Introduction to Psychology
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Introduction to Psychology offers students a broad overview of the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The course explores fundamental concepts, theories, and research methods in psychology, including topics such as biological bases of behavior, perception, learning, memory, development, motivation, emotion, personality, psychological disorders, and social interaction. Through lectures, discussions, and practical examples, students gain insight into how psychological principles apply to everyday life and develop critical thinking skills essential for further study in the field.
Recommended Textbook
Sensation and Perception 9th Edition by E. Bruce Goldstein
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15 Chapters
750 Verified Questions
750 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Perception
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49 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The major dependent variable used in the visual search method is A) color.
B) reaction time.
C) attention span.
D) brightness level.
Answer: B
Q2) Demetri is a participant in an auditory detection study using the method of constant stimuli. He never detects the 10 unit tone. He detects the 20 unit tone 25% of the trials. He detects the 30 unit tone 50% of the trials. He detects the 40 unit tone 80% of the trials. He detects the 50 unit tone 95% of the trials. His threshold for hearing tones would be taken as the
A) 15 unit tone.
B) 20 unit tone.
C) 30 unit tone.
D) 55 unit tone.
Answer: C
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3
Chapter 2: The Beginnings of Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Acuity develops to almost 20/20 vision by the time the infant is
A) one month old.
B) two months old.
C) one year old.
D) two years old.
Answer: C
Q2) The difference in charge between the inside and the outside of the nerve fiber when the nerve is at rest is _____ mV.
A) -70
B) -10
C) 0
D) +19
Answer: A
Q3) The _____ analogy is used to describe the relationship of neurotransmitters with receptor sites.
A) "needle in a haystack"
B) "lock and key"
C) "stadium wave"
D) "rolling stone"
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Neural Processing and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) The results of experiments of selective adaptation to gratings with specific orientations can be related to the __________ of ________ cells.
A) lateral inhibition; simple cortical
B) lateral inhibition; end-stopped
C) tuning curves; amacrine
D) tuning curves; simple cortical
Answer: D
Q2) A neuron with an excitatory center- inhibitory surround receptive field will respond most when we stimulate
A) only the center.
B) only the surround.
C) both the center and surround together.
D) part of the surround.
Answer: A
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5
Chapter 4: Cortical Organization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Object discrimination problem: ____ :: Landmark discrimination problem :_____.
A) temporal lobes; parietal lobes
B) parietal lobes; temporal lobes
C) parietal lobes; occipital lobes
D) LGN; thalamus
Q2) Ganel et al. (2008) designed a visual illusion (modified Ponzo illusion) in which one line appears to be longer than another, when, in reality, the opposite is true. Participants are asked to judge the line lengths and to reach and grab the ends of the lines. The results of this investigation reveal
A) the interaction of the ventral and dorsal stream.
B) that the visual illusion affects both the ventral and dorsal streams.
C) the effects of damage to the ventral pathway.
D) that the illusion only affects ventral stream processing.
Q3) Neurons respond preferentially to the right eye or the left eye. This phenomenon is referred to as
A) hemispheric specialization.
B) bilateral dominance.
C) retinotopic disparity.
D) ocular dominance.
Q4) Describe how an object such as a tree is represented in the striate cortex.
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Chapter 5: Perceiving Objects and Scenes
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Sample Questions
Q1) The preferential looking technique showed that infants as young as ______ will Look at their mother's face than a stranger's face.
A) two-days-old
B) one-week-old
C) one-month-old
D) six-months-old
Q2) Perceiving the emotional aspects of a face are reflected by activation in the brian structure called
A) the amygdala.
B) the medulla.
C) the IT cortex.
D) the superior temporal sulcus.
Q3) The results of Grill-Spector et al.'s (2004) "Harrison Ford" study demonstrated that
A) FFA activation is the same whether detecting or recognizing a face.
B) FFA activation is greater when detecting than recognizing a face.
C) FFA activation is greater when recognizing than detecting a face.
D) FFA activation is the same whether detecting a face or seeing no face.
Q4) Describe the main finding from binocular rivalry research and explain why that finding is important.
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Chapter 6: Visual Attention
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Sample Questions
Q1) Egly et al. (1994) showed that precueing increases the efficiency of information processing
A) only when the cue is in the same position as the target.
B) when the cue appears in the same rectangle as the target stimulus.
C) when a cue is in a different rectangle than the target stimulus.
D) only when the cue is the same color as the target stimulus.
Q2) The important finding of Carrasco et al.'s (2004) research was that
A) two physically identical gratings will always be perceived the same.
B) the attended-to grating is perceived to have a higher contrast than another, identical grating.
C) the attended-to grating is perceived to have a lower contrast than another, identical grating.
D) the attended-to grating is perceived to have a higher contrast when compared to a non-identical grating.
Q3) Posner's precueing studies demonstrated that attention
A) increases the color perception of objects.
B) can spread through objects.
C) eliminates change blindness.
D) increases the efficiency of information processing.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Taking Action
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Sample Questions
Q1) Using the visual direction strategy, walkers stay on target by A) using flow information to estimate the destination point.
B) going toward the focus of expansion.
C) keeping their body pointed toward the destination.
D) keeping their eyes fixated on the destination.
Q2) Using the "Swinging Room" technique, the earliest evidence of optic flow was demonstrated in participants who were
A) 2 weeks old.
B) 4 months old.
C) 1 year old.
D) 13 years old.
Q3) The results of Bhalla and Proffitt's (1999) physical-fitness-and-hill-steepness study demonstrated that
A) individual fitness level does not affect perception of hill steepness.
B) fit individuals perceived hills as being more steep because they were fatigued.
C) less physically fit individuals perceived the hill as being more steep.
D) none of these.
Q4) Describe a "blind-walking" experiment, and discuss how the results are related to optic flow.
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Chapter 8: Perceiving Motion
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the aperture problem? How does the visual system "solve" this problem?
Q2) The vertigo case of R.W. not only provided evidence for the corollary discharge theory, it revealed the importance of the______ in producing CDS.
A) MT area
B) PPA
C) STS
D) MST area
Q3) Percy is injected with a drug that paralyzes his eye muscles. When he is instructed to try to move his eye when looking a stationary scene, he perceives
A) no movement, because his eye muscles can't move.
B) no movement, because the scene is stationary.
C) movement, because there is a CDS and an IDS.
D) movement, because there is a CDS, but not an IDS.
Q4) The connection between MT neurons and movement perception has been supported by
A) lesioning studies.
B) microstimulation studies.
C) both lesioning and microstimulation studies.
D) neither lesioning nor microstimulation studies.
Q5) Discuss three types of illusory motion. Be sure to give an example of each.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Perceiving Color
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is behavioral support for the "opponent-process theory"?
A) color afterimages
B) color matching
C) visual pigment absorption rates
D) the univariance effect
Q2) Honeybees have a cone pigment that maximally absorbs _____ wavelengths.
A) short
B) medium
C) long
D) None of the above; visible light for honeybees and humans are the same range of wavelengths.
Q3) Bornstein et al. habituated a four-month-old infants to a 510 nm ("green") stimulus, then presented a 480nm ("blue") stimulus or a 540nm ("green") stimulus. The infants in this study dishabituated to
A) the 480 nm stimulus.
B) the 540 nm stimulus.
C) both of the 480nm and 540nm stimulus.
D) neither the 480 nm nor the 540 nm stimulus.
Q4) Evaluate Newton's claim that the light "rays are not coloured."
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Chapter 10: Perceiving Depth and Size
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Sample Questions
Q1) A major assumption of the apparent-distance theory of the moon illusion is that the sky overhead
A) appears to be further away than the horizon because of the lack of the depth cue of atmospheric perspective.
B) appears to be further away than the horizon because of the depth cue of stereopsis.
C) appears to be closer than the horizon because of the lack of depth cues.
D) appears to be closer than the horizon because of the depth cue of accommodation.
Q2) Vinod is standing on a rooftop in a city. The buildings closer to him look sharper, and the buildings in the distance look hazier. This is an example of the depth cue
A) atmospheric perspective.
B) occlusion.
C) relative size.
D) shadowing.
Q3) Discuss the method, results, and implications of the Holway and Boring (1941) "hallway" experiment.
Q4) Describe the differences in how depth is perceived in cats, insects, and bats.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Hearing
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Sample Questions
Q1) (a) Briefly describe the major principle of Békésy's place theory of hearing.
(b) Describe two types of evidence that support Békésy's theory.
Q2) The function of the muscles of the middle ear is to
A) intensify sounds at high intensities.
B) intensify sounds at high frequencies.
C) dampen the ossicles vibrations at high intensities.
D) divert high frequencies to the oval window and low frequencies to the round window.
Q3) The bending of the cilia of the ________ causes a release of small bursts of neurotransmitter.
A) inner hair cells
B) outer hair cells
C) tectorial membrane
D) apex
Q4) Loudness of pure tones depends on frequency and sound pressure level can be shown graphically using
A) equal loudness curves.
B) timbre resonance curves.
C) receiver operating characteristic curves.
D) Fourier functions.
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Chapter 12: Auditory Localization and Organization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Melodic channeling, or the scale illusion, is based on the auditory grouping law
A) location
B) similarity of pitch
C) onset
D) offset
Q2) Garner and Garner showed that smoothing out the nooks of the pinnae
A) results in more accurate localization on all corrdinates.
B) makes it more difficult to locate sounds along the elevation coordinate.
C) results in more accurate localization along the elevation coordinate.
D) does not affect spectral cues for localization.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a coordinate system for auditory localization?
A) elevation
B) depth
C) azimuth
D) time
Q4) Discuss research that shows that similarity of pitch and timbre affects auditory grouping.
Q5) Describe the method, results, and implications of the Hofmann et al. research on the role of spectral cues for localization.
14
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Chapter 13: Speech Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ______ is the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of the word.
A) formants
B) phonemes
C) tadomas
D) morphemes
Q2) A person with Wernicke's aphasia
A) has damage to an area of the occipital cortex.
B) can comprehend words, but can't produce speech.
C) can easily isolate phonemes, but have trouble with word segmentation.
D) produces fluent speech, but in nonsensical "word salads."
Q3) If a listener is asked to pay attention to speech provided by familiar voices, the _____ is activated, as shown by fMRI studies.
A) FFA
B) STS
C) both the FFA and STS
D) none of these
Q4) (a) What are indexical characteristics?
(b) Describe examples of indexical characteristics used in your everyday life.
Q5) Discuss two sources of the variability problem. Provide examples for each.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: The Cutaneous Senses
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Sample Questions
Q1) The _______ are located near the border of the epidermis and surface of the skin, and are associated with sensing fine details.
A) Pacinian corpuscle
B) Meissner corpuscles
C) Ruffini cylinders
D) Merkel receptors
Q2) Moving your finger across a textured surface can produce vibrations that are interpreted as texture. These vibrations are defined as
A) parietal cues.
B) temporal cues.
C) spatial cues.
D) olfactory cues.
Q3) Which of the following stimuli have been used to test tactile acuity?
A) Gratings
B) Letters
C) Two-point stimuli
D) Letters, gratings, and two-point stimuli have all been used.
Q4) What is the duplex theory of texture perception? Describe research that supports this theory.
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Chapter 15: The Chemical Senses
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Sample Questions
Q1) When presented with a common odor like banana or motor oil, participants can identify the odor approximately _____% of the time.
A) 10
B) 50
C) 87
D) 98
Q2) "Across-fiber patterns" is another name for A) distributed coding.
B) specificity coding.
C) olfactory decoding.
D) common coding.
Q3) When Doty told a participant the correct label for an odor initially described as "fishy-goaty-oily," the participant transformed the smell into the perception of A) Aquavit.
B) licorice.
C) leather.
D) meatloaf.
Q4) Compare three different methods for studying the physiology of olfaction.
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