Introduction to Psychology Test Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Psychology provides a comprehensive overview of the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. This course examines major psychological concepts, theories, and research findings in areas such as perception, learning, memory, motivation, emotion, development, personality, and social interaction. Students will explore the biological bases of behavior, the influence of culture and environment, and various approaches to psychological disorders and treatment. Through lectures, discussions, and practical exercises, the course aims to foster critical thinking, self-awareness, and a deeper understanding of the factors that shape human thought and action.
Recommended Textbook
Lifespan Development 6th Edition by Denise Boyd
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19 Chapters
2268 Verified Questions
2268 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts and Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the term for a general negative attitude about aging, typified by the belief that older persons are incompetent or unable to complete required job functions?
A) The social clock
B) Dotage pathway
C) Ageism
D) Maturity
Answer: C
Q2) What is the term for changes that occur in most members of a cohort as a result of factors at work during a specific, well-defined historical period?
A) Nonnormative change
B) General normative change
C) Normative age-graded change
D) Normative history-graded change
Answer: D
Q3) Both of Asa's parents and all four of her grandparents have heart disease. We might assume that Asa will be more ________ to heart problems than her cohorts.
Answer: vulnerable
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Theories of Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Piaget's ________ stage, children begin to understand the principle of conservation.
Answer: concrete operational
Q2) Explain three basic principles of Erikson's theory of development.
Answer: the answer should include the following: his focus on social interactions; the resolution of crises at each stage of development; and the idea that healthy resolution of crises depends on some integration of the negative side of the dichotomy
Q3) How do ecological psychologists study behavior?
Answer: They do experimentation in the field and in the actual situations in which people need to think. They study everyday settings in real life situations.
Q4) Before information such as a grocery list or a friend's birthday can be stored in long-term memory, in which of the following is the information processed?
A) Sensory memory
B) Short-term memory
C) Adaptive memory
D) Random access memory
Answer: B
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4
Chapter 3: Prenatal Development and Birth
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an autosomal dominant disorder?
A) Huntington's disease
B) Phenylketonuria
C) Sickle-cell disease
D) Tay-Sachs disease
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following is true regarding prenatal infection with HIV?
A) Transmission of HIV and AIDS occurs 100% of the time in infants of infected mothers.
B) Transmission is equally likely when the mother has HIV or AIDS.
C) Transmission is more likely when the mother has AIDS rather than HIV.
D) Transmission is more likely when the mother has HIV rather than AIDS.
Answer: C
Q3) List, in order, from the highest correlation to the lowest, the similarities in behaviors between four groups of twins and non-twin siblings.
Answer: identical twins reared together; identical twins reared apart; fraternal twins reared together; non-twin siblings reared apart
Q4) The fetus begins to respond to light during the ________ stage.
Answer: fetal
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Physical, Sensory, and Perceptual Development in Infancy
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Sample Questions
Q1) The AAP's policy on television watching in children under age 2 assumes that watching television may ________ affect brain development.
Q2) Between 1992 and 1999 what happened to the rate of infant vaccinations in the United States?
A) They increased dramatically.
B) The number of required vaccines dropped.
C) The rate increased by 15%.
D) They declined sharply.
Q3) In the United States, which group has the lowest infant mortality rate?
A) Caucasians
B) Asian Americans
C) African Americans
D) Native Americans
Q4) Describe the difference in visual acuity between a newborn and a two-year-old.
Q5) Dishabituation is best described by which of the following?
A) Responding to a familiar stimulus as if it was new
B) Focusing on a stimulus that has not been successfully reinforced
C) Focusing on a stimulus that has not been completely conditioned
D) The transition to preoperational thought
Q6) ________ refers to the process of bone hardening. Page 6
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Page 7
Chapter 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to your text, means-end behavior is ________ .
Q2) Discuss how gestural language is both similar and different between hearing and non-hearing infants.
Q3) In some languages, nouns and verbs are stressed sounds, and children who speak those languages seem to learn nouns and verbs first. In other languages, prefixes and suffixes are stressed, and children learn those sounds first. This idea that children are preprogrammed to focus on "stressed" sounds is a part of which view of language development?
A) Empiricist
B) Nativist
C) Naturalist
D) Behaviorist
Q4) What is the youngest age at which infants can remember specific objects?
Q5) List, in order, the techniques involved in the substages of sensorimotor development between the ages of one and 12 months.
Q6) When Marta is holding her infant daughter, she speaks to her using a soft sing-song type of speech. This is referred to as ________ by developmentalists.
Q7) What is meant by the A-not-B error? When is this error typically resolved?
Page 8
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Chapter 6: Social and Personality Development in Infancy
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Q1) On average, what are the differences between children in nonparental care and their home-reared peers?
Q2) Which of the following statements is true about attachment?
A) Securely attached infants have no greater social skills once they reach adolescence than insecurely attached infants.
B) Insecure avoidant infants are less likely as adolescents to act out sexually.
C) Attachment relationships are more critical to adult intimate relationships than other types of relationships.
D) Quality of attachment in infancy predicted sexual dysfunction in adults better than a sexual abuse history did.
Q3) Some infants between 6 and 16 months experience a fear of people they do not know. Which of the following terms best identifies this fearful phase that seems to disappear as quickly as it came?
A) Stranger anxiety
B) Separation anxiety
C) Social referencing
D) Affect dysregulation
Q4) Another name for the objective self is ________.
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9
Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true regarding nutrition during the early childhood years?
A) Food aversions often develop during the preschool years.
B) If a child seems to have no appetite, it is important to tempt the child to eat by providing sweets or other preferred food.
C) Young children eat more nutritiously than babies do.
D) Most children consume the majority of their daily calories by eating regular meals.
Q2) According to Vygotsky, in which stage do infants learn through conditioning, until language begins to develop during the second year?
A) Private speech stage
B) Primitive stage
C) Sociocultural stage
D) Naive psychology stage
Q3) Dr. Robinson is giving five-year-old Deion a pre-kindergarten physical examination. When Dr. Robinson asks Deion to draw a picture of his house, Deion's ________ are being assessed.
Q4) Identify the sociocultural factors which may contribute to child abuse.
Q5) When Simon says, "My hamster runned away," he is using ________.
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Chapter 8: Social and Personality Development in Early Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Quantify the nature of stable playmate relationships between 3 and 4 years of age.
Q2) What is the term that describes a child's ability to cheer themselves up when they are sad or calm themselves when they are angry?
A) Emotional regulation
B) Impulse control
C) Self categorization
D) Social inhibition
Q3) Which statement regarding family structure and ethnicity is true?
A) Teen pregnancy contributes dramatically to this issue.
B) Single parent families are more common among African Americans and Native Americans than other groups.
C) Single parent African Americans are more likely than other groups to marry.
D) Births to single women in the African American community have dropped in recent years.
Q4) While empathy develops fairly early, the more complex emotion of ________ occurs later in childhood and adolescence.
Q5) Describe the nature of a young child's person perception in terms of stability. Apply your explanation to an example.
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Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
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120 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following terms do developmentalists use to refer to the ability to make efficient use of short-term memory capacity?
A) Developmental processing
B) Capacity expansion
C) Processing efficiency
D) Expanded efficiency
Q2) In which part(s) of the brain are the sensory, motor, and intellectual functions linked together?
A) Association areas
B) Parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex
C) Cerebellum
D) Corpus callosum
Q3) Anthony knows that not everyone goes to college and those who do are not guaranteed to graduate. From this he decided that college is probably difficult as well as time consuming. Anthony used ________ to draw those conclusions.
Q4) Concrete operations permit children to understand relations among ________.
Q5) Define stereotype threat.
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Q6) What does the research indicate regarding sexual differences in verbal and mathematical capabilities?
Chapter 10: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
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120 Verified Questions
120 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following terms is used by psychologists to describe children who are disliked and avoided by their peers?
A) Repudiated
B) Rejected
C) Neglected
D) Shunned
Q2) During middle childhood, a new component of the self is added to the categorical, social, and emotional selves. This new component includes things like personality traits and is called the ________.
Q3) Children who are older than eight years of age, compared to children who are younger, know that ________ are important when making moral judgments about the behavior of others.
A) the amount of damages caused
B) the reactions of parents
C) consequences
D) intentions
Q4) Juliya draws conclusions about herself based on her observations of other girls in her class. According to Bandura Juliya is engaging in ________.
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Q5) What factors seem to be most important in determining a child's social status?
Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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Q1) Changes in sexual maturity which occur during puberty are referred to as ________ sex characteristics.
Q2) Why does your text say that risky behaviors are more common in adolescence than other developmental periods?
Q3) The changes in the patterns of physical growth and development that are known as the secular trend are most likely caused by which of the following?
A) An increasingly sexualized society
B) Increased levels of demand and stress placed upon children and adolescents
C) Improvements in nutrition and health care
D) Cultural values that favor a thin, angular body image
Q4) Summarize the physical changes that correlate with motor skill development in adolescence. Explain some of the differences between boys and girls.
Q5) When a high-achieving 5th grader starts to lose confidence in his abilities after transitioning to middle school, what are some possible reasons for this?
Q6) One of the strongest predictors of girls' science achievement is their ________ perception of science as a suitable career for females.
Q7) Based on your own experience, how is virginity viewed among adolescents now?
Page 14
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Chapter 12: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence
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Sample Questions
Q1) What did researchers find when African American boys aged 10 - 18 years were asked to name an important role model outside their families?
Q2) Why are rites of passage important?
Q3) Which of the following might be an advantage of cultures which have clearly identified rites of passage into adulthood?
A) Teenagers are able to establish a clear transition from childhood to adulthood.
B) Teenagers are able to take on careers earlier.
C) Teenagers are encouraged to make career decisions for themselves.
D) Teenagers are can more easily resolve the crisis of identity confusion.
Q4) Which of the following statements about teenaged employment is true?
A) Working in high school has been positively correlated with college success.
B) The more hours worked in high school, the more likely the teen is to be involved with drugs and alcohol.
C) Adults who worked in high school were more likely to go to college.
D) Employed high school students are less apt to argue with their parents.
Q5) The last of Freud's stages of psychosexual development is the ________ stage.
Q6) Approximately ________% of friendships formed by tenth-graders are long-lasting.
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Q7) Deficits in role-taking skills may lead to what type of behavior in adolescence?
Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Summarize some of the characteristics of both the perpetrators and the victims of partner abuse which may contribute to this violence.
Q2) African American students who attend historically Black institutions show more gains in both ________ and ________ competence than those who attend predominantly White colleges.
Q3) Describe the symptoms of Acute Stress Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. What is the most important factor in helping people cope with these disorders?
Q4) In the Alameda study on health and aging, only ________ and ________ were found to be unrelated to mortality.
Q5) Changes in the heart and lungs that take place in young adulthood are likely not to be noticeable except during ________.
Q6) Which of the following is a factor considered to contribute to partner abuse?
A) gender-role beliefs that men are equivalent to women.
B) laws that define women as property.
C) partner differences, such as differences in ethnicity or differences in IQ.
D) education on similarities and differences between the sexes.
Q7) ________ thought is associated with a fifth stage of cognitive development.
Q8) Name the two types of aging, define them and give an example of each.
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Chapter 14: Social and Personality Development in Early
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Work-family conflict more strongly influences ________ career decisions than those of ________.
Q2) Which of the following statements is true regarding couples who cohabitate before marrying?
A) They are less likely to be satisfied with their marriage but less likely to get divorced than couples who do not cohabitate before marriage.
B) They are less likely to be satisfied with their marriage and more likely to get divorced than couples who do not cohabitate before marriage.
C) They are more likely to be satisfied with their marriage and less likely to get divorced than couples who do not cohabitate before marriage.
D) They are more likely to be satisfied with their marriage and also more likely to get divorced than couples who do not cohabitate before marriage.
Q3) In Super's stages of career development, the establishment stage is also called the ________ stage.
Q4) What are the characteristics of Holland's realistic personality type?
Q5) List and define the three components of love according to Sternberg's theory.
Q6) QWL stands for the ________ movement.
Page 17
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Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) How does the concept of "use it or lose it" apply to cognitive function?
Q2) Which of the following best defines the term creativity?
A) The ability to produce original, appropriate, and valuable ideas and/or solutions to problems.
B) The ability to draw, sign, dance, or paint
C) The ability to compensate for one's shortcomings
D) The ability to build and produce new forms of learning
Q3) During which phase of menopause do both types of estrogen drop, progesterone levels drop, and ovulation ceases?
A) Postmenopausal
B) Perimenopausal
C) Premenopausal
D) Postovulatory
Q4) Which of the following statements is accurate?
A) African Americans have the highest rates of prostate, colon, and lung cancer.
B) Native Americans have lower rates of kidney cancer than other groups.
C) Asian Americans have the lowest rates of liver cancer.
D) White Americans have the highest rates of breast cancer.
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Q5) Explain the correlation between exercise and mortality rates in middle-adulthood?
Chapter 16: Social and Personality Development in Middle
Adulthood
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Q1) According to the classification system of voluntary and involuntary career changers, an involuntary career changer is in transition for what reasons?
A) Ambiguous
B) External
C) Internal
D) Normative
Q2) Lauren used to work as a telephone operator. Recently the phone company for which she worked decided to go to an automated system. Lauren was laid off, making her what your text would call
A) an employment liability.
B) an involuntary career changer.
C) a volunteer career shifter.
D) a career transitioner.
Q3) What is stereotypically one of the most maligned relationships in U.S. culture?
A) The relationship between two mothers-in-law
B) The relationship between a woman and her own mother
C) The relationship between a son and his father-in-law
D) The relationship between a woman and her mother-in-law
Q4) The developmental task of middle adulthood, according to Erikson, is ________.
Page 19
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Chapter 17: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the Hayflick limit.
Q2) Identify four factors that contribute to depression in old age. Identify which of these is the strongest predictor of depression.
Q3) Seventy-year-old Maybell enjoys making quilts for her family. Specifically she likes to make quilts that represent some aspect of the family's history. In which of Cohen's phases is Maybell?
A) The liberation phase
B) The revolution phase
C) The summing-up phase
D) The reevaluation phase
Q4) The scientific study of aging is known as ______________.
A) gerontology
B) oncology
C) agontology
D) ontology
Q5) The ________ hypothesis asserts that all adults retain excellent physical and mental function until just a few years before death.
Page 20
Q6) Give an example of a failure of source memory.
Q7) Alzheimer's disease affects as many as ________ adults.
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Chapter 18: Social and Personality Development in Late
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Nick and Kathy love to play golf and swim. They recently moved to an apartment complex in Florida where everyone is about their age or perhaps a little older. They live autonomously but share common interests with their many neighbors and enjoy socializing on an almost daily basis. Nick and Kathy are probably living in which of the following?
A) A skilled nursing facility
B) An assisted living center
C) A CCRC
D) An independent living community
Q2) List three residential options for older adults. Identify the characteristics of the aging adult as they apply to making decisions about these options.
Q3) Which of the following describes a move away from family that is aimed at benefiting from a particular feature of the location?
A) Recreational move
B) Compensatory move
C) Amenity move
D) Institutional migration
Q4) Define and give an example of a bridge job.
Q5) What are the three aspects of disengagement theory?
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Chapter 19: Death Dying and Bereavement
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Q1) An individual who says, "I'm looking forward to seeing my loved ones in heaven" is most likely in which stage of dying, according to Elizabeth Kübler-Ross?
A) Denial
B) Acceptance
C) Depression
D) Terminal
Q2) According to the research conducted by Greer and his colleagues on women with cancer, what type of attitude toward a terminal diagnosis correlates positively with longevity after diagnosis?
Q3) Which of the following would be the most likely response if an adult older than the age of 60 were asked how he would spend the remaining months of his life?
A) "I would tie up the loose ends of my business affairs and talk to my lawyer about my will."
B) "I would travel and spend time with my friends and family."
C) "I would meditate and try to find peace and acceptance within myself."
D) "I would do all the wild and crazy things that I have always wanted to do."
Q4) Summarize the history and philosophy of hospice care.
Q5) The young adult equivalent of adolescent personal fables is ________.
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