Introduction to Psychology
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Introduction to Psychology offers a comprehensive overview of the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. This course examines foundational concepts such as perception, learning, motivation, emotion, cognition, development, personality, and psychological disorders. By exploring the major theories, methods, and applications of psychology, students will gain insights into how individuals think, feel, and act, as well as how psychological principles can be applied to everyday life. The course also emphasizes critical thinking and ethical considerations in psychological research and practice.
Recommended Textbook
The Personality Puzzle 7th Edition by David C. Funder
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18 Chapters
1493 Verified Questions
1493 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Study of the Person
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51 Verified Questions
51 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Labeling and categorizing people
A)Psychological triad
B)Funder's First Law
C)Pigeonholing
D)One Big Theory
E)Paradigm
F)Funder's Second Law.
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following is NOT one of the basic approaches to personality?
A) psychoanalytic
B) learning
C) assessment
D) phenomenological
Answer: C
Q3) What is a primary goal of the learning and cognitive approaches to personality?
A) understanding mental conflicts
B) measuring and conceptualizing individual differences
C) discovering how conscious awareness produces uniquely human characteristics
D) applying principles of associationism to help reduce negative behaviors
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Personality Research Methods
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105 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Cronbach and Meehl's (1955)terminology,psychological attributes such as intelligence and sociability are examples of ________,whereas an IQ test and extraversion questionnaire are both examples of specific tests or measurements.
A) constructs
B) valid ideas
C) assessments
D) manifest factors
Answer: A
Q2) Which kind of data is the LEAST expensive to collect?
A) L
B) S
C) I
D) B
Answer: B
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Assessment, Effect Size, and Ethics
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Sample Questions
Q1) A psychological theory
A)Factor analytic
B)Rational
C)Empirical
D)Significance testing
E)BESD
F)Interpretive
Answer: B
Q2) A researcher computes a correlation coefficient between variables X and Y using a handheld calculator.Which of the following values would automatically tell the researcher that he or she made a mistake?
A) 2.50
B) 0.75
C) 0
D) -0.98
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Personality Traits,Situations,and Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the text,the purpose of personality traits is to predict ________.
A) specific behavioral manifestations
B) behavior in the long term
C) I data but not B data
D) S data but not I data
Q2) Which of the following psychologists is often credited with starting the person-situation debate?
A) Gordon Allport
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Walter Mischel
D) Henry Murray
Q3) According to Funder,what deep issues about human nature are at the heart of the person-situation debate,and why is it difficult to fully resolve them?
Q4) Political liberalism is associated with what trait?
A) openness to experience
B) neuroticism
C) extraversion
D) conscientiousness
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Chapter 5: Personality Judgment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is the strongest situation using the psychological definition of a strong situation?
A) a party
B) an unstructured job interview
C) a funeral
D) free time on a Saturday afternoon
Q2) Abed is a stable,well-adjusted person.His behavior is fairly consistent and predictable; essentially,"what you see is what you get." Abed would most likely be
A) easy to judge accurately
B) a good judge of personality
C) a narcissist
D) someone who scores high on commonality
Q3) According to the text,________ does not seem to significantly improve as judges acquire more information,whereas ________ does seem to improve considerably.
A) accuracy; consensus
B) consensus; accuracy
C) predictive validity; reliability
D) consensus; interjudge agreement
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Using Personality Traits to Understand Behavior
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84 Verified Questions
84 Flashcards
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Q1) Which Big Five domain captures a tendency to experience positive emotions?
A) neuroticism
B) extraversion
C) conscientiousness
D) openness
Q2) The ________ approach to personality usually assumes that all people can be characterized by points on a continuous score of measurement; the ________ approach to personality suggests that people might differ in kind more than in degree.
A) typological; trait
B) trait; typological
C) essential-trait; single-trait
D) constructivist; critical realist
Q3) Assertiveness
A)Extraversion
B)Agreeableness
C)Conscientiousness
D)Neuroticism
E)Openness
F)Narcissism
G)Self-monitoring
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Chapter 7: Personality Stability, Development, and Change
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Q1) According to the theoretical model cited in the text,what is the correct order of steps necessary to accomplish self-regulated personality trait change?
A) changing one's behavior, allowing the behaviors to become habitual, wanting to change, believing change is possible
B) believing change is possible, wanting to change, asking for outside help, changing one's behavior
C) changing one's behavior, asking for outside help, believing change is possible, wanting to change
D) wanting to change, believing change is possible, self-regulating behavioral change, behavior change becoming habitual
Q2) The following exercises are used to help develop self-control EXCEPT ________.
A) meditating
B) self-affirmation
C) relaxing
D) reconsidering temptations
Q3) Identify and discuss the ways in which individuals interact with their environment.Explain the difference between reactive and evocative person-environment interaction.
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Chapter 8: The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality
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Q1) According to one theory proposed by Australian psychologists,oxytocin is more than just a "love" hormone because it seems to ________.
A) facilitate approach behavior
B) accentuate all behavioral tendencies
C) facilitate sex as well as bonding
D) places individuals at risk for social phobias
Q2) Neuroticism
A)Endorphins
B)Cortisol
C)Middle frontal gyrus
D)Left prefrontal cortex
E)Serotonin
F)Oxytocin
Q3) The term ________ refers to the body's natural painkillers,which are chemicals that act in an ________ fashion.
A) monoamine oxidase; excitatory
B) dopamine; inhibitory
C) endorphins; inhibitory
D) serotonin; excitatory
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Page 10
Chapter 9: The Inheritance of Personality: Behavioral
Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) What might explain the difference in heritability coefficients between twin and non-twin studies?
A) increased measurement error in non-twin studies
B) the presence of interactive genetic effects
C) the greater statistical power of twin studies
D) the rarity of non-twin studies
Q2) If there is no phenotypic variation in a trait,then the heritability of that trait will be approximately ________.
A) 1.0
B) .50
C) .25
D) 0
Q3) What is the correct formula for calculating heritability?
A) 2 (rMZ - rDZ)
B) 2 - (rMZ - rDZ)
C) 2 + (rMZ - rDZ)
D) 2 (rDZ - rMZ)
Q4) What is the value of psychology in explaining behavior in light of biological sciences? In other words,what exactly does it mean when we say that inheritance is the beginning,not the end?
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Chapter 10: Basics of Psychoanalysis
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Q1) In psychoanalytic theory,the structures of personality emerge during specific stages of psychosexual development.Which structure-stage pair is correctly matched?
A) ego-latency
B) superego-phallic
C) id-anal
D) ego-genital
Q2) Explain the procedures and purpose of psychoanalytic therapy from the perspective of Freud's views of the psyche.Is there research that suggests whether this approach is beneficial?
Q3) When she is scared,25-year-old Maria becomes very passive and dependent.Maria is experiencing ________.
A) regression
B) transference
C) sublimation
D) libidinal restructuring
Q4) Pick characters from popular movies and TV shows that illustrate the different adult character types associated with fixation at the oral,anal,and phallic stages.Clearly explain the process of fixation and provide adequate descriptions of these adult types.
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Chapter 11: Psychoanalysis After Freud: Neo-Freudians,
Object Relations, and Current Research
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Q1) Identify and describe the three different infant attachment styles mentioned in the textbook.Explain how these styles may be self-fulfilling or self-perpetuating in adulthood.
Q2) According to the object relations theorist D.W.Winnicott,the purpose of a false self is to ________.
A) compensate for an inferiority complex
B) defend the superego from unconscious urges
C) protect the true self by keeping it invisible
D) motivate us to perform moral behavior
Q3) Which statement is most true regarding the influence of Freud?
A) Freud's ideas about the Oedipal crisis have empirical support.
B) Freud's ideas no longer hold any influence in current psychoanalysis.
C) Few people find psychoanalytic theory interesting or insightful.
D) Freudian ideas continue to influence psychology today.
Q4) In psychoanalytic terms,objects are ________.
A) pieces of unconscious material against which the ego defends itself
B) patients undergoing psychoanalytic therapy
C) emotionally important people and relationships in one's life
D) created by emotionally unimportant people in one's life
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Experience,Existence,and the Meaning of Life:
Humanistic and Positive Psychology
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Q1) Which of the following philosophers was NOT mentioned in the text as an existentialist thinker?
A) Kierkegaard
B) Nietzsche
C) Sartre
D) Descartes
Q2) The psychological state of flow involves all of the following EXCEPT ________.
A) a focused state of consciousness
B) a disrupted sense of time
C) intense feelings of joy and happiness
D) tremendous concentration
Q3) Which tenet of self-determination theory appears to be its boldest prediction?
A) the clear distinction between hedonia and eudaimonia
B) the selfishness that results from subjective well-being
C) the universality of the needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness
D) the physical illnesses that result from hedonia but not subjective well-being
Q4) Explain how a business could apply Maslow's hierarchy of needs to facilitate employee motivation and success.Provide specific recommendations for each of the needs in Maslow's hierarchy.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Cultural Variation in Experience, Behavior, and Personality
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Q1) ________ cultures tend to emphasize the needs of the group.
A) Tight
B) Collectivist
C) Complex
D) Tough
Q2) By some estimates,________ percent of the world's population is bilingual.
A) 10
B) 80
C) 50
D) 20
Q3) Which value would most likely be associated with a collectivist culture?
A) liberty
B) reciprocity
C) rights
D) freedom
Q4) The United States is a ________ culture.
A) tough
B) face
C) horizontal collectivist
D) dignity
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Chapter 14: Learning to Be a Person: Behaviorism and the
Social Learning Theories
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Q1) Experiments have shown that if one receives rewards and/or punishments randomly (i.e.,regardless of what one does),then one is likely to develop depression.This phenomenon is known as ________.
A) learned helplessness
B) angst
C) social learning theory
D) reverse conditioning
Q2) Pavlov's experiments on the timing of associations demonstrated that two things become associated because ________.
A) they occur at the exact same time
B) the conditioned stimulus (CS) comes well before the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
C) one event changes the meaning of the other event
D) they have similar perceptual features
Q3) Behaviorists believe that personality differences can be entirely explained by
A) learning
B) behavioral traits
C) phenomenological processes
D) IQ
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Chapter 15: Personality Processes: Perception, Thought,
Motivation, and Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) I am preparing for a test in psychology,and I tell you,"I'm sure that I'm going to fail.I'm going to study all night,and I'll just be happy with anything higher than a C." You are preparing for the same test and you say,"Oh,come on.We've been going to lecture and keeping up with the reading-we just need to review everything tonight and I'm sure we'll do well on the test." What would research concerning pessimistic and optimistic strategies predict about our outcomes?
A) I will get a higher grade on the test than you will.
B) You will get a higher grade on the test than I will.
C) We will get about the same grades on the test.
D) I will be happier with my grade than you will.
Q2) Judgment goals
A)Goals that everyone has
B)Goals to improve oneself
C)Goals that are long-term and can organize broad areas of a person's life
D)Goals that are specific to the individual
E)Goals to validate an attribute in oneself
Q3) Define the concept of priming and describe how this idea can explain certain aspects of personality.
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Chapter 16: The Self: What You Know About You
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Q1) According to research described in the text,how is narcissism related to implicit and explicit attitudes?
A) Narcissism might be more evident in those whose implicit self-esteem is low relative to their declarative self-esteem.
B) Narcissism occurs when implicit and declarative self-esteem are both low.
C) Narcissism is unrelated to implicit self-esteem but strongly related to declarative self-esteem.
D) Narcissism is strongly related to implicit self-esteem but unrelated to declarative self-esteem.
Q2) A person who knows that he is hostile and aloof is said to have ________ knowledge.
A) procedural
B) episodic
C) implicit
D) declarative
Q3) Describe how the realistic accuracy model can be applied to self-knowledge.How does this model explain why accurate self-knowledge can be difficult to achieve?
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18
Chapter 17: Personality, Mental Health, and Physical Health
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Q1) Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)are distinct in that OCPD generally doesn't include ________.
A) a grandiose way of thinking
B) hallucinations about clean surfaces
C) specific compulsions like obsessive hand-washing
D) ego-syntonic tendencies
Q2) What two components define the "healthy personality"?
A) mental and physical health
B) environmental and situational factors
C) personality and social relationships
D) self and peer-report data
Q3) Emotional stability
A)Disinhibition
B)Detachment
C)Negative affectivity
D)Antagonism
Q4) Identify and discuss the major differences between the DSM-IV-TR and the new research-based section of the DSM-5.Specifically,what controversies surrounded the major changes?
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Chapter 18: Epilogue: Looking Back and Looking Ahead
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Q1) According to the text,consistent patterns of behavior are rooted in the following anatomical structures EXCEPT ________.
A) neurotransmitters
B) hormones
C) the brain's frontal lobes
D) skeletal structure
Q2) Which area of psychology has established a reasonable way to think about free will?
A) psychoanalysis
B) trait
C) humanism
D) behaviorism
Q3) Draw on what you have learned about personality psychology to support the argument that the most important choices you make in life are the environments that you select.
Q4) According to what we know about memory,most of the brain's activity is ________.
A) conscious
B) conscious or unconscious, depending on the social context
C) neither conscious nor unconscious
D) unconscious
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