Introduction to Psychology
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Introduction to Psychology provides a broad overview of the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. This course covers key concepts, theories, and research findings in areas such as biological foundations of behavior, learning, memory, perception, development, motivation, emotion, personality, psychological disorders, and social psychology. Students will explore how psychologists use scientific methods to investigate questions about the mind and behavior, and will develop critical thinking skills through analysis of real-world applications and case studies. The course serves as a foundation for further study in psychology and the social sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Exploring Lifespan Development 4th Edition by Laura E. Berk
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19 Chapters
2178 Verified Questions
2178 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: History, Theory, and Research Strategies
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126 Verified Questions
126 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/23859
Sample Questions
Q1) Dr. Dias's research shows that the death of a spouse in old age is correlated with a decline in the surviving partner's physical health. Which conclusion is supported by this study?
A) The death of a spouse causes a decline in the surviving partner's physical health.
B) The death of a spouse is related to a decline in the surviving partner's physical health.
C) A decline in a surviving partner's physical health can cause the death of a spouse.
D) A third variable, such as memory loss, causes a surviving partner's decline in physical health following the death of a spouse.
Answer: B
Q2) Researchers randomly assigned adolescents to either a single-grade classroom or a mixed-grade classroom. This is an example of a __________.
A) naturalistic observation
B) case study
C) natural experiment
D) field experiment
Answer: D
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3
Chapter 2: Genetic and Environmental Foundations
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109 Verified Questions
109 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Environmental modification of gene expression __________.
A) may be possible in the future
B) cannot occur until after puberty
C) can occur at any age, even prenatally
D) happens in other mammals, but not humans
Answer: C
Q2) A growing number of researchers regard the question of how much heredity and environment each contribute to differences among people as __________.
A) unanswerable
B) answered mainly by DNA
C) unimportant
D) answered easily with kinship studies
Answer: A
Q3) Most adopted children __________.
A) fare well, despite the risks
B) have persistent social problems
C) are less intelligent than their biological relatives
D) have persistent cognitive problems
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn Baby
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114 Verified Questions
114 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Chinara is Rh-negative and Savon, her first child, is Rh-positive. Chinara's doctor will probably __________.
A) give Savon a vaccine to prevent heart damage and intellectual disabilities
B) advise Chinara not to have another child, due to Rh incompatibility
C) give Chinara a vaccine to prevent the buildup of antibodies to the foreign Rh protein
D) do nothing, because firstborn children are not affected by Rh incompatibility
Answer: C
Q2) Jalynn is in the last half of the first month of her pregnancy. Which of the following is developing the fastest?
A) circulatory system
B) endocrine system
C) nervous system
D) skin
Answer: C
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5
Chapter 4: Physical Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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116 Verified Questions
116 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ is associated with slower early weight gain and 10 to 20 percent reduced obesity risk in later life.
A) Introducing solid foods after 12 months
B) Combining breast- and bottle-feeding for the first year
C) Breastfeeding exclusively for the first six months
D) Bottle-feeding exclusively after the first six weeks
Q2) Which statement about the perceptual narrowing effect is true?
A) Babies are not sensitive to speech sounds, but they become so over time.
B) Human babies cannot discriminate individual faces of humans or monkeys.
C) Six-month-olds can detect rhythmic changes in both Western and non-Western melodies.
D) After exposure to Western music, 12-month-olds become aware of changes in non-Western rhythms.
Q3) Which statement about neurons is true?
A) Neurons are gaps between body cells.
B) Neurons are tightly packed together.
C) Neurons are responsible for myelination.
D) Neurons store and transmit information.
Q4) What influence does heredity have on physical growth?
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Q5) Explain intermodal perception and its importance to perceptual development.
Chapter 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
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117 Verified Questions
117 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Through the secondary circular reaction, babies __________.
A) repeat chance behaviors largely motivated by basic needs
B) repeat behaviors with variation, deliberately exploring the environment
C) suck, grasp, and look in much the same way, no matter what experiences they encounter
D) repeat interesting events in the surrounding environment that are caused by their own actions
Q2) In a series of studies using the violation-of-expectation method, Renée Baillargeon and her collaborators claimed to have found evidence for __________.
A) mental representations in babies between 6 and 12 months of age
B) mental representations in babies between 12 and 15 months of age
C) object permanence in the first few months of life
D) tertiary circular reactions in the first few months of life
Q3) Baby Kataro frequently experiences joint attention. This means that he will probably
A) have a short attention span
B) be a late talker
C) produce meaningful words earlier
D) comprehend less language
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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111 Verified Questions
111 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research on child care in infancy has found that __________.
A) the majority of babies in child care display an insecure resistant attachment to their mothers
B) exposure to child care exerts a more powerful impact on children's adjustment than parenting quality
C) infants and toddlers who experience daily, nonparental child care are at risk for attachment insecurity
D) the relationship between child care and emotional well-being depends on both family and child-care experiences
Q2) In Thomas and Chess's New York Longitudinal Study, 35 percent of the children
A) were classified as easy children
B) did not fit any of the categories
C) were classified as slow-to-warm-up children
D) were classified as difficult children
Q3) When anxious or unhappy, Baby Meredith prefers to be comforted by her mother. Tim, her father, is concerned that Meredith will not become attached to him. What information can you provide to reassure Tim?
Q4) Describe separation anxiety. When does it occur?
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Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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115 Verified Questions
115 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Over spring vacation, Prachi goes to Disney World with her family. When she returns to school, Prachi excitedly tells her teacher about the trip. Prachi's representation of this personally meaningful, one-time event is an example of __________.
A) a script
B) metacognition
C) a false belief
D) autobiographical memory
Q2) When putting together a puzzle with her son, Mim selects a puzzle that is slightly too difficult for him to put together alone and adjusts the support offered to her son to fit his current level of performance. Mim is engaging in __________.
A) scaffolding
B) dual representation
C) proximal teaching
D) discovery learning
Q3) Describe the benefits of make-believe play.
Q4) Describe the benefits of watching educational television, such as Sesame Street.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood
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113 Verified Questions
113 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Four-year-old Stanford refuses to walk down an aisle in the toy department because most of the toys on the shelves are pink. This is an example of gender __________.
A) selection
B) typing
C) dysphoria
D) constancy
Q2) Reviewers of thousands of studies have concluded that TV violence __________.
A) decreases the likelihood of hostile emotions, but increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior in viewers
B) has a negative impact on preschool children, but does not increase aggression in older children
C) is common in nighttime programming, but perpetrators are almost always punished D) increases the likelihood of hostile thoughts and aggressive behavior in viewers
Q3) Discuss the emergence of self-esteem in early childhood. How can adults promote high self-esteem?
Q4) Compare and contrast the authoritative and authoritarian child-rearing styles.
Q5) Discuss factors within the family that heighten the risk of child maltreatment.
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Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
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115 Verified Questions
115 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) For most children, joining community athletic teams is associated with __________.
A) decreased self-esteem
B) increased impulsivity
C) increased social skills
D) decreased physical fitness
Q2) During middle childhood, child-invented games usually involve __________.
A) a sizable element of luck
B) analytical intelligence
C) competition and adult control
D) aggressive behavior
Q3) When presented with Piaget's conservation tasks, 9-year-old Ramon demonstrates reversibility. This means that Ramon can __________.
A) focus on several aspects of a problem and then center on just one
B) think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse direction
C) order items along a quantitative dimension, such as length or weight
D) focus on relations between a general and two specific categories at the same time
Q4) How do children become bilingual? Is there a sensitive period for second-language development?
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Chapter 10: Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood
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116 Verified Questions
116 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Excessive guilt is linked to __________.
A) ignoring responsibilities
B) intentional wrongdoing
C) depressive symptoms
D) lying and cheating
Q2) Eleven-year-old Leah has developed a sense of competence at a number of useful skills and tasks. She has a positive but realistic self-concept and takes pride in her accomplishments. According to Erikson, Leah has __________.
A) positively resolved the psychological conflict of middle childhood
B) developed an ideal self that guides her behavior
C) not yet encountered the psychological conflict of middle childhood
D) overcome the conflict of role confusion
Q3) Research on peer victimization shows that __________.
A) most bullies who engage in face-to-face verbal attacks are girls
B) school codes against bullying are rarely effective at reducing peer victimization
C) interventions that change victimized children's negative opinions of themselves are helpful
D) chronic victims tend to be active when passive behavior is expected
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Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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114 Verified Questions
114 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fourteen-year-old Myles is certain he will be a professional baseball player. When his mother makes him stay home from practice because he has strep throat, Myles says, "You are ruining my life! You have no idea how hard it is to miss out on something you love to do!" Myles is experiencing a cognitive distortion known as __________.
A) the imaginary audience
B) the personal fable
C) metacognition
D) idealism
Q2) In adolescence, __________.
A) attention becomes less selective
B) strategies become less effective
C) inhibition improves
D) metacognition narrows
Q3) According to the most recent nationally representative survey of U.S. high school students, 47 percent of tenth graders have tried __________.
A) drinking
B) smoking
C) marijuana
D) amphetamines
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Chapter 12: Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence
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121 Verified Questions
121 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Police arrests and self-reports show that delinquency __________.
A) is equally common among boys and girls
B) rises over adolescence and then declines from the early twenties on C) rises over late childhood and early adolescence and then declines D) in adolescence usually leads to a life of crime
Q2) Although Kohlberg proposes six stages of moral development, __________.
A) few people move beyond Stage 4
B) research only verifies the first three stages
C) current research suggests there are at least eight stages
D) no clear evidence exists that Stage 2 actually follows Stage 1
Q3) Which teenager is at the highest risk for suicide?
A) Lakota, a Native-American boy
B) Mercy, an African-American girl
C) Aiko, an Asian-American girl
D) Emilio, a Hispanic boy
Q4) Mr. and Mrs. Smith are concerned about their 15-year-old son, Wesley. He has withdrawn from his friends and seems depressed. Recently, Wesley stated, "You'd be better off if I were dead." Should the Smiths be concerned? Provide them with the warning signs of suicide.
Page 14
Q5) Discuss gender differences in friendship quality in adolescence.
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Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early
Adulthood
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113 Verified Questions
113 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In longitudinal research, teacher expectations for educational attainment mattered most for __________ students.
A) college-bound
B) low-SES
C) high-SES
D) high-status
Q2) Atherosclerosis typically develops __________.
A) during middle or late adulthood
B) more slowly after sexual maturity
C) very rapidly before age 35, leading to sudden heart failure
D) early in life and progresses during middle adulthood
Q3) Sexual partners, whether dating, cohabiting, or married, tend to be similar in __________.
A) age, education, and ethnicity
B) age and education, but not in ethnicity
C) ethnicity and education, but not in age
D) age and ethnicity, but not in education
Q4) Describe the theory of biological aging that emphasizes the programmed effects of specific genes.
Q5) Briefly describe the psychological impact of attending college.
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Chapter 14: Emotional and Social Development in Early
Adulthood
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114 Verified Questions
114 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ parenting in particular is linked to emerging adults' psychological well-being.
A) Overprotective
B) Permissive
C) Autonomy-supportive
D) Helicopter
Q2) College students of Asian heritage are more likely than their Western counterparts to endorse a view of love strongly based on __________.
A) companionship
B) physical attraction
C) passion and romance
D) deep emotion
Q3) Which statement is true about same-sex friendships?
A) Women generally evaluate same-sex friendships more positively than men do.
B) Men are generally more disapproving than women if friends do not meet their expectations.
C) Throughout life, men have more intimate same-sex friends than women.
D) Gay and lesbian romantic relationships rarely develop out of close same-sex friendships.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle
Adulthood
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114 Verified Questions
114 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Effective emotion-focused coping __________.
A) reduces emotional distress
B) is largely self-blaming
C) tends to be impulsive or escapist
D) helps people face problems more calmly
Q2) In one study involving 2,500 mentally and physically healthy 16- to 85-year-olds, verbal IQ began to decline in the __________.
A) twenties
B) forties
C) sixties
D) eighties
Q3) Jeanine is 49. According to her doctor, she has reached the midlife transition in which fertility declines. Jeanine has reached __________.
A) HRT
B) the climacteric
C) senescence
D) menarche
Q4) Discuss the changes that the skin undergoes during the aging process.
Q5) What is hardiness? How do hardy individuals cope with stress?
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Chapter 16: Emotional and Social Development in Middle
Adulthood
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114 Verified Questions
114 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jay, age 50, is finally comfortable with himself. He is more independent, assertive, and committed to his personal values than he was in early adulthood. Jay probably believes that midlife is __________.
A) a time of upheaval and crisis
B) a stepping-stone to old age
C) more stressful than early adulthood
D) "the prime of life"
Q2) Which statement is true about friendships during midlife?
A) The number of friends increases with from middle to late adulthood.
B) Many midlifers connect regularly with friends through social media.
C) Older adults work harder to initiate new friendships than younger adults.
D) Middle-aged adults attach less value to friendship than younger adults.
Q3) Which statement is true about retirement in the United States?
A) Retirees' income typically drops by 50 percent.
B) Retirement is the most stress-free transition in the life cycle.
C) The government guarantees retirees an adequate standard of living.
D) Retirement is less challenging for people who strongly identify with their work role.
Q4) What is vocational burnout? Who is the most likely to suffer from it, and what are some ways to prevent it?
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late
Adulthood
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114 Verified Questions
114 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) After age 80, a life expectancy crossover occurs, in that __________.
A) men outnumber women by a ratio of about 3 to 1
B) surviving European Americans live longer than African Americans
C) surviving African Americans live longer than members of the white majority
D) men's advantage in life expectancy shrinks to around 1 year
Q2) Which older adult is more likely to be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes?
A) Daniel, who is European American
B) Rudy, who is African American
C) Fe, who is Asian American
D) Ernesta, who is South American
Q3) Define and describe ADLs and IADLs. What percentage of U.S. older adults have limitations carrying out these activities?
Q4) Lesbian and gay older adults who are married or in committed relationships
A) are more sexually active than those who are single
B) are less sexually active than those who are single
C) tend to focus on sexual acts that lead to climax
D) often drift into a state of sexual disinterest
Q5) Define and describe terminal decline.
Q6) What are primary and secondary aging? How do they differ? Page 19
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Page 20
Chapter 18: Emotional and Social Development in Late
Adulthood
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111 Verified Questions
111 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement is true about reminiscence?
A) The life review form of reminiscence is maladaptive for both younger and older adults.
B) Research reveals no age differences in total quantity of reminiscing.
C) Older adults who participate in counselor-led life review report increased depression.
D) The life review form of reminiscence occurs more often among younger than older adults.
Q2) Harry lives in a complex that provides a variety of support services, including meals in a common dining room, recreational activities, and transportation assistance, but does not offer nursing care. Harry lives in a(n) __________.
A) independent living community
B) nursing home
C) federally subsidized apartment
D) life-care community
Q3) Discuss the concept of gerotranscendence.
Q4) Identify and describe the characteristics and challenges of never-married, childless older adults.
Q5) Describe George Vaillant's findings regarding successful aging.
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Chapter 19: Death, Dying, and Bereavement
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111 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Biyu was in a skiing accident. She suffered traumatic head injuries when she came in contact with a tree. Biyu's cerebral cortex no longer registers electrical activity, but her brain stem remains active. Biyu __________.
A) is dead under the definition used in China
B) has experienced the agonal phase of death
C) has entered a persistent vegetative state
D) is dead under the definition used in most industrialized nations
Q2) Terminally ill Ms. Padgett has a buildup of fluid in her throat, which is causing a rattled breathing sound. As her heartbeat disintegrates, her muscles spasm and she gasps. Ms. Padgett is experiencing which phase of death?
A) brain death
B) clinical death
C) the agonal phase
D) mortality
Q3) Family members who play the denial "game" __________.
A) are often brutally candid with dying patients
B) can make dying more difficult for patients
C) can help patients die with dignity
D) help patients preserve family relationships
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Page 22