Introduction to Psychology Review Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Psychology offers students a comprehensive overview of the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. This course explores major psychological concepts, theories, and research findings across areas such as perception, learning, motivation, development, personality, and social interaction. Topics may include the biological bases of behavior, cognition, psychological disorders, and methods used in psychological research. Through lectures, discussions, and practical examples, students gain foundational knowledge and critical thinking skills to understand individual and group behavior in real-world contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Introducing Psychology Brain Person Group 4th Edition by Stephen M. Kosslyn
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26 Chapters
260 Verified Questions
260 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Section 1: Introduction to the Science of Psychology:
History and Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) Psychology is a science because it relies on a specific type of method for allowing us to learn more about human behavior.This method is referred to as the:
A)method of inquiry.
B)Socratic method.
C)scientific method.
D)method of problem solving.
Answer: C
Q2) Julie finds that the number of hours she sleeps each night is related to the scores she receives on quizzes the next day.As her sleep approaches 8 hours, her quiz scores improve; as her sleep drops to 5 hours, her quiz scores show a similar decline.Julie realizes that ______________________.
A)there is a negative correlation between the number of hours she sleeps and her quiz grades
B)there is a positive correlation between the number of hours she sleeps and her quiz grades
C)her low quiz scores are caused by sleep deprivation the night before a quiz
D)she should sleep about 10 hours a night to ensure 100 percent quiz grades
Answer: B
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Chapter 1: Section 2: Introduction to the Science of Psychology:
History and Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) An experiment is valid if
A)it produces reliable findings.
B)if its findings are consistent across experiments.
C)if it measures what the investigator designed it to measure.
D)if its measures are both reliable and consistent across experiments.
Answer: C
Q2) John Locke argued that ________.
A)all human knowledge stems from experience.
B)most of human knowledge stems from experience.
C)very little human knowledge stems from experience.
D)some of human knowledge is with us from the day we are born.
Answer: A
Q3) When you watch dogs play in the park or watch how your professors conduct their classes, you are engaging in a form of ______.
A)case study research
B)naturalistic observation
C)survey research
D)psychometric study
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Section 1: The Biology of Mind and Behavior: the Brain in
Action
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Sample Questions
Q1) The function of the ________ is to carry information to and from all parts of the body.
A)soma
B)synapse
C)nervous system
D)endorphins
Answer: C
Q2) Endocrine glands ___________.
A)secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
B)are chemicals released into the bloodstream
C)are an extensive network of specialized cells
D)are a thin layer of cells coating the axons
Answer: A
Q3) The thalamus could be thought of as being analogous to a(n)________.
A)airline hub
B)speedway
C)police station
D)bus stop
Answer: A
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Chapter
Brain in Action
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a person were to damage the speech center in the brain, the ideal age for this to happen would be
A)2)
B)14.
C)33.
D)61.
Q2) Ever since he suffered a brain injury by falling from a ladder, his wife has continued to tell the doctor that his personality has changed.He used to be fun loving and care-free, but he is now more critical and yells at his children for seemingly little reason.Zack is likely to have suffered damage to the _______ of his cortex.
A)occipital lobe
B)parietal lobe
C)temporal lobe
D)frontal lobe
Q3) Agonist is to antagonist as:
A)neuromodulator is to neurotransmitter.
B)reuptake is to receptor.
C)mimic is to block.
D)block is to mimic.
Page 6
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Chapter 3: Section 1: Sensation and Perception: How the World Enters the Mind
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Q1) Sensation is to perception as ________ is to ________.
A)stimulation; recognition
B)awareness; interpretation
C)interpretation; awareness
D)organization; interpretation
Q2) Bottom-up processing is initiated by ________.
A)knowledge
B)expectation
C)the stimulus
D)belief
Q3) According to the opponent-process theory of color vision, the correct pairings of opposite colors are _________________________.
A)red versus green and blue versus yellow
B)black versus gray and white versus colored
C)blue versus red and green versus yellow
D)blue versus green and red versus yellow
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Chapter 3: Section 2: Sensation and Perception: How the World Enters the Mind
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Q1) Sound waves are simply ___________.
A)the vibration of the molecules of the air surrounding us
B)the impact of acoustrons in the air
C)a form of electronic radiation
D)none of these
Q2) A study reviewed in your text investigated the effect of pheromone perfume on various behaviors in females.The results included all of the following except:
A)increase in number of males approaching them.
B)increased sexual intercourse.
C)increase in number of formal dates.
D)increased "petting."
Q3) If you stare for 30 seconds at a red object and then look at a blank sheet of white paper, you will see a greenish image of the object.This phenomenon BEST supports the ______ theory of color vision.
A)Grieco trichromatic
B)opponent-process
C)Helmholtz trichromatic
D)Hering's vibration
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Chapter 4: Section 1: Learning: How Experience Changes Us
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Q1) A _____________________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch.
A)primary
B)negative
C)positive
D)secondary
Q2) In the process of shaping, behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response.These behaviors are called _____________.
A)primary reinforcers
B)successive approximations
C)secondary reinforcers
D)unconditioned stimuli
Q3) What would you predict about Little Albert based on the principle of spontaneous recovery?
A)Even after his fear of a rat was extinguished, the fear could come back.
B)After his fear of loud noises was extinguished, the fear could come back.
C)His fear of rats would disappear if he saw a rat without hearing a loud noise.
D)His fear of loud noises would disappear if he heard a loud noise without a rat present.
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Chapter 4: Section 2: Learning: How Experience Changes Us
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Q1) Which of the following statements is true about operant conditioning?
A)Neither partial nor continuous reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist for long periods of time.
B)Continuous reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through partial or intermittent reinforcement.
C)Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through continuous reinforcement.
D)Continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement lead to behaviors that persist for equally long periods of time.
Q2) Harmony notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of Harmony opening a can with an electric can opener.In this example, the _______________ is the
Conditioned stimulus.
A)can of cat food
B)sound of the electric can opener
C)dish that Harmony puts the food in D)cat scurrying into the kitchen
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Chapter 5: Section 1: Memory: Living With Yesterday
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Q1) Automatic processing, compared to controlled processing, involves less ________.
A)attention
B)memory space
C)neurotransmitters
D)procedural skills
Q2) Suppose Tamika looks up a number in the telephone book.After getting a busy signal, a minute or so later she tries to call again - but has already forgotten the number! This example illustrates the limited duration of________ memory.
A)sensory
B)short-term
C)echoic
D)implicit
Q3) Why does distributed practice result in improved memory over massed practice?
A)You unconsciously memorize the material.
B)Each time you study you provide more associations.
C)Distributed practice activates the frontal lobe.
D)Massed practice leads to consolidation.
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Chapter 5: Section 2: Memory: Living With Yesterday
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Sample Questions
Q1) Distributed practice in studying means to ________.
A)study in short sessions spread out over time
B)study in extended sessions
C)send out study sessions to others
D)study all of the material at one time
Q2) The first step in the memory process is _____________ information in a form that the memory system can use.
A)encoding
B)storing
C)retrieving
D)evaluating
Q3) People tend to forget negative affect associated with autobiographical memories more quickly than they forget positive affect.What enhances this effect?
A)Keeping the memory private
B)Left frontal lobe activity
C)The age of the person
D)Frequently discussing the memories with a variety of people
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Chapter 6: Section 1: Language, Thinking, and Intelligence:
What Humans Do Best
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to your textbook, researchers generally agree that solving a problem well implies ________.
A)in a reasonable amount of time
B)nothing about the time it takes
C)that problems are all easy
D)that problems are usually too difficult
Q2) Young children sometimes literally interpret sentences like "Do you know where your mommy is?" by answering "Yes." They failed to understand the ________ of the question.
A)pragmatics
B)propositional representation
C)syntax
D)nativism
Q3) John B.Carroll argued that ________.
A)the relations among test scores are neatly structured into a three-tiered hierarchy
B)test scores can be categorized
C)intelligence is two-factored
D)intelligence is a single factor
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Chapter 6: Section 2: Language, Thinking, and Intelligence:
What Humans Do Best
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Sample Questions
Q1) The sounds t, th, and sh are ______.
A)morphemes
B)phonemes
C)semantics
D)sound bytes
Q2) The fact that microenvironments influence intelligence suggests that ________.
A)only genetic factors determine what is viewed as an appealing environment
B)it is impossible to understand how the environment impacts intelligence
C)even though identical twins have more genes in common than do siblings, both groups tend to have similar microenvironments
D)your genes help shape aspects of the environment itself
Q3) In problem solving, the term rule of thumb refers to ______________.
A)heuristics
B)algorithms
C)mnemonic devices
D)cognitive shortcuts
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Chapter 7: Section 1: Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jose's medically ideal weight is 250 pounds.He would be considered to be obese when and if he weighed ________ pounds.
A)275
B)300
C)320
D)330
Q2) Some obese people have been able to lose large amounts of weight and keep it off.Which is the best explanation of how they did it?
A)low carbohydrate dieting
B)low fat dieting
C)gastric bypass surgery
D)healthy eating and exercise
Q3) Which level of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy is epitomized by the U.S.Army's slogan "Be all that you can be"?
A)safety
B)self-esteem
C)belongingness
D)self-actualization
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Chapter 7: Section 2: Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving
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Sample Questions
Q1) Physical arousal has to be interpreted cognitively before it is experienced as a specific emotion, according to ____________.
A)Plutchik
B)the James-Lange theory
C)the Cannon-Bard theory
D)Schachter and Singer
Q2) One factor in hunger seems to be the increase in _______, which causes blood sugar levels to eventually drop several hours after we eat.
A)cholesterol
B)lipoproteins
C)insulin
D)glucose
Q3) Which statement reflects the core idea of the facial feedback hypothesis?
A)Men do not express emotion via the face.
B)Facial features have no connection with emotion.
C)Information from facial muscles intensifies emotional experiences.
D)When one facial expression occurs, we quickly register its opposite on the face.
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Page 16
Chapter 8: Section 1: Personality: Vive La Différence
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Sample Questions
Q1) In contrast to women, men tend to score lower on ________.
A)extraversion
B)neuroticism
C)openness
D)conscientiousness
Q2) Carolyn took home some printer paper from the office.Later, she felt guilty for stealing it so she brought some paper to work to replace what she took.Freud would suggest that Carolyn's ________ was influencing her motives and behavior.
A)id
B)unconscious mind
C)ego
D)superego
Q3) Which of the following concepts is not found in the humanistic perspective of personality?
A)self-actualization
B)self-concept
C)free will
D)self-efficacy
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Chapter 8: Section 2: Personality: Vive La Différence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Donita is angry with her boss so she leaves work a little early in order to run an extra mile before it gets dark.Which defense mechanism is Donita employing?
A)repression
B)reaction formation
C)rationalization
D)sublimation
Q2) According to Hans Eysenck, a person who is high on the ________ dimension of personality would have a greater proclivity toward developing fears than an individual who was low on that same dimension.
A)psychoticism
B)neuroticism
C)phobicism
D)extraversion
Q3) According to Rogers, which of the following people is most likely to have a healthy personality?
A)someone with a strongly developed superego
B)someone with an extraverted personality
C)someone brought up with conditional positive regard
D)someone brought up with unconditional positive regard
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Chapter 9: Section 1: Psychology Over the Life Span:
Growing Up, Growing Older, Growing Wiser
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Sample Questions
Q1) Obedience to rules because of the fear of punishment is a characteristic of__________.
A)conventional morality
B)preconventional morality
C)principled morality
D)postconventional morality
Q2) Like any 4-month-old, Amy depends on her parents to feed her and to change her diapers.When Amy cries, her devoted parents quickly respond to her needs.According to Erikson, Amy is developing a sense of ___________.
A)trust
B)mistrust
C)autonomy
D)initiative
Q3) In Harry Harlow's classic experiments where baby monkeys were separated from their mothers, the baby monkeys tended to prefer to cling to ________.
A)a "mother" made of terrycloth that did not offer food
B)a "mother" not made of terrycloth that did offer food
C)a "mother" made of terrycloth that offered food
D)any available "mother"
Page 19
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Chapter 9: Section 2: Psychology Over the Life Span:
Growing Up, Growing
Older,
Growing
Wiser
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Sample Questions
Q1) Professor Sanchez is interested in studying development of motor skills.She collects data from 200 1-year-olds and follows and assesses them for a period of 5 years.What type of research design is Professor Sanchez using?
A)cohort design
B)longitudinal design
C)behavior genetics design
D)cross-sectional design
Q2) Infants who tend to show a(n)________ response typically respond positively to new situations or stimuli.
A)approach
B)withdrawal
C)easy
D)difficult
Q3) ________ psychology encompasses the study of human growth and change over the life span.
A)Social
B)Developmental
C)Applied
D)Health
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Q1) Alcoholic individuals come from ________ socioeconomic classes and tend to be
A)low; men
B)high; men
C)all; men or women
D)low; women
Q2) A person will often take a barbiturate as a ________.
A)sleep aid
B)vitamin supplement
C)means of increasing behavioral arousal
D)treatment for alcoholism
Q3) Miranda is questioning whether her upcoming business trip, where she must travel through an area with many mountains, will pose a danger for her.As such, this example illustrates ________.
A)a stress reaction
B)coping
C)primary appraisal
D)secondary appraisal
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Chapter 10: Section 2: Stress, Health, and Coping: Dealing With Life
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Q1) People with a good _________are less likely to die from illness or injuries than those without it.
A)occupation
B)camaraderie
C)income
D)social support system
Q2) To treat your sleep problem you are told that you should restrict your sleeping hours, you should set your alarm clock to wake up at the same time each day, and you should use your bed only for sleep or sex.What sleep disorder have you been experiencing?
A)enuresis
B)narcolepsy
C)insomnia
D)REM sleep behavior disorder
Q3) A real-world example of how assumed narcissistic tendencies can potentially lead to aggression would be the ________.
A)September 11, 2001 attacks
B)the relationship between fomer U.S.President Bush and Iraqi President Hussein
C)ongoing conflict between Israelis and Palestinians
D)Enron scandals
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Chapter 11: Section 1: Psychological Disorders: More Than Everyday Problems
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Q1) Axis I of the DSM-IV-TR consists of_____________.
A)global assessment of functioning
B)clinical disorders and other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention
C)psychosocial and environmental problems
D)personality disorders and mental retardation
Q2) As Carol and Ken are leaving for a trip, Carol repeatedly asks Ken, "Did we turn off the coffee pot?" For their entire trip, Carol worries about the coffee pot.Carol's doubt about turning off the coffee pot is a(n)________.
A)obsession
B)compulsion
C)both an obsession and a compulsion
D)neither an obsession nor a compulsion
Q3) Any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes harm to others, or harms their ability to function in daily life is called___________.
A)a psychological disorder
B)humors
C)stress syndrome
D)adaptive behavior
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Chapter 11: Section 2: Psychological Disorders: More Than Everyday Problems
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Sample Questions
Q1) April uses laxatives to achieve her extremely low weight.Which subtype of anorexia is she most likely displaying?
A)restricting type
B)purging type
C)strict type
D)bulimic type
Q2) Paranoid schizophrenia is to disorganized schizophrenia as
A)passive is to aggressive.
B)aggressive is to passive.
C)best prognosis is to worst prognosis.
D)worst prognosis is to best prognosis.
Q3) A cognitive therapist is working with a depressed client.Which of the following causes is the likely focus of this therapist's intervention?
A)learned behaviors of depression
B)unusual levels of neurotransmitters
C)negative interpretations of life events
D)a superego that is too harsh and strict
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Page 24
Chapter 12: Section 1: Treatment: Healing Actions, Healing
Words
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are two of the major classes of antidepressant drugs?
A)benzodiazepines and lithium
B)MAO inhibitors and tricyclics
C)benzodiazepines and tricyclics
D)benzodiazepines and MAOIs
Q2) Mary, who has a great fear of flying, has been instructed by her behavior therapist to take a brief ride in an actual airplane.If Mary follows her therapist's instructions, then she'll be engaged in ________.
A)imaginal exposure
B)aversive exposure
C)in vivo exposure
D)virtual reality exposure
Q3) Free association is a technique used in ______ therapy.
A)psychoanalytic
B)rational-emotive
C)person-centered
D)Gestalt
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Chapter 12: Section 2: Treatment: Healing Actions, Healing
Words
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Q1) You let your fingers do the walking through the Yellow Pages looking for a psychotherapist.Your attention is drawn to an advertisement for a group practice described as eclectic.When you call the receptionist to ask for a description of the practice, what will you be told?
A)"Our group focuses on clients' early life experiences."
B)"Our staff uses a combination of methods to fit the client's needs."
C)"All the professionals in this group have training in psychoanalysis."
D)"The staff is trained in the biological perspective."
Q2) Some drugs that combat depression work by____________.
A)increasing the amount of serotonin in the brain
B)blocking dopamine receptors in the brain
C)inhibiting the function of the medulla and the pons
D)increasing the amount of acetylcholine in the brain
Q3) Psychoanalysis was a therapy technique designed by ______.
A)Alfred Adler
B)Carl Rogers
C)Fritz Perls
D)Sigmund Freud
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Chapter 13: Section 1: Social Psychology: Meeting of the Minds
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Q1) When there is an inconsistency between an attitude and a behavior or two attitudes, the end result is usually ________.
A)cognitive dissonance
B)attitudinal confusion
C)persuasion
D)the mere exposure effect
Q2) You observe a person at the grocery store get angry and yell at the cashier.Which of these attributions illustrates the fundamental attribution error?
A)the yeller is a mean, angry person
B)the cashier is overworked
C)the yeller has had a bad day
D)the cashier has had a bad day
Q3) Voluntarily yielding to social norms, even at the expense of one's own preference, is called ______.
A)obedience
B)submission
C)conformity
D)compliance
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Chapter 13: Section 2: Social Psychology: Meeting of the Minds
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Q1) Ralph, a white student who grew up in Maine, is about to enter the University of Southern California on an athletic scholarship.He is aware that many of his teammates will be black and assumes that they will dislike him and ostracize him.Ralph's attitude is best described as an example of______.
A)prejudice
B)ambiguity
C)nonconformity
D)discrimination
Q2) Conformity stemming from a desire to be correct tends to occur when a situation is
A)causing the person anxiety
B)expected
C)highly positive
D)ambiguous
Q3) Realistic conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises from ________.
A)learned behavior
B)competition over scarce resources
C)social categorization
D)self-fulfilling prophecies
28
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