Introduction to Psychology
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Psychology offers a comprehensive overview of the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. This course explores foundational concepts such as perception, learning, memory, cognition, emotion, motivation, personality, development, and social psychology. Students will examine the major theoretical perspectives and research methods used in psychology, gaining an understanding of how psychological principles apply to everyday life. Through lectures, discussions, and practical examples, students will develop critical thinking skills and an appreciation for the complexity of human behavior.
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Psychology 10th Edition by Douglas Bernstein
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Chapter 1: Introduction to the Science of Psychology
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Q1) Rod believes that some college students are independent go-getters and that other college students are more dependent on family approval than on personal achievement.The former group seems to hold ____ values whereas the latter group holds ____ values.
A) collectivist; individualist
B) individualist; collectivist
C) evolutionary; social
D) social; evolutionary
Answer: B
Q2) While relaxing in the park,Dilbert decides to read his new book on the study of positive psychology.This book will primarily focus on ____.
A) positive correlations in behavior
B) what makes life worth living
C) an individual's strengths, not weaknesses
D) what causes people to be similar to one another
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Research in Psychology
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Q1) Some people believe that a person is born intelligent (or not)and education does little to affect this.This is an example of the ____ argument.
A) psychodynamic
B) nature
C) nurture
D) humanistic
Answer: B
Q2) A researcher tests the influence of environment on cognitive development by taking newborn children away from their parents and assigning half of them to a rich cognitive environment and half to a deprived cognitive environment.Is there anything wrong with this experiment,and if so,what?
A) No; there is nothing wrong with this experiment.
B) Yes; there is no control group.
C) Yes; this experimental method violates ethical standards.
D) Yes; this experimental method cannot control for the Hawthorne effect.
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Biological Aspects of Psychology
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Q1) The human brain appears extremely wrinkled when closely examined.These folds
A) are purely cosmetic and have no actual purpose
B) are byproducts of old age; normal adults' brains are smooth
C) act as a shock-absorption device, preventing neural damage
D) allow a greater surface area of cortex to be included in the skull
Answer: D
Q2) Tisha has a disorder that affects the functioning of her somatic nervous system.Of the following,Tisha probably experiences the most trouble with ____.
A) digesting food
B) thinking
C) moving her limbs
D) breathing
Answer: C
Q3) A biological psychologist would be most likely to research ____.
A) how you learn a list of words
B) the developmental process that leads to your ability to learn
C) the physical and chemical changes that occur when you learn
D) why learning deficits occur
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
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Q1) When you look at a picture,information about the right visual field is sent to the left hemisphere of the brain and information about the left visual field is sent to the right hemisphere of the brain.This crossover occurs in the ____.
A) ganglion cells
B) bipolar cells
C) lateral geniculate nucleus
D) optic chiasm
Q2) Brittany observed that the people having conversations on cell phones are quite loud-spoken,while those having conversations on pay phones were quite soft-spoken.Those using cell phones are producing a higher ____ of sound waves than are those using pay phones.
A) amplitude
B) frequency
C) timbre
D) wavelength
Q3) Explain the theories that describe how people see color.
Q4) Many depth cues are used by artists to show distance in their paintings.Choose four of the many depth cues described in your text and discuss how they can affect depth perception.
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Chapter 5: Learning
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Q1) Tim doesn't want to run into his ex-girlfriend on campus,so he changes the route that he used to take to get to class when he sees her.The first day this occurs,Tim does not run into his ex-girlfriend.Tim ends up using this route for a month because he fails to run into her.Tim has learned through ____ conditioning.
A) classical
B) vicarious
C) escape
D) avoidance
Q2) You buy a new car that always starts instantly on cold mornings (continuous reinforcement).It suddenly fails one time,and you immediately call a service station.Suppose,however,that your car often gives you trouble on cold mornings (variable reinforcement).It is likely that you will try to start the car several times before calling a service station due to the ____ effect.
A) partial reinforcement
B) successive approximation
C) secondary reinforcement
D) delayed reinforcement
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Chapter 5: Memory
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Q1) Roderick falls off a ladder and sustains brain injuries.When asked about the events leading up to the accident,he says that he cannot remember.Roderick is most likely experiencing ____.
A) retrograde amnesia
B) repression
C) short-term memory loss
D) anterograde amnesia
Q2) You decide that instead of writing down your grocery list,you want to try out one of the mnemonic strategies you read about in your textbook.To that end,you try to associate each item on the list with a different room in your house.Which mnemonic strategy are you using?
A) acronym
B) pegging
C) method of loci
D) verbal
Q3) Short-term memory can store ____ item(s),and the duration of storage is ____.
A) only one; approximately one hour
B) approximately seven; about twenty seconds
C) approximately seven; over sixty seconds
D) unlimited; unlimited
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Chapter 7: Thought and Language
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Q1) -ing is to ____ as -th- is to ____.
A) phoneme; syntax
B) morpheme; phoneme
C) phoneme; morpheme
D) semantics; morpheme
Q2) Laverne works on an assembly line,spotting defective bottles.Recently,her performance has been poor and her boss warns her that if she misses one more defective bottle,she will be fired.Laverne's reaction time will ____ because of the changed ____.
A) increase; expectancy
B) increase; speed-accuracy tradeoff
C) decrease; complexity
D) decrease; stimulus-response compatibility
Q3) Pina is working a puzzle while a PET scan is performed.The PET scan indicates high activity in Pina's frontal lobe.Which conclusion can we draw from the PET scan results?
A) Pina has worked this puzzle many times before.
B) Pina is bored by the task of building the puzzle.
C) Pina has never worked this puzzle before and she finds the task difficult.
D) Pina is an expert puzzle builder and is finding this puzzle easy to complete.
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Chapter 8: Intelligence
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Q1) Which statement does not support Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?
A) Modern intelligence tests have both verbal and performance scales.
B) Many people with average scores on intelligence tests have exceptional ability in specific areas.
C) Biology provides raw capacities that culture and environment enable differently in each individual.
D) Different intelligences normally interact but can function independently of one another.
Q2) Cara suggests that her friend Iris pursue a career in social work due to her ability to empathize with and understand others.According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences,Iris likely has high ____intelligence.
A) interpersonal
B) practical
C) naturalistic
D) intrapersonal
Q3) Describe the four approaches to intelligence presented in the text.
Q4) The early days of IQ tests contained many misconceptions and abuses.Describe some of the errors and misuses of IQ tests during the early 1900s.
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Chapter 9: Consciousness
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Q1) Fred,Barney,George,and Bart are ten years old,and each suffers from a different sleep disorder.Fred occasionally shifts suddenly during the day from a normal waking state into several minutes of sleep,during which time he has very little muscle tone and is effectively immobile.Barney walks in his sleep (but does nothing else),while George sometimes moves to act out his dreams.Bart has nightmares (but not sleep terror disorder).Who is least likely to be in the REM stage of sleep when he exhibits his symptoms?
A) Fred
B) Barney
C) George
D) Bart
Q2) Louise uses a drug that causes her to relax and go to sleep.Her attention is lowered,and she experiences mild euphoria along with decreased muscle coordination.Louise is using ____.
A) a barbiturate
B) cocaine
C) LSD
D) marijuana
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Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion
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Q1) J.T.is taking a lie detector test as part of an ongoing investigation into a recent bank robbery.The investigators hope that the polygraph will reveal any dishonesty because different patterns of physiological activity are associated with different emotions,such as guilt.The investigators most likely ascribe to ____ theory of emotion.
A) Cannon's central
B) James's peripheral
C) Darwin's
D) the Schachter-Singer
Q2) If genetics is the most important determinant of sexual orientation,which set of brothers will have the greatest likelihood of both having homosexual orientations?
A) identical twin brothers
B) nonidentical twin brothers
C) nontwin brothers
D) adopted brothers
Q3) List the characteristics of people who have high achievement motivation.Include some parenting characteristics that are important in the development of a person with high need for achievement.
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Chapter 11: Human Development
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Q1) According to Piaget,the end of the sensorimotor stage is marked by the ____.
A) disappearance of egocentrism
B) mastery of conservation tasks
C) appearance of logical thought
D) ability to form mental representations
Q2) Elliott's authoritarian parents have set a curfew of midnight for him on weekend nights.When Elliott comes home at 12:30 a.m.(after curfew)and explains that he is late because of car trouble,his parents most likely will ____.
A) punish Elliott without discussion
B) accept Elliott's explanation and decide not to punish him
C) explain to Elliott that he made a mistake and needs to be punished
D) do nothing
Q3) Kimmy becomes extremely upset and cries every time her mother leaves her at preschool.However,when Kimmy's mom returns for her,Kimmy becomes angry and squirms out of her mom's arms.Kimmy can best be characterized as having a(n)____ attachment style.
A) secure
B) avoidant
C) disorganized
D) ambivalent
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Chapter 12: Health, stress, and Coping
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Q1) Casey wants to start eating healthy foods.She has purchased books on the topic and even enrolled in a nutrition class for next semester.According to Prochaska's stages of change model,Casey is most likely in the ____ stage of readiness.
A) contemplation
B) preparation
C) action
D) maintenance
Q2) Near the end of the semester,Gina shows signs of exhaustion.She is pulling all-nighters to finish papers and projects while working part-time and visiting her ailing grandmother.As a result,she becomes more vulnerable to illness.Hans Selye would refer to Gina's resulting illness as ____.
A) a maladaptive coping outcome
B) a disease of adaptation
C) functional fixedness
D) posttraumatic stress disorder
Q3) Describe five stages of readiness for changing health-related behaviors.
Q4) Describe the steps in a stress-coping program.
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Chapter 13: Personality
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Q1) Dr.Newhart identified 369 traits that are apparent in each individual's personality.He then used a mathematical tool that segregated the traits into fourteen trait clusters.In other words,Dr.Newhart used ____ to identify the trait clusters.
A) a q-sort
B) factor analysis
C) a functional analysis
D) psychoanalysis
Q2) You and your brother are raised together.Your personality reflects environmental and genetic factors.Which environmental factor would be least likely to contribute to differences between your personality and that of your brother with whom you were raised?
A) unique ways your parents treated you
B) a serious illness only you had as a child
C) the fact that you were born three years after your brother
D) the socioeconomic status of your family
Q3) If you were asked to assess your psychology instructor's personality,what methods would you use?
Q4) Describe the three basic assumptions of the trait approach to personality,and explain the difference between a type and a trait.
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Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders
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Q1) For the past few months,Val felt completely hopeless and unmotivated.She would not eat much and felt worthless.Then,she suddenly felt unusually elated,full of energy,and bursting with ideas.Val is probably suffering from ____ disorder.
A) persistent depressive
B) conversion
C) bipolar I
D) major depressive
Q2) Lark has been diagnosed with bipolar II disorder.She experiences times of depression and periods of regular mood.Other times,Lark has bouts of energetic optimism and elation,known as ____.
A) conversion
B) catatonia
C) hypomania
D) generalized anxiety
Q3) Psychopathology is a social matter because ____.
A) mental illnesses can always be treated
B) everyone in society is affected by those with mental disorders
C) society must protect and isolate itself from those with mental illness
D) mental illnesses are caused by other people
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Chapter 15: Treatment of Psychological Disorders
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Q1) Lola works with clients who are overcoming social phobias.She often models appropriate social behaviors and assists clients in learning to express their feelings.Her hope with this kind of ____ is that her clients will feel more comfortable and effective in their daily interactions with others.
A) systematic desensitization therapy
B) cognitive restructuring
C) flooding
D) assertiveness training
Q2) In a controlled experiment,a new treatment for test anxiety has shown to be effective in reducing treated clients' scores on an anxiety test.However,these clients report that they do not notice a difference in their anxiety after treatment.The change is probably ____.
A) not statistically significant
B) not clinically significant
C) neither statistically nor clinically significant
D) not reliable but valid
Q3) All the methods of therapy for psychological problems have general goals and basic features in common.List and describe two of these general goals and three of these basic features.
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Chapter 16: Social Psychology
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Q1) During a visit to New York City,Noah is approached by Steve Guttenburg,who asks Noah if will accept a free button from him.Noah agrees.Then Steve asks Noah if he would also like to donate $10 to the Forgotten 80s Actors Foundation.Steve has used the ____ technique to induce compliance.
A) door-in-the-face
B) low-ball
C) foot-in-the-door
D) public-acceptance
Q2) A paper titled "The effect of the individual on the group,and vice versa" would most likely have been written by a(n)____ psychologist.
A) cognitive
B) experimental
C) clinical
D) social
Q3) Which of the following is not a component of an attitude?
A) cognitive
B) biological
C) affective
D) behavioral
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Chapter 17: Industrial and Organizational Psychology
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Q1) Elias is establishing theoretical criteria for a set of job performance appraisals he will be conducting.Elias should be aware of the limitations of theoretical criteria.For instance,theoretical criteria ____.
A) tend to be subjectively construed by the person conducting the appraisal B) provide vague outcomes that do not indicate how the behavior will be measured C) are not as useful when appraising work teams as compared to appraising individuals D) have not yet been verified statistically with validation studies
Q2) Hollie is conducting a job analysis for each position at the Dunder Mifflin Paper Company.Hollie has decided to take a person-oriented approach to each job analysis,which means she will include a description of all of the following except ____.
A) the tasks involved in doing a job
B) the knowledge that an employee must possess
C) the employees' potential for learning a skill
D) the skills that an employee must possess
Q3) Objective measures of job performance are least likely to include ____.
A) number of days employees are absent from work
B) number of complaints filed against employees
C) total value of items sold per month by each employee
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Chapter 18: Neuropsychology
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Q1) The stimulus study by Bisiach was able to demonstrate that in patients with hemineglect ____.
A) language brain areas are located on the left side of the brain
B) the deficits cannot be explained as being due to sensory losses
C) the affected individuals are left-handed
D) people can make learned skilled movements, but in the wrong sequences
Q2) Samantha speaks in a monotone voice.Even if she is very upset,she is unable to clearly demonstrate her anger.Therefore,she has to explicitly tell people when she feels angry.Samantha seems to have ____.
A) agnosognosia
B) alexia without agraphia
C) ideational apraxia
D) expressive aprosodia
Q3) Isam is a neuropsychologist studying localization of function.His work on brain modules is based on the understanding that ____.
A) brain functions are accomplished by a network of modules
B) each module operates within a particular brain region
C) each module directly controls a particular brain function
D) networks of modules operate via a spreading activation pattern
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Chapter 19: Appendix A: Statistics in Psychological Research
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Q1) Charlie,a cell,suddenly splits himself into an exact replica.There are now two Charlies.Not long after that,it happens again,and there are four Charlies.This process is called ____.
A) mitosis
B) meiosis
C) fertilization
D) symbiosis
Q2) The genes contained in a single cell contain information for constructingevery aspect of ____.
A) that individual cell and nothing else
B) the individual organ/muscle to which that cell belongs and nothing else
C) the organ/muscle system to which that cell belongs and nothing else
D) the physical human being to which the cell belongs
Q3) Melanie and Melody are fraternal twins.At which age would you expect their IQ scores to be the most similar?
A) 15 years old
B) 30 years old
C) 45 years old
D) 60 years old
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Chapter 20: Appendix B: Behavioral Genetics
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Q1) Fiona,a quantitative psychologist,is interested in using inferential statistics because they provide ____.
A) a measure of how likely it is that a result came about by chance
B) a correlation between the dependent variable and the independent variable
C) information about the variability of the data
D) a summarization of a pool of data
Q2) While conducting statistical analysis,Gordon forgets how to calculate degrees of freedom.All he knows is that Group 1 has twenty-three subjects and Group 2 has twenty-seven subjects.How many degrees of freedom should Gordon use for his analysis?
A) 4
B) 48
C) 50
D) 2
Q3) Which of the following is one of the basic categories of descriptive statistics?
A) measures of central tendency
B) inferring causation
C) expressing the difference between two group means
D) predicting proportions in a population
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