Introduction to Psychology
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Psychology offers a comprehensive overview of the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. This course explores foundational psychological concepts, including perception, cognition, emotion, learning, development, personality, and social interactions. Students will examine major theoretical approaches, research methods, and the application of psychological principles to everyday life. Emphasis is placed on understanding human thought and behavior, the biological bases of behavior, and the influence of culture and society. Throughout the course, students will develop critical thinking skills and gain insights into how psychological science helps us understand ourselves and others.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Clinical Psychology 3rd Canadian Edition by John Hunsley
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Chapter 1: The Evolution of Clinical Psychology
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Q1) In 1952,Hans Eysenck's review of the effectiveness of psychotherapy concluded that A)psychotherapy was very effective for reducing symptoms compared to receiving no therapy.
B)psychotherapy was no more effective for reducing symptoms compared to receiving no therapy.
C)assessment as it existed in the 1950's was not effective for advising treatment.
D)psychotherapy sometimes had deleterious effects on individuals.
Answer: B
Q2) Systematic literature reviews conducted by the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence NICE)find that evidence-based psychological treatments are
A)no more effective than placebo treatment for anxiety and depression.
B)at least as effective as medication for anxiety and depression.
C)more costly than disability payments associated with mental illness.
D)effective for less than 15% of people with anxiety or depression.
Answer: B
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3
Chapter 2: Contemporary Clinical Psychology
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Q1) Research on the psychological consequences of working with clients who have experienced trauma indicates:
A)that emotional responses are more common in those who are less familiar with this type of work.
B)that prolonged exposure to clients' traumatic experiences results in the psychologist's sensitization.
C)that it leads to an erosion of optimism and belief in a just world.
D)that effects are so variable no robust conclusions can be drawn.
Answer: A
Q2) Hunsley et al.2013)found that in addition to the nearly 28% of Canadian clinical psychologists who work exclusively in a private practice setting,another ____ listed private practice as a secondary work setting.
A)10%
B)25%
C)50%
D)65%
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Classification and Diagnosis
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Q1) A psychologist who examines ways that an adult's depression symptoms interfere with the adult transitioning from living on his/her own to an assisted living facility is using a:
A)social work approach.
B)developmental psychopathology approach.
C)gerontological approach.
D)categorical approach.
Answer: B
Q2) Overall,whether based on clinical samples or community samples,most epidemiological surveys find in country after country,comorbidity rates that exceed A)10%.
B)25%.
C)40%.
D)75%.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Research Methods in Clinical Psychology
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Q1) Dr.Donald Campbell encouraged researchers to proactively identify and remedy potential design problems that could undermine a study's _________.
A)clinical significance.
B)reliability.
C)validity.
D)procedures.
Q2) Which of the following is a common threat to the internal validity of a study?
A)Reactivity of assessment.
B)Timing of measurement.
C)Sample characteristics.
D)Statistical regression.
Q3) The extent to which a measure adds to the prediction of a variable beyond what can be predicted with other measures is known as
A)incremental validity.
B)discriminant validity.
C)criterion validity.
D)convergent validity.
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Chapter 5: Assessment: Overview
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Q1) A procedure to identify individuals who may have clinically significant problems or who may be at risk for developing such problems is referred to as a _______ procedure.
A)diagnostic
B)screening
C)treatment-planning
D)treatment-evaluation
Q2) Which of the following tests uses developmental norms?
A)Rorschach Inkblot Test.
B)Graduate Record Examination.
C)Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales.
D)Thematic Apperception Test.
Q3) The use of assessment data,in combination with relevant empirical literature,to make predictions about the future course of a patient's psychological functioning is referred to as:
A)diagnosis.
B)prognosis.
C)treatment monitoring.
D)treatment evaluation.
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Chapter 6: Assessment: Interviewing and Observation
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Q1) There is emerging evidence that interpreter-mediated services
A)are never effective.
B)are harmful to recipients.
C)can be effective.
D)are not suitable for children.
Q2) "When the two of you fight,you do things that you are not comfortable with,that you don't like." is an example of which interview technique?
A)Clarification.
B)Non-directive reflection of feeling.
C)Attending behaviour.
D)Paraphrase.
Q3) The association between self-report measures and self-monitoring assessments has been shown to be
A)nonsignificant.
B)very weak.
C)moderate.
D)very strong.
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Chapter 7: Assessment: Intellectual and Cognitive Measures
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Q1) Wechsler introduced ________ to measure intelligence.
A)mental age/chronological age
B)deviation scores
C)z-scores
D)t-scores
Q2) The publication of The Bell Curve 1994)created considerable debate because
A)of the controversial nature of the research presented in the book.
B)of the original nature of many of the authors' conclusions,which generated a great deal of controversy.
C)of the authors' attempts to link the results of research on intelligence to public policy initiatives.
D)the history of research on intelligence as presented in the book had been previously unknown.
Q3) Raymond Cattell proposed ____ general factors of intelligence,known as
A)2 ; fluid intelligence and genetic intelligence
B)2 ; fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence
C)3 ; fluid,genetic,and crystallized intelligence
D)3 ; fluid,genetic,and specialized intelligence
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Assessment: Self-Report and Projective Measures
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Q1) The Outcome Questionnaire OQ-45)
A)enables prediction of the client's success in treatment.
B)provides an overview of the client's psychosocial functioning and distress.
C)has not yet been shown to be psychometrically sound.
D)is typically used only at the end of a course of treatment..
Q2) Separated parents are in the middle of a difficult custody case.In completing a personality inventory in a custody evaluation,one parent downplays his/her anger management problems.This is an example of A)maligning.
B)faking bad.
C)negative image management.
D)faking good.
Q3) The Symptom Checklist-90-Revised is the most widely used general measure of A)depression.
B)anxiety.
C)behaviour problems.
D)general psychological distress.
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Chapter 9: Assessment Integration and Clinical Decision-Making
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Q1) De Los Reyes et al.2009)compared maternal and teacher reports of child disruptive behaviours and found that in reporting disruptive behaviours:
A)mothers were consistently more accurate than were teachers.
B)teachers were consistently more accurate than were mothers.
C)depending on the context of the behaviour,both mothers and teachers were equally accurate.
D)neither mothers nor teachers were consistently accurate.
Q2) Clinical case formulation is especially helpful in that it:
A)provides a way of understanding the connections between a patient's various problems.
B)predicts the patient's future functioning if treatment is not sought and how this functioning will be different if treatment is successful.
C)provides alternative treatment options to consider if the initial treatment is unsuccessful.
D)all of the above.
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Chapter 10: Prevention
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Q1) Results of the meta-analysis conducted by Tobler and colleagues 2000)on the effectiveness of prevention programs for substance abuse indicate that
A)interactive programs were less effective than non-interactive programs.
B)interactive programs were more effective than non-interactive programs.
C)interactive and non-interactive programs were both equally effective.
D)interactive and non-interactive programs were both equally non-effective.
Q2) Research strategies used to examine the effect of prevention programs can A)target high-risk samples.
B)offer the program at high intensity.
C)rely on accumulating samples from various studies.
D)all of the above.
Q3) The characteristics of the individual or the environment that render a person more vulnerable to the development of a problem or a disorder are referred to as A)predictive factors.
B)protective factors.
C)risk factors.
D)relapse factors.
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Chapter 11: Intervention: Overview
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Q1) Cognitive-behavioural therapists
A)play a very active role in service provision.
B)use Socratic questioning to help clients.
C)play a passive role in service provision.
D)Both A and B.
Q2) Dr.Leslie Greenberg has proposed that Process Experiential treatment includes
A)enhancing clients' emotion-regulation abilities.
B)examining defense mechanisms.
C)helping clients to transform maladaptive emotion into adaptive emotion.
D)both A and C.
Q3) Stepped care refers to the process of
A)offering the type of intervention for which the treatment provider is most qualified.
B)disregarding cost to provide the strongest evidence-based intervention to meet the client's needs.
C)offering the lowest cost interventions to those who do not have private health insurance coverage.
D)only providing more intensive interventions to those for whom first line intervention is insufficient.
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Chapter 12: Intervention: Adults and Couples
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Q1) In the final stage of CBT the psychologist focuses on:
A)challenging long-standing beliefs.
B)challenging negative automatic thoughts.
C)adopting a more positive activity schedule.
D)predicting future challenges.
Q2) The Canadian Psychological Association task force on evidence-based psychological services recommended that psychologists give the strongest weight to:
A)syntheses of studies that balance internal and external validity.
B)expert consensus.
C)prior experience in treating a problem.
D)primary research that is high in internal and external validity.
Q3) Emotionally-focused therapy for couples is a
A)cognitive-behavioural treatment.
B)interpersonal treatment.
C)psychodynamic treatment.
D)process-experiential treatment.
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Chapter 13: Intervention: Children and Adolescents
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Q1) One of the methodological considerations of meta-analyses of psychological treatments for children and adolescents has centred on whether to include
A)behavioural and nonbehavioural variables.
B)both published and unpublished studies.
C)studies done on children under the age of 5.
D)children with conduct disorder.
Q2) Compared to mothers without ADHD symptoms,mothers who themselves had high levels of ADHD symptomatology had
A)poorer outcome with behavioural parent training.
B)better outcome with behavioural parent training.
C)poorer outcome with play therapy.
D)better outcome with play therapy.
Q3) Data from the Great Smoky Mountain study in the United States indicate that approximately ________ adolescents requiring services for psychopathology received them.
A)one in ten
B)one-third of C)half of D)seven in ten
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Chapter 14: Intervention: Identifying Key Elements of Change
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Q1) Which of the hypothesized common factors in psychotherapy has received the most research attention?
A)Empathy.
B)Sense of mastery in the client.
C)Therapeutic alliance.
D)Confronting problems in therapy.
Q2) Tang and colleagues demonstrated that if a patient makes sudden gains in therapy,it typically occurs
A)after the first session.
B)relatively early in therapy around sessions 4 through 6).
C)around the mid-point of therapy sessions 8 through 12).
D)near the end of therapy.
Q3) Tang and colleagues found that sudden gains in therapy are
A)evidence of a flight into health.
B)short-lived and dissipate quickly.
C)involve a significant reduction in symptoms.
D)only evident in CBT.
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Chapter 15: Health Psychology, clinical Neuropsychology, and Forensic Psychology
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Q1) If Joanna avoids caffeine and other stimulants in the evening she is practising good A)sleep strategies.
B)rest enhancers.
C)sleep hygiene.
D)self-care.
Q2) The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised is ___________ assessing risk of violence. A)as effective as projective measures in B)one of many effective tools for C)the most highly recommended tool for D)the least highly recommended tool for
Q3) In a neuropsychological assessment aimed at formulating a diagnosis,a relevant question could include:
A)Does this child show signs of having been exposed to a toxic substance?
B)To what extent will this child's acquisition of language be affected by head injury?
C)What is the extent of damage to this employee who sustained an electric shock?
D)What can be done to help this person with mild memory loss?
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