, development, personality, psychological disorders, and social interactions. Students will learn about the major theoretical perspectives and research methods used in psychology, fostering critical thinking and an appreciation for the diversity of human experience. Through lectures, discussions, and practical examples, students will gain insights into how psychological principles influence everyday life and broader society.
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Social Psychology 1st Edition by Thomas E. Heinzen
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Page 2
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Social Psychology
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Q1) In a social psychological study, a group of students are left in a classroom during an exam and observed to determine whether they will choose to cheat. Which important question of social psychology does this study seek to explore
A) Are we shaped more by biological factors of environmental factors
B) Is personality or environment more influential
C) Are people basically good or basically evil
D) What are the benefits and drawbacks of living in groups?
Answer: C
Q2) Many psychologists note that pitting nature and nurture against one another is an example of a false _____.
A) conflict
B) interaction
C) cognition
D) dichotomy
Answer: D
Q3) A double-blind experiment helps to ensure all groups are relatively equal.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Research Methods
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Q1) Statistical significance means that a pattern of data likely didn't happen by chance.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Virginia tells the study participants not to write their names on the tops of their surveys so that their answers will be anonymous. She is likely trying to ensure which aspect of ethical research
A) informed consent
B) confidentiality
C) right to withdraw
D) debriefing
Answer: B
Q3) What does the "p" in p value stand for
A) possibility
B) potential
C) probability
D) psychological
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: The Social Self
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following refers to the self we would like to become
A) actual self
B) ideal self
C) ought self
D) conceptual self
Answer: B
Q2) Lindsey is an avid traveller. No matter where she travels, she always finds stray cats and photographs them. A friend describes her as a "cat fanatic." Although she has never thought of herself that way, she decides that perhaps she is a fan of cats. Which of the following theories does this exemplify
A) self-schema theory
B) social identity theory
C) social comparison theory
D) self-perception theory
Answer: D
Q3) Those who are high self-monitors may come across as inauthentic.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Social Cognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which best reflects a statement made by a satisficer
A) I often pack too much when going on vacation because I want to have choices.
B) I find it difficult to pick the right gift for a friend.
C) I believe that "Perfect is the enemy of the good."
D) I sometimes leave a store with no purchases because I could not make decisions.
Q2) Which of the following is the best example of optimistic bias
A) I received an excellent recommendation from my teacher.
B) I can sew well enough to make a dress.
C) I am a better cook than my sister.
D) I am a better driver than most people.
Q3) What is a collection of associations called
A) mental accessibility
B) priming
C) semantic network
D) heuristics
Q4) Discuss an example of how experience improves mental accessibility.
Q5) Intuition is the ability to know something quickly and automatically.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Person Perception
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Q1) Which of the following was true of murderers who lied about searching for missing relatives
A) They blinked more often than people telling the truth.
B) They shifted nervously more often than truthful people.
C) They used fewer words in their pleas than truthful people.
D) They were more likely than truthful people to grimace before speaking.
Q2) Which is an attribution type that is also called dispositional
A) noncommon
B) external
C) internal
D) just world
Q3) Chana believes that people are poor because of insufficient education and government neglect. Chana likely has ______.
A) external locus of control
B) defensive attributions
C) consistency
D) internal attributions
Q4) Our expectations are unlikely to have any effect on the behavior of strangers.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Attitudes and Persuasion
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Q1) The foot-in-the-door technique is characterized by first making a large request and then a smaller one.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Festinger proposed that doomsday cult members became more committed to their groups after the proposed "doomsday" came and went in order to avoid ______.
A) cognitive dissonance
B) sufficient justification
C) self-justification
D) rationalization trap
Q3) Wilson likes his neighbor, and forgave him for ruining his new lawn mower. But Wilson still feels annoyance when his neighbor asks to borrow other items. What term best describes Wilson's viewpoint of his neighbor
A) implicit attitudes
B) dual attitudes
C) explicit attitudes
D) uni-valenced decisions
Q4) List one aspect of a source variable and show its connection to persuasion.
Q5) Explain how commitment and consistency are related to the lowball technique.
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Chapter 7: Social Influence: Conformity, Social Roles, and Obedience
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Q1) How was it decided which volunteers were "prisoners" and which were "guards" in the Stanford Prison Experiment
A) Those with greater authoritarian tendencies were chosen to be guards.
B) Those with delinquency in their backgrounds were chosen to be prisoners.
C) Those with the highest grades were chosen to be guards.
D) The roles were randomly assigned.
Q2) Albert wears a large top hat on his school's "goofy hat day." This is an example of what
A) conformity
B) compliance
C) obedience
D) social roles
Q3) What was the seeming method of punishment in the famous Milgram experiments
A) electric shock
B) beating with a club
C) social ostracism
D) verbal abuse
Q4) Discuss the methodological and ethical problems of the Stanford prison experiment. How might you investigate this topic in a better way?
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Group Processes
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Q1) According to Fiedler, which type of leader uses inspiration and group cohesiveness to motivate group members
A) social leaders
B) transformational leaders
C) transactional leaders
D) task leaders
Q2) Talia wants to be unique, but not be "weird." She is trying to achieve optimal distinctiveness.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Antoine has spent several hours working on a difficult crochet pattern and keeps having to redo stitches. He would probably be better starting again with a simpler pattern but resists because of the effort invested. Why doesn't he start again?
Q4) The idea that groups like Wikipedia are more accurate because of multiple editors is called "wisdom of crowds."
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain how a group can provide a sense of identity. Give at least two examples.
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Chapter 9: Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination
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Q1) Tatiana believes that all religions lead to God, they just take different paths to get there. Her beliefs best reflect what
A) religion as quest
B) fundamentalism
C) intrinsic religiosity
D) low religiosity
Q2) Some questions include more than one basic idea and confuse people who might agree with one item, but not the other. Such an item is called ______.
A) reverse scored
B) Likert
C) double-barreled
D) forced choice
Q3) "I'll never get a loan because Jews control all the banks." This statement is an example of envious prejudice.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Name one study that shows the effect of cooperation on racism.
Q5) Compare and contrast extrinsic and intrinsic religiosity and explain their connection to prejudice.
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Chapter 10: Helping Prosocial Behavior
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Q1) What is the concept that each individual has a duty to improve the world by helping those in need
A) the social responsibility norm
B) negative state relief
C) Hamilton's Inequality
D) pure altruism
Q2) What is the motivation to live up to one's own standards of morality and ethics
A) communion
B) moral integrity
C) Machiavellianism
D) moral hypocrisy
Q3) Many charities mail out address labels hoping to inspire what
A) reciprocal altruism
B) pure altruism
C) empathy-altruism
D) egotistic altruism
Q4) If you take responsibility for helping someone, you will definitely help them.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Aggression
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Q1) James is often angry. On his coach's advice, James hits the heavy bag or shadow boxes whenever he is angry. What is the most likely outcome
A) James' real boxing skills will weaken from his overuse of mock fighting.
B) The regular venting of frustration will eventually calm James' temper.
C) James will continue to be angry and may even get more angry.
D) The coach will get fired for suggesting mock violence as a solution.
Q2) Show how catharsis is not effective in reducing aggression. Provide two examples.
Q3) Punching someone who just insulted your mother is an example of what
A) hostile aggression
B) proactive aggression
C) instrumental aggression
D) microassault
Q4) Which of the following statements is likely to be made by a man who believes in a culture of honor
A) It is important for everyone to act bravely.
B) A real man doesn't fret about his masculinity.
C) Boys aren't obliged to defend girls.
D) It is important for a man to be able to take pain.
Q5) What is a term for when human or animal behavior is determined by biology?
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Chapter 12: Intimate Relationships
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Q1) Which of the following is considered a universally attractive trait
A) eye shape
B) hair color
C) body weight
D) bilateral symmetry
Q2) Which refers to the third variable that may predict relationship commitment
A) costs
B) rewards
C) alternatives
D) investments
Q3) According to social exchange theory, what occurs when you enter a relationship
A) You expend high levels of energy.
B) You have your worldview validated.
C) You cease to be an independent entity.
D) You gain self-confidence.
Q4) Which term is used to specifically describe a woman with multiple male partners
A) polyandry
B) polygyny
C) polygamy
D) interdependent
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Chapter 13: Social Psychology and a Sustainable Environment
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Q1) Terrestrial animals are most affected by climate change
A)True
B)False
Q2) Choose a sound that you consider to be noise. Use the three components of what makes noise to support your answer.
Q3) You are a social psychologist who is assessing the reliability and validity of an environmental research study's conclusion. In which way are you responding to the unique threat posed by multple threshold effects
A) evaluating scientific claim
B) prioritizing what environmental faucet needs fixing
C) persuading others that science has value
D) analyzing data regarding the extent of enviornmental damage
Q4) What is a sustainable environment
A) environment that allows stronger living things to flourish
B) environment that separates endangers living things from others
C) environment that allows living things to adapt and survive
D) environment that confines living things to specific habitats
Q5) What is the tragedy of commons? What is its relationship to the sustainability crisis?
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Chapter 14: Social Psychology of Law and the Courtroom
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Q1) Melinda decides to major in criminology and forensic psychology because she is fascinated by crime dramas, such as NCIS and Law and Order. Melinda is likely experiencing which of the following
A) moral panic
B) CSI effect
C) presupposition
D) cocercion
Q2) Which of the following are among the most enduring television plot devices
A) evaluators
B) dispute mediators
C) trial consultants
D) reformers
Q3) What act helped may psychology more acceptable in the legal field
A) a psychologist's article on applying psychological ideals in legal proceedings
B) a counselor speaking on behalf of a client in court
C) a sociologist's analysis of trends in social behaviorthat affect legal issues
D) a lawyer citing data showing a relationship between behavior and psychology
Q4) What opinion might a judge have of dispute mediators and why might a judge have this opinion?
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Chapter 15: Social Psychology of Stress and Health
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Q1) What is the basis of the Yerkes-Dodson law
A) Small amounts of stress may induce optimal performance.
B) Small amounts of stress may induce heart attack.
C) Large amounts of stress may hinder performance.
D) Large amounts of stress make us vulnerable to disease.
Q2) What does the theory of cognitive dissonance propose
A) People may have declining health when exposed to small amounts of stress over time.
B) People are motivated to change when they hold incompatible beliefs and behaviors.
C) People of certain personality types have the ability to stay physiologically calm.
D) People require high cognitive ability and good memories to adhere to treatment planes.
Q3) Benita loans her sister money. What is this an example of A) mindfulness
B) social support
C) hardy personality
D) resilient personality
Q4) What role do summative and formative assessment play in medical care?
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17
Chapter 16: Social Psychology and Happiness: Positive
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Q1) What areas of overlap exist between sports psychology and positive psychology?
Q2) The disease model is the negative, historical approach to psychology that was desperately needed during WWII.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is an example of positive individual traits
A) eliminating use of performance-enhancing drugs
B) reducing fan expressions of prejudice
C) promoting integrity and respect among students
D) correcting our colleges profit from athletics
Q4) What is the relationship between positive psychology and the disease model used in medicine?
Q5) What is an example of a positive subjective experience in sports psychology
A) eliminating use of performance-enhancing drugs
B) reducing fan expressions of prejudice
C) creating fairness among players
D) correcting our colleges profit from athletics
Q6) Positive psychology is another term for social psychology.
A)True
B)False
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Social Psychology and Behavioral
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Q1) Standard game theory is based on the behavioral economic model.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following describes how thoughts are influenced by mental shortcuts, misperception, and emotional biases
A) loss aversion
B) irrational economic thinking
C) rational economic thinking
D) prospect theory
Q3) Aria is a college student living on a strict budget. She goes to the mall with friends and resolves to not spend any money but finds a scarf that she really likes. Pragmatically, she knows she cannot afford the scarf, but she still wants to buy it. This example shows ______.
A) the boundary between Aria's rational and irrational economic thought
B) the natural cognitive limits of Aria's ability to make a rational economic decision
C) how Aria makes predictable mistakes when weighing outcomes and probabilities
D) how Aria uses the standard economic model in practice
Q4) What can the ultimatum game be used to research?
Q5) Create and describe your own example of the prisoner's dilemma.
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Chapter 18: Social Psychology and Relationship Violence
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Q1) Which type of prevention seeks to help and empower individual victims of violence
A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) affective
Q2) Which of the following refers to moments that are catalysts which spur victims of violence to finally leave violent relationships permanently
A) self-reclaiming actions
B) seeds of doubt
C) last straw events
D) objective reappraisals
Q3) Some argue that the word "victim" should never be used because it connotes "helplessness and pity."
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe faulty affective forecasting and its effects in victims experiencing relationship violence.
Q5) What is the relationship between minimizing and cognitive dissonance?
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Chapter 19: Social Psychology of Work:
Industrialorganizational Psychology
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Q1) The Hawthorne experiments caused a fundamental shift in I/O psychology.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A formal survey of employee morale is difficult due to which of the following
A) the problem of social desirability
B) the tendency to produce negative results
C) the creation of unnecessary employee anxiety
D) the sensitivity of workers toward fairness
Q3) During General Joseph Kuhn's time, there was a long-standing and deep divide between problem-solving, practicing psychologists and ______.
A) the army
B) the navy
C) pragmatic, evaluation-creating psychologists
D) theory-minded, academic psychologists
Q4) Describe an example of the Hawthorne effect that is either fictional or that you have witnessed/experienced.
Q5) A trustworthy test must be both reliable and valid.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 20: Social Psychology of Volunteerism and Internships
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Q1) Volunteering only benefits the causes it supports.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Volunteering to increase one's job prospects is especially helpful to who of the following
A) someone without a high school diploma
B) someone who lives in an urban area
C) someone with extensive work experience
D) someone switching career types
Q3) Regulating internships more closely may cause regulations to become ______ across different situations.
A) arbitrary
B) stifling
C) standard
D) confusing
Q4) Personality variables linked to volunteerism may help recruiting volunteers.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Describe the differences between egoism and altruism. Page 22
Q5) Provide an example of how the overjustification effect may occur.
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Chapter 21: Social Psychology and Personal Finance
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Q1) Which of the following refers to a set of brain neurons that respond to actual and anticipated rewards?
A) neural circuitry of reward
B) auction fever
C) mere ownership effect
D) endowment effect
Q2) Describe an example of the hedonic treadmill that you have experienced or that you have seen depicted in popular media (television, movie, book). In your description, note why this would be considered an example of the hedonic treadmill.
Q3) Discounts are a way for merchandisers to ______.
A) help consumers feel they've been "smart shoppers"
B) encourage use of new products
C) temporarily depress revenue in order to gain more customers
D) eliminate product habits
Q4) Widowhood has been shown to encourage the hedonic treadmill.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What role does opportunity of costs play in merchandiser's use of reference prices and discounts?
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Chapter 22: Social Psychology and Forgiveness
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Q1) People who are less concerns about reciprocity and keeping score likely have a(n)______orientation.
A) exchange
B) retributive
C) socially aware
D) communal
Q2) Which of the following refers to an internal process that has an offender in mind and leads to prosocial change following a transgression?
A) forgetfulness
B) forgiveness
C) reconciliation
D) hostility
Q3) Which of the following exemplifies exchange orientation in a romantic relationship?
A) One partner does house chores and the other does not.
B) One partner pays for dinner, the other partner pays for the next dinner.
C) One partner covers the student loans of the other partner.
D) One partner covers all expenses while the other partner searches for a job.
Q4) Describe an example of how one might forgive without forgetting.
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